ELECTROMAGNETIC ISSUES

Radio Band 3 kHz - 300 GHz. Used for radio and radar, called the radio band
because radio was invented before radar.

Infra Red 300 - 3000,000 GHz. This is basically HEAT. On a ship the hottest
are the exhaust and the machinery spaces with the ships hull also being hotter than the
surrounding sea area. Weapon systems can be programmed to home onto this heat, IR
Jammers and Decoys are used to counter this threat. The IR spectrum is split into 3
areas MIR, NIR and FIR and the hotter the temperature the higher the frequency.

Visible Light 3000,000 - 30000,000 GHz. Visible light is what we can see.
Lasers use visible light but highly amplified. EW is moving into this region for the
detection of lasers which may be used for range finders or target designators. It consists
of the following:

a. Ultra Violet.
b. Rays from the sun.
c. X and Cosmic rays.
d. Very high frequencies and very short wave lengths. Used to see through
flesh.

1938 Chaff invented in both Britain and Germany at the same

time. It was tested against own radars but not used against
the enemy because it had the same effect on friendly
radars as the enemy’s radars
1939 First fitting of naval radar to the German ship Graf Spree,
Which fought at the battle of the River Plate where its
gunnery was exceptionally accurate. The Graf Spree was
scuttled in the entrance to Montevideo and a British
intelligence team was sent to gain information. They found
it was fitted with both search and FC radars. They
understood why its gunnery was so accurate.
1939 ECM against radar used by Britain against Germany both
land based and airborne. Bombers fitted with both Jammers
and chaff.
1939 ECCM first used by Germany to defeat UK ECM.
1939 Electronic navigation systems first used.
1940 FH1 (HFDF) fitted to HMS HESPERUS.
1941 FH3 (HFDF) fitted to HMS GURKHA and used to defeat
German U-Boats prior to attack.
1942 Chaff first used by the Japanese during the battle of
Midway against US naval radars to good effect.
1943 Magnetron invented in Britain, which allowed higher
 frequencies and power to be used, by radars.
1943 ESM used at sea, land, and air. German subs had Warner
against allied airborne radars. Allied bombers had ESM for
German EW and FC radars. German night fighters used
ESM to find allied bombers. Allied naval forces had HFDF
and ESM to find subs and ships
1943 First air to surface missile used by Germany against UK
ships in the Mediterranean. ECM used to jam radio link.
1943 Surface to air missiles used by Germany against allied A/C.
Radio controlled with radar tracking.
1944 D-Day over 3000 jammers was used along with chaff to
confuse and deceive German radar.