Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENERGY
Review of AC
Ci
Circuit
i Theory
Th
DR RUKMI DUTTA
Outline
• AC circuit
• AC and DC
• Sinusoidal AC
• Phasor
• Impedance and Admittance
• AC Power
• RMS value
• Power factor and power factor correction
• Three phase AC (lecture 4)
An electric circuit
• It facilitates the transfer of charge q from one point to
another.
• The
Th electric
l t i currentt iis rate t off change
h off charge
h q with
ith
dq
respect to time t – i (t )
dt
• Charge
Ch q in
i motion
i iis related l d to energy transfer f and d
voltage
• Voltage is also known as electro-motive force (emf) or potential
difference between two points in a circuit : it is the difference in
energy level
l l off unit
it positive
iti charge
h llocated
t d att eachh off th
the ttwo
points.
i i Circuit
Ci i elements
l :
+ +
•Voltage and current sources
v v •Resistance
•Inductance
- - •Capacitance
Energy supplied to Energy supplied from
AC and DC
θ
Reference
Elements Impedance
R Z=R
L Z=jL=jXL
C Z=1/jC=-jXc
Exercise on Phasors
• Two AC voltages are given asv (t ) 12sin(314t 45 ) and v (t ) 6sin(314t 15 )
1
o
2
o
• Convert the two p phasors V1 10200 and 12 600 to time domain
voltage equations if the frequency is 400Hz
(a) 10 cos(800 t 20),12 cos(800 t 60)
(b) 10 cos(800 t 20),12 cos(800 t 60)
Example on AC circuit
• Calculate the total impedance of the circuit and
current I.
Vmax I max
p(t ) cos v i cos(2t v i )
2
• Two
o terms :
• First one is time independent or constant
• Second one is cosine waveform with twice the supply frequency (2)
Average Power
T T
1 1 Vmax I max
• Average power is P
T 0 p(t )dt
d
T 0 2
cos v i cos(2
(2t v i ) dt
d
2
Where T
V I V I V I
P max max cos v i max max cos max max cos VRMS I RMS cos
2 2 2 2
v i
P t
Maximum average power transfer
• Maximum power (transfer) theorem
:maximum external power from a source with a finite
i t
internall resistance
i t can b be obtained
bt i d if the
th resistance
i t
of the load equal to the source internal resistance,Rs RL
• Condition for maximum power transfer for a resistive
load is dP 0,
0 P VI cos
i
dR Rs
RL
v
Ans: 24.96 W
Root Mean Square(RMS) value
• RMS value of periodic waveform such as sinusoidal
current or voltage and can be calculated as
T T
1 1 if x(t ) X max sin t ,
Mean x(t )dt Mean square x 2 (t )dt
T 0 T 0
T
1 2 X max
T 0
1 2
T
X RMS x (t ) dt , =
Root Mean Square
T 0
x (t )dt 2
T 0
Using trigonamitric identity, cos 2 A 1 2 cos 2 A
1 T cos 2((t ) 1
I RMS I M dt
d
T 0 2
IM 1 IM 1 T IM
T
cos 2(t ) 1 dt dt
2 T 0 2 T 0 2
V
Effect of power factor by an example
• An industrial load consumes 88 kw at PF of 0.707
0 707 lagging
from 480Vrms line. The transmission line resistance from
the power company to the industry is 0.08
0 08 ohms
ohms. What is
the power supplied by the company a) when load is
88kW and PF is 0 0.707
707 b) when load is same but PF is
changed to 0.90 lagging ??
Irms
P Vrms I rms cos 0.08Ω
Vrms
I rms , Z R jX
Z
P I rms
2
Re( Z ), Q I rms
2
Im( Z )
Power factor correction
• Low PF is undesirable : it uses up p supply
pp y
current without utilizing it and increases
transmission loss unnecessarily.
• Utility authorities can panellize customers
(specially large industries) for low PF.
• Motors are the main loads for industry which
is inductive. Hence, low lagging PF is not
very uncommon.
• Situation can be improved by adding PF
correction
i capacitors
i iin parallel
ll l to lload.
d
Sold Pold jQold Sold old old v i
L L
V 0
(a) IL 341.88 63.43 A
ZL
2 2
Apparent Power, S VI L P Q 82.051 kVA
*
Complex Power = VI L
I L* 341.88 63.43
I L cos
I s1 176.47 30 A C
I c2
5215 F
cos 1 V
I c1 I L sin I s1 sin 1 217.56 90 A
V V I c1
I c1 VC C 2887 F
X c 1 / jC V 2 f
Review points
• AC quantities can be expressed as phasor ( in polar
form by its magnitude and phase angle).
• Two quantities
i i for
f ac power - instantaneous
i andd
average.
• RMS value = peak value/2.
• Higher the power factor (cos of phase angle) is the
better i.e. smaller the phase angle is the better.
• Power
P factor
f t correctionti bby additional
dditi l capacitive
iti
reactive power.
Lecture 4
Dr Rukmi Dutta
Outline of today’s
today s lecture:
• Three phase system
• Star-Delta connection
• Power in three phase system
• Power measurement
Basic laws and theories
• Ohm
Ohm’ss Law V IR, V I Z
• Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws:
▫ Algebraic sum of current entering any node is zero.
zero
▫ Algebraic sum of voltages around any loop is zero.
