30

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

India needs
modern power quality
monitoring systems
October - December 2019

M V Chilukuri, Prerna Sarkar

The authors highlight the critical importance of power quality to

India's efforts to become a global economic power.

Introduction
It is quality, rather than quantity, that drives a nation's
economy as quality adds to efficiency, productivity
and safety. In India, however, very often this is not the
case. Most businesses are focused on the low-cost-
large-quantity model. The low-cost-low-quality and
large-quantity approach has not only resulted in poor
quality of power supply adding to the bad quality of
infrastructure in cities causing traffic congestion,
India needs modern power quality monitoring systems
31
a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India
pollution, road accidents and flooding during
October - December 2019
heavy rains.
This should change if India aspires to compete
globally, particularly in industrial manufacturing
and education fields. The new business paradigm
for Digital India should be Quality-driven so that
efficiency and productivity can be scaled up to
contribute to the growth of the economy and the
employability of our youth. This is very similar to
 the 'Smell of Place' as articulated by the late Prof. consistently across sectors for more than a decade.
India needs modern power quality monitoring systems

Sumantra Ghoshal, Founding Dean of Indian Business

School, Hyderabad. Every organization and institute in
India needs to understand and apply this principle [1]. Power supply quality index of India is at
the lowest among 20 nations.

Digital India should be Quality-driven so that

efficiency and productivity can be scaled up
to contribute to the growth of the economy
and the employability of our youth.
The growth of an economy is reflected in the per-capita
power consumption. The ability to provide reliable and
quality power supply to consumers is critical. Peak
power demand in India often exceeds the generating
capacity, leading to load-shedding, particularly during
the summers, highlighting the incapacity of power
generation to meet the peak demand [2,3]. In addition,
the reliability of power supply is poor not only due to
the insufficient generation and spinning reserve but
also due to the inefficient distribution network.
Inadequate and unreliable power made the term
`power quality' meaningless and irrelevant in India for
the last two decades.
32
It is only recently that India took steps for 'Swachh
a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India
India's PQ among the lowest
The World Economic Forum's Global Competitive
Survey Report of 1996 and 2019 shows that the power
supply quality index of India is at the lowest among 20
nations shown in Table 1. It is important to note that the
index used in 2019 is percentage T & D losses and
India ranks 108th among 144 countries. However, China
made huge improvements in Electric Supply Quality in
the last two decades from worst PQ index in 1999 to
18th rank through rapid development of electrical
Infrastructure with its T & D losses at 4.8% compared to
India's 17.6%. Though standards were developed for
power quality between 1992 -1999 as shown in Table 2,
until recently India's State Electricity Boards were not
bothered about the quality of power supplied either to
the industrial or commercial consumers. Little effort has
been made to monitor and report the power supply
reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI and CAIFI to customers.
Critical customers like data centres, hospitals, financial

Bharat' and 'Swachh Air' for creating Clean Cities.
Clean Power is essential for both Clean Air & Clean
Cities and is possible to deliver in India as some
Asian countries have done for long time not just in
developed countries. India is way behind in
implementing international power quality standards
Table 1: Power supply quality index [2, 3]
and IT services, malls, institutions and even residential
customers had to use UPS or diesel power generators
to address this problem. But these are only temporary
solutions and are not sustainable in the long term
especially for future Digital India and Smart Cities.
There is no improvement in quality of life if power
quality remains poor and inadequate.

Country Electric Supply Quality* Country Electric Supply Quality*

19961 20192 19961 20192

US 5.66 5.4 (23) Malaysia 4.13 6.9 (38)

France 5.56 7.1 (43) Brazil 3.79 16.1 (102)
Singapore 5.45 1.9 (2) Poland 3.71 5.6 (25)
South Africa 5.30 3.7 (49) Mexico 3.69 12.5 (81)
October - December 2019

UK 5.23 7.4 (46) Indonesia 3.53 9.1 (54)

Germany 5.22 4.3 (13) Philippines 3.51 (53)
Japan 5.00 4.3 (13) Taiwan 3.18 3.3 (8)
Egypt 4.47 11.9 (77) Russia 2.90 10 (61)
Korea 4.43 3.3 (7) China 2.47 4.9 (18)
Thailand 4.18 5.8 (31) India 1.85 17.6 (108)

