Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHANDRAKANT JALLY
ROLLNO-11MET028
REG. NO.-1221210118
BRANCH- METALLURGY
G.I.E.T GUNUPUR
RAYAGADA ORISSA
1. INTRODUCTION OF STEEL
2. TYPES OF STEEL
3. STEEL MAKING ROUTES
4. SECONDARY STEEL MAKING
PROCESSES
(I)AOD PROCESS
(II)VOD PROCESS
(iii)CLU PROCESS
(iv)LADLE FURNACE
5. RH DEGASSER TECHNIQUE
What is
2.0
1.4 % C – Scissors / Knives
1.6 1.2 % C – Drilling items
ody
1.0 % C – Axe
Carbon %
s
ans
hain
B
1.2
0.9 % C – Cutting blades
Car
–C
–C
0.6 % C – Rail wheels 0.5 % C – Rails
C–
%C
0.8
%C
0.2 % C – Heavy vessel plates
5%
0.08
0.4
0.05
0.1 % C – Structures
0.00
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Why Steel Making ?
Hot Metal Final Steel
Blast Chemistry Chemistry
Furnace
C 4.5 0.03
Si 0.8 0.2
S 0.045 0.005
P 0.14 0.005
Mn 0.06 0.5
Al 0.025
Corex Ni. Cr, Nb,
V, Ti,
Steelmaking Route
Iron
Making
Pre-
Primary
treatment
Steelmaking Secondary
Steelmaking Continuous
Casting Rolling
Primary Secondary Continuous
Pre- Treatment Steelmaking Steelmaking Casting
Secondary
Steel Making
Secondary Metallurgy or Ladle
Metallurgy
Objectives of secondary steelmaking
1. Decarburization
2. Reduction
3. Desulphurization
Decarburization:
The decarburization step is controlled by ratios of oxygen to argon or
nitrogen to remove the carbon from the metal bath.
The gases are usually blown through a top lance (oxygen only) and tuyeres
in the sides/bottom (oxygen with an inert gas shroud).
In the stages of blowing carbon is removed by the combination of oxygen
and carbon forming CO gas.
4 Cr(bath) + 3 O2 → 2 Cr2O3(slag)
Cr2O3(slag) + 3 C(bath) → 3 CO(gas) + 2 Cr(bath)
To drive the reaction to the forming of CO, the partial pressure of CO is
lowered using argon or nitrogen.
The burning of carbon increases the bath temperature.
By the end of this process around 97% of Cr is retained in the steel.
Reduction:
after a desired carbon and temperature level have been reached the
process moves to reduction.
Reduction recovers the oxidized elements such as chromium from the
slag.
To achieve this, alloy additions are made with elements that have a higher
affinity for oxygen than chromium, using either a silicon alloy or aluminum.
The reduction mix also includes lime (CaO) and fluorspar (CaF 2).
The addition of lime and fluorspar help with driving the reduction of Cr 2O3
and managing the slag, keeping the slag fluid and volume small.
Desulphurization:
Desulphurization is achieved by having a high lime concentration in the
slag and a low oxygen activity in the metal bath.
S(bath) + CaO(slag) → CaS(slag) + O(bath)
So, additions of lime are added to dilute sulfur in the metal bath. Also,
aluminum or silicon may be added to remove oxygen.
VOD PROCESS
Extensive decarburization is achievable with a Vacuum Oxygen
Decarburization (VOD) unit.
ADVANTAGES
The possibility of controlling the temperature during the decarburization.
The cost of dilution gas is low.
The process uses low priced ferrochromium (Fe-Cr) with high Si and C
contents.
The low operating temperature.
LF (LADLE FURNACE)
Functions:
• To remove Hydrogen and nitrogen for improved mechanical properties.
• Removal of Oxygen for cleanliness.
• To produce steel of very low carbon.
• To bring desulphurisation by reagents.
• Greater recovery for costly alloying elements
RH Degasser