• Thevenin’s
Th i ’ theorem
th
▫ An entire network of circuit elements, exclusive of the
l d can b
load be replaced
l db by an equivalent
i l t circuit
i it containing
t i i
only a voltage source (Thevenin's voltage source) and
series equivalent impedance (Thevenin
(Thevenin’ss equivalent
impedance).
• Norton
Norton’ss theorem
▫ An entire network of circuit elements, exclusive of the
load can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing
only a current source and series equivalent impedance.
Balanced three phase circuit
• Three phase circuit:
▫ Contains three voltages that are 1/3 of cycle apart in
time.
ti
• Balanced three phase circuit :
▫ three sinusoidal voltages have same magnitude and
q y
frequency.
▫ Each voltage is 120 degree out of phase with other two.
▫ Load currents also have the similar property.
property v
V
0 , max 0
a
2
Vmax
vb 1200 ,
2
Vmax
vc 1200
2
va Vmax sin t vb Vmax sin t 120 vc Vmax sin t 240o Vmax sin t 120o
o
• ‘n’
n point of star connection, where three terminals of the
three coils are connected is called Neutral point. Note :
Delta connection does not have a neutral point.
point
• Phase voltage: voltage from each line a,b,c to neutral ‘n’.
• Line (or line-line)voltage:
line line)voltage: voltage between any two lines
(e.g. a - b , b – c and c-a)
Balanced Y
Y-Y
Y connection
Vca
Vcn
Vbc Van
V bn
Vab
Line currents:
Van V V
Ia , I b bn , I c cn
Line voltages, Za Zb Zc
I a Ib Ic I N 0
Phase voltages,
g , Vab Van Vbn
V p 0o V p 120o In Y-connection,
V max Line current = phase current
Va Van 0 V p 0 V p V p cos(120o ) j sin(120o )
2
V 3 3
Vb Vbn max
120 V p 120
Vp j 3 V p 30
2 2 2
V max Line voltage leads phase voltage by 30 deg.
deg
Vc Vcn 120 V p 120
2 line voltage is 3 times of phase voltage.
Similarly,
Vca Vcn Van 3 V p 150 3 V p 210
Vbc Vbn Vcn 3 V p 90
Delta connection
Ic
c
Li voltages
Line l are: Ica
Vab V p 0
Vca
Vbc V p 120
Vbc
Vca V p 240 V p 120 Ia Iab
Ibc
a
Vab Ib
Line voltage = phase voltage b
For balanced system,
vab vbc vca 0 Line currents:
I a I abb I ca
I a I L
I b I L 120 I b I bc I ab
I c I L 120 I c I ca I bc
Phase currents:
I
I ba L 30o
3
I Phase current leads line current by
I cb L 90o 30 deg.
3
Phase current is 1/ 3 times of phase
I
I ac L 150o current.
3
Star-Delta
Star Delta Transformation
b
Zb
Za a
n
Zc
c
1 1
When ∆ is converted to Y, ZY Z Z
3 3
When Y is converted to ∆, Z 3ZY 3Z
Power in three phase circuit
Phase voltages and currents of a three phase balanced system:
van (t ) Vmax cos t ia (t ) I max cos t
vbn (t ) Vmax cos t 120 and ib (t ) I max cos t 120
vcn (t ) Vmax cos t 240 ic (t ) I max cos t 240
• Magnitude
g of total complex
p p
power(apparent
( pp p
power))
ST PT2 QT2 3Vl I l 3V p I p
and
ST
Example
• A three phase balanced Y-Delta
Y Delta system has a line
voltage 208V rms. The total real power absorbed by
th lload
the d is
i 1.2kW.
kW The
Th PF off th
the lload
d iis 20 d
degree
lagging. Find the magnitude of the line current and
load impedance in delta.
PT 3Vl I l cos
I l 3.5A rms
Current in each lag
g of delta-connected load is,,
Il
I 2.04A
3
Vl
Z 101.77, 200
I
Z 95.63 j 34.81
Exercise
• A balanced three-phase
three phase source supply three loads as
follows:
Loadd 1 : 24 k
kW, 0.6 lagging
l i PF
Load 2 : 10 kW,, unityy PF
Load 3 : 12 kVA at 0.8 leading PF.
If the line voltage at the load is 240V rms and 50 Hz.
Hz
Find the line current and combined Power factor of the
l d
loads.
Hint: Find S1,, S2,, S3
3 and STotal and its magnitude.
g
STotal
Il 124.13 A rms
3Vl
PFload cos STotal 0.869 lagging
Power Measurement
• Three wattmeter method
▫ Simply use three wattmeter to measure power of each
phase
h and
d summation
ti will
ill give
i ththe ttotal
t l power.
• Two wattmeter method:
▫ Measures two line currents , two line voltages and
p
respective p
phase angles
g between the current and
voltage.
Method is valid for both Y and Delta connected load.
Derivation done here is for a Y-connected load.
PT W1 W2 VRY I R cos(VRY I R ) VBY I B cos(VBY I B )
Vl I l cos(300 ) Vl I l cos(300 )
Vl I l cos 30 cos sin 30sin cos 30 cos sin 30sin
Vl I l 2 cos 30 cos 3Vl I l cos
Points to remember:
• A balance three phase voltage source has 3 sinusoidal
voltages of same magnitude and frequency and each
voltage
lt is
i 120 ddeg outt off phase
h with
ith others.
th
• Balance load can be connected either in Y or Delta
configuration.
• In a balance load system neutral current IN is zero.
zero
• Continuous power is available in a three phase
system hence more economical
system, economical.