* World Economic Forum Global Competiveness Survey Report 1996, 2019

* The figure in bracket shows rank
Table 2: International Power Quality Standards

India needs modern power quality monitoring systems

Sl. No International Name of the Standard Year of
Standard Publication

1 IEEE519 Recommended practices and requirements

2 IEEE1159
3 IEEE1100
4 IEEE1386
for harmonic control in electrical power systems 1992
Recommended practice for monitoring
electric power quality 1995
Recommended practice for powering and
grounding sensitive electronic equipment 1995
IEEE standard 1366 Electric power distribution
reliability indices 1999

Power quality has many stakeholders, including PQ Monitoring

OEMS, solution providers, regulators, contractors,
Monitoring of power quality is the first step towards
consultants, researchers and consumers. To address
the supply of reliable power. Power quality
the PQ issues every stakeholder should follow the
disturbances are of steady state and transient in
international/national standards. In order to develop
nature. The frequency of steady-state disturbances is
and implement these standards, thorough research,
substantially high due to power system faults
especially through industry-institute collaboration, is
compared to transient faults. Moreover, power system
necessary. Centres of excellence need to be set up to
transients affect only semiconductor devices, but
develop innovative solutions, testing and standards
steady-state disturbances affect most of the devices,
for the Smart Grid. Unfortunately, there was no effort
short or long term. Figure 1 shows the power quality
from utilities and regulators to plan and prepare a
disturbance characteristics as defined in the IEEE
road map in this direction.
Standards 1159 -1995. One can notice that time- 33

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

To address the PQ issues, every
stakeholder should follow the
international/national standards; thorough
research, especially through industry-
institute collaboration, is necessary to
implement these standards.
varying RMS voltage is classified as (a) momentary
reduction (sag), (b) interruption (short/long), (c)
flicker, (d) momentary increase (swell), and (e)
transient.
Though voltage and current harmonics are
considered power quality issues, they are not
described in Figure 1. In fact, they are continuous
and predominantly due to the nonlinear loads drawing
harmonic currents from perfectly sinusoidal voltage.

Table 3: Power Quality Stakeholders

Sl.No Stakeholders Name

1 Utilities Power grid, TRANSCOs, DISCOMs and IPPs

2 Regulators Central Electricity Authority, State Electricity Regulatory Commission,
Electricity Development Authority
October - December 2019

3 OEMs Automotive industry, semiconductor companies, manufacturing factories, ABB

4 Solution
5 Contractors
6 Consultants
7 Experts
8 Consumers
Electrotek, IPS, FLUKE, Yokogawa, Eberle, EATON, Schneider Electric, Siemens
M & E companies, developers, architects, Smart City developers
Data centre operators, distributed generation operators, IGBC council,
certified energy auditors
Academic researchers, industry managers, R & D engineers, smart grid
project engineers
Critical, industrial, commercial and residential customers
India needs modern power quality monitoring systems
Figure 1. Power supply quality disturbance (PQD) characteristics [4]
In addition, customers are responsible for harmonics
and utilities are responsible for PQ disturbances
shown in Figure 1. According to 'Swachh Power
Report 2015', Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.
installed 500 PQ monitors in 175 cities across the
34 country at various substations between April 2014 and
a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India
May 2015 as shown in Figure 2 [6]. The results as
shown in Table 4 contain two parts (a) short
disturbances in grey color and (b) continuous
distortion as harmonics/unbalance/DC offset.
October - December 2019
Figure 2. Power quality monitoring sites in India [5]
It is observed from Table 5 that majority of the PQ
disturbances are voltage sag as the measurement
was done on transmission network at 765 kV, 400 kV
and 220 kV. Though monitoring on LV distribution
highlighted THD within limits but exceeds for a very
short period. The PGCIL study highlights that
harmonics are the major issue in western, southern
and eastern regions but sag and voltage unbalance
are the issues in northern and north-eastern regions.
It is important to conduct PQ monitoring
nationwide and compute the power supply
reliability indices.
Power quality monitoring mainly aims to share the
disturbance data online with relevant stakeholders,
but there is no such information available from PGCIL
study. Also, there was no assessment of power
supply reliability indices such as SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI
and their effect on the customers. It is important to
conduct PQ monitoring nationwide with the following
objectives:
w Identify major power quality issues affecting the
customers.
w Compute the power supply reliability indices
(SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIFI).
w Provide access to PQ monitoring data on the
website similar to Electrotek PQ monitoring site.
w Estimate PQ cost for various stakeholders through
PQ audits.
Table 4: Power quality disturbances monitored by PGCIL at its substations, 2014 -15 [5]

India needs modern power quality monitoring systems

Sl. No North North East West South Exceeding
East Region Region Region Region Limits

1 Voltage Sag 12 29 13 12 7 73

2 Voltage Swell 0 4 1 4 2 11

3 Interruptions 0 0 2 3 3 8

4 Unbalance 13 27 9 16 14 79

5 Voltage Harmonics 0 17 12 18 18 65

6 Current Harmonics 0 11 11 10 6 38

7 DC Offset 0 4 1 2 3 10

Table 5: PQ Issues across India [5] w Benchmark electricity power supply quality across
the states and reward best DISCOMs.
Sl. No Region Name Power Quality Issue
w Benchmark electricity power supply quality with
1 Western Harmonics different countries.
2 Southern Harmonics w Conduct power quality research and participate in
3 Eastern Harmonics & Sag the development of Supraharmonics standards.

4 Northern
5 North Eastern
Sag & Voltage Unbalance
Sag & Voltage Unbalance
w Apply IoT and Machine Learning to develop PQ &
CM state-of-the-art solutions for Smart Grid.
w Contribute to the development of Indian Smart 35
Grid and Smart Cities mission and standards.

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

w Recommend solutions to reduce economic loss Real-Time power quality monitoring is the first step in
from PQ disturbances. implementing Smart Grid road map as it helps in

October - December 2019

Figure 3. Real-time PQ monitoring &analysis system using LabVIEW [7]

 trouble-shooting the electric supply problems faced as well asset management solutions. A simple
India needs modern power quality monitoring systems

by consumers and take necessary steps to reduce
the downtime. It also helps in monitoring energy
consumption and improving energy efficiency through
energy audit and implementing best practices. With
advancement in IoT and Machine Learning, it is
possible to integrate power quality, energy and
condition monitoring effectively to develop diagnostic
LabVIEW-based real-time and remote power quality
monitoring and analysis system (Figure 3, 4 and 5) is
useful in energy monitoring and management as well
as condition monitoring of electrical equipment. With
recent advancements in Deep Learning and Machine
Learning, it is possible to develop advanced
diagnostic tools for electrical substation equipment.

36
a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

Figure 4. Voltage sag due to motor starting [7]

October - December 2019

Figure 5. Experimental simulations of power quality events (SAG) [7]

This will help in health monitoring of utility asset and

India needs modern power quality monitoring systems

reduce maintenance cost. The advantage of system
developed by Phang et al. can be used for power
quality analysis using advanced signal processing
techniques which are essential for developing
condition monitoring and power quality diagnostic
tools. However, increase in the number of microgrids
and distributed generation may contribute to more
complex power quality issues due to "Prosumers" who
can supply and consume power through power
electronics interface. This may contribute to the
generation of "Supraharmonics - Current emissions in
the range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz due to smart
appliances, solar converters and EVs"(Figure 6).

Though Smart Grid is supposed to improve energy

efficiency, power quality, reliability, sustainability,
security and health of an asset, there are many
challenges in providing 'quality' and 'security' to power
system. Sarah Ronnberg et al. investigated the
current emissions from different power electronic
devices in low voltage distribution network and
reported the results (Table 6). It is important to note
Figure 6. Supraharmonics Emission [6]
that high frequency emission is clearly visible in the
time-frequency domain from PV Inverter, EV, LED and
TV. Also, they reported that magnitude of
supraharmonics increases under voltage distortion.

37

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

(a)

(b)
October - December 2019

(c)

(d)
Figure 7. (a) Power quality disturbances waveforms (b) magnitude w.r.t. time (c) time-frequency (d