ELEC3105 – ELECTRICAL

ENERGY

Dr Rukmi Dutta
Room EE124C
R
Tel: 9385 7884
Email: rukmi.dutta@unsw.edu.au
rukmi dutta@unsw edu au
A Few Points to Note
• Attendance as a form of signature at the beginning of the
class.
• Please
ease be punctual
pu ctua , class
c ass will
w start
sta t on
o time.
t e.
• Tutorial will start from week 2. Mon (even wk)- Tutor :Wei
Yan ,Tue
Tue (odd and even wk)-
wk) Rukmi Dutta
• Lab will also start from week 2 . You will be assessed by
the
h lab
l b demonstrators
d at the
h endd off the
h eachh lab
l b class.
l
(Lab demonstrators : Bob Chao, Sharmeen Sultana, Wei Yan
and Technical officer : Gamini )
• Mid session test worth 25% on Thursday, 19 August
(Week 5), 5:00-6:00 pm, Room: Webster Theatre.
Outline
• Introduction: Brief overview of energy system
• Attributes and aspects of electrical energy
• How electricity is delivered to us
• What will learn in the course
• R i off magnetic
Review ti circuit
i it
 Introduction

Nuclear

Electrical Renewable
bl
Fossil Fuel
Energy Sources

Hydro,
H d S Solar,
l Wi Wind,
d
Coal, Oil, Gas
Tidal, Wave, Biomass
Sources of Electricity
Coal Fired Power plant
Gas and steam turbine
Nuclear Power plant
Hydropower plant
Renewable
onshore

offshore
ff h
What do you think??

• Which form of energy source is the best one for future?

W it down
Write d three
th reasons after
ft discussing
di i among yourselves
l
Attributes
bu es
1.. (i) Light
(ii) Sound
Electrical
(iii) Heat
Energy
gy (iv) Mechanical
(v) Chemical

2.
Easilyy transportable
p over longg distance.

3.No
3 N storage
t for
f bulk
b lk electrical
l t i l energy – mustt be
b usedd
as it is produced*.

*Smaller amount of electrical energy can be stored in battery

How
ow electricity
e ect c ty iss delivered
de ve ed

Electrical energy reaches users after passing through on average 4 three phase
transformers.
Aspects

El t i l Energy
Electrical E

Generators Transformer
Motors

 House-hold Appliances
Electrical Energy
 Industrial Applications
Others
40%
Motors
60%
Course Objectives
• So,, what will we study
y in the course?

▫ How does energy conversion happens from electrical to

mechanical and vice versa??
 Through magnetic fields of electro-magnetic
electro magnetic circuits
circuits-
Basic principles of such magnetic circuits.
▫ Working principle of various generators and motors which
produces and consumes most of the available electric energy.
▫ Three phase circuits and transformers through which most of
the available electrical energy passes before reaching users.
▫ A bbrief
i f introduction
i t d ti to l t i which
t power electronics hi h makes
k
conversion of energy from one form to another more flexible
andd controllable.
t ll bl
•Model of a magnetic circuit
•Losses in a magnetic circuit
•Magnetization or excitation current
P
•Permanent t magnett
Model of a Magnetic Circuit
• B: Flux density of the magnetic field lc
[T] r
• H: Flux intensityy of the magnetic
g field N
[A/m]
• lc: 2πr,
2πr length or perimeter of the core +I -I
at mean radius r [m]
• According to Ampere’s law,

 H.dl  NI

H .lc  NI  H (2r )  NI
NI H is proportional to I .
H  [A/m]
2r
   where, μ0 is permeability of free space or air and μr is relative
But, B  μH  μ0 μr H permeability of magnetic material.
NI
B  B will not remain proportional to I if the core saturates .
2r
Notes on material of Core
• Core material for most of the electromagnetic devices is
F
Ferromagnetic ti material.
t i l
• Relative permeability μr of such material is a few hundred
to a few thousands.
• High μr indicates low required current I to establish
magnetic field B in the core- B   02r rNI
• Higher
g the μr , more expensive
p is the material.
• Most important property of the material is its B-H
characteristic.
• Some other properties are – c l
 Width of the hysteresis loop
 Resistivity
N
 Corrosivity
 Thermal capacity +I -I
B-H
B H Characteristics
|Magnetization curve

Width of Hysteresis loop

B in
i the
th core is
i kept
k t just
j t below
b l saturation
t ti or knee k point
i t off
B-H characteristic. Above this point, utilization of current I
is not optimum.
Magnetic Circuit lc
lg

• Let’s
Let s introduce a thin air
air-gap
gap of length lg in N
the core.
• Applying
A l i Ampere’s
A ’ llaw, H c lc  H g lg  NI +I -II

c g
• Neglecting any fringing,Bc  S and Bg  S c and g : magnetic flux
c g Sc and Sg : cross-sectional
cross sectional area
Bc Bg
 H c lc  H g lg  NI  lc  l g  NI 
 0
c g
l  l  NI  c c  g  g  NI c
 S c c 0 S g g NI
g

Reluctance,
Neglecting any leakage, Note:
NI B is the strongest at the inner radius and weakest at the outer
c  g   
c   g radius
di off the
th ring.
i For
F a thin
thi ring,
i inner
i andd outer
t radii
dii are nott too
t
 different and if the air-gap field Bg is uniform then mean radius of
Bg 
Sg the ring can be used to find the average Bg.
Example
In the magnetic circuit N = 400 turns, lc = 50 cm, lg = 1mm,
Ac = Ag = 15 cm2, relative permeability of the core μr = 3000
and current I = 1 A , find reluctance of the core and the air
gap. μo=4πX10-7 c l
3 l
a) 88.42
88 42 x 10 and 530.515
530 515 AT/wb g

b)0.8842 X 103 and 0.530 AT/wb N

c)8842 and 5305.6 AT/Wb +I -I

Now, calculate the air-gap flux density Bg

Magnetizing inductance and current
• Inductance of a coil wound on magnetic core is
N 
L  , [Henry, H] ,where, N    is the flux linkage of the coil of N turns.
I I
• Magnetizing current (Im) : current required to establish
magnetic field B
• If the operating field B or air
air-gap fl g , core flux
gap flux fl c and
μr are known, magnetizing current Im can be found from,
c g 1  c g 
lc  l g  NI  I m   lc  lg 
 Sc  Sg 
N   Sc  S g 
N 
• Magnetizing Inductance is Lm 
Im

Im
   Lm I m

• To calculate Im, B or  can be found from magnetic circuit

when core is not saturated i.e. μ is constant.
Graphical Approach
Approach- Load line
• When core material saturates permittivity μ varies widely
with B. In such case, flux or field B can not be determined
from magnetic
g circuit. Alternative is to use load line.
Bg
H c lc  H g l g  NI  H c lc  l g  NI
0
0 0 lc This is a equation of straight line (y=c-mx) and known
Bg  NI  Hc
lg lg as load line
line.

•By plotting the equation of load line in the B, T

B-H
B H characteristic
h t i ti off the
th core material,
t i l Bc
operating B and H can be found at the
i t
intersection
ti as shown
h in
i the
th figure.
fi
•After this, magnetizing current and Hc
H,, A-T/m
NI/lc
i d
inductance can be
b found
f d easily.
il
Points to remember

• Ampere’s law to determine B or H of magnetic circuit

• Core material has high permeability μ and thin BH
characteristic .
• Magnetic circuit
circ it can be modelled with
ith reluctance
rel ctance and
source MMF (NI) to determine flux and flux density.
• Alternative to magnetic circuit model is load line approach
 g
Lecture 2 : Review of magnetic Circuit Contd..

Dr Rukmi Dutta
Outline
• Faraday’s law
• Magnetization currents waveform
• Magnetic hysteresis
• Losses
• P
Permanentt magnett
Faraday’ss Law of induction
Faraday

Source:
Faraday’ss law
Faraday
• According to Faraday’s law, induced voltage or
emf(electro-motive force) I m
d d di N
v  N   v   Lm m VRMS Lm
dt dt dt
   N  Lm im

• Therefore magneti
magnetizing
ing or eexcitation
citation coil of a magnetic
circuit can be represented as shown in the figure.
• For a sinusoidal time varying flux, induced emf is also
sinusoidal-
  t   max sin t 
d  
v t    N   Nmax   cos t   Vmax cos t   Vmax sin  t  
dt  2
V Nmax  2 f
VRMS  max   N max  4.44 4 44 Nff  Bmax Sc 
4 44 Nff max  4.44
2 2 2
Example:
• A coil of 4000 turns surrounds a flux of 5mWb produced
b a permanent magnet. Th
by The magnet is
i suddenly
dd l takenk out
of the core cylinder causing the flux to drop uniformly to
2 Wb in
2mWb i 0.1
0 1 second.
d What
Wh is i the
h voltage
l induced?
i d d?
Ans:
(a) 60V
((b)) 120V
(c) 30V
• If the flux in a core is given by 0.1sin (314t) Wb and if the
coil has 100 turns , what is the rms value of the voltage
produced ?
(a) 2220 V
(b) 22.20V
22 20V
(c) 222.0V
Magnetizing or excitation current Waveform
• Even though induced voltage and flux are sinusoidal,
magnetizing current is not when core material has non-
linear B-H Characteristics.
• it can become very peaky to be troublesome.
• Magnetizing current is smaller than load current .
Magnetic Hysteresis
• Hysteresis:
The flux density B lags behind the
field intensity H in the BH loop.
Width of Hysteresis loop

•W
With
t AC C magnetization
ag et at o current,
cu e t,
cyclic magnetization occurs in the
core.
core
|Magnetization curve

AC magnetizing current

Demagnetization Magnetization
Hysteresis loss
•Definition
During a cycle of magnetization in a B-H loop, there is a net energy flow
from the source to the coil and core of a magnetic circuit. This energy
loss is due to the domain wall friction of magnetic dipoles inside the core
material and it heats up the core.
•Energy input to a stationary magnetic circuit in one cycle
is W  vidt  id   Nid  Ni  SdB   Ni dB   Sl 
m      l
  HdB  volume
 area off the B H lloop  volume
th B-H l
Area of the B-H loop depends on
n
area of the B-H loop  KBmax frequency f

Hysteresis loss/volume is n
Ph  K h Bmax f Watts/m3
•Where n: Steinmetz constant(1.6-2)
Kh : hysteresis constant depends on the material and volume of the core
f : frequency of source (say 50 Hz).
Eddy-current
Eddy current loss
coil
• Cyclic variation of magnetic field inside the core,
induces emf and because of which eddy current i
E

flows in the core. r

B 
• Eddy current is limited only by the resistivity of the Jeddy
core material. core

• Magnetic field associated with eddy-current also

reduces
d applied
li d magnetic
i field
fi ld in
i a core.
• Loss associated with the eddy-current is a heat loss
in the core and is given as,
as
Pe  K e f 2 Bmax
2
 W/m3
where, Ke : Eddy-current loss constant and function of
conductivity of the material.
 : thickness of lamination.
• Eddy-current
Eddy current loss can be minimized by making the
magnetic core with stacks of thin piece of
lamentation sheets.
Core or iron loss
• Total loss in the core is given by,
n
Pc  Ph  Pe  K h fBmax  K e f 2 Bmax
2
 W/m3

• Represented by a fictitious resistance Rc known as core

loss resistance.

• The total core loss in terms of supplied voltage is

2
V RMS
Pc  , W
Rc
Im
N
v Rc Lm
Permanent magnet
• Instead of electromagnet, permanent magnet can be used
to supply B field in a device.
• Alloys
oys oof iron,
o , coba
cobalt,
t, nickel
c e and
a d Neodymium.
Neody u .
• Fat B-H loop i.e. after initial magnetization, it retains
very high B field
field.
• B-H characteristic in the second quadrant (-ve H and +ve
B) is important part.
• Permeabilityy μ is close to air μ0 .
B, T
 1T

 1 MA-T/m H, A-T/m
Design with a Permanent magnet
lc lc

lm I N
lg lg

Permanent magnet
Ampere’s law, Electromagnet
Ampere’s la law,
   
 H .dl  H mlm  H c lc  H g lg  0  H .dl  H c lc  H g lg  NI
An example
e a pe
• The magnet material is NdFeB. Br =1.2 T, Hc =910 kA/m,
Sg =2400 mm2, Sm=3600 mm2, lm=2.5mm, lg=1.5mm. Find
the air-gap
g p and magnet
g field Bg and Bm.
Load line Br = 1.2 T
Bc

0.62 T Hc

Hc = 910 kA/
kA/m 0

For highly permeable core (μ is infinity) Hc = 0

No leakage and fringing,   Bg S g  Bm Sm
Hints
Ampere's law:
 L H  dl  H mlm  H clc  H g lg  0
RHS is zero since no external (free) current is applied.
Assume:Hc = 0, for a highly permeable core.
Also,
so, assu
assume e no
o leakage
ea age aandd fringing
g g.
lg Bg lm
Hm   H g Since, H g   B g   o Hm
lm o l g

Now, total core flux,   B g S g  Bm S m

Therefore,
B S
Bg  m m
Sg
lm S g
Bm    o Hm
l g Sm

The negative
Th ti sign
i implies
i li thatth t the
th magnett worksk ini the
th second d quadrant
d t off its
it BH characteristic.
h t i ti ThisThi is
i the
th
equation of the load line (y=-mx). Intersection of this load line with the magnet BH characteristic in the second
quadrant gives the operating point.
g the g
Using given dimensions and the demagnetization
g ((BH)) curve of the magnet,
g , the operating
p g ppoint of the
magnet is found to be Bm = 0.62 T and Bg= 0.93 T
Review Questions
In a device, magnetic core is saturated and operating at the non-
li
linear portion
ti off the
th BH characteristic.
h t i ti Which
Whi h method
th d can we
use to solve for field B ?
a)Graphical method with load line
b)Equivalent magnetic circuit
c)None
)N off th
the above
b
Core loss ____________ with frequency of the source.
a)decreases
)d
b) increases
c)remains
) i constant t t
The magnetizing or excitation current in a magnetic circuit is a
a)pure
) resistive
i i current andd in
i phase
h with
i h the
h source voltage
l
b)Pure capacitive current and leads the source voltage
c)Pure
) i d i current andd lags
inductive l the
h source voltage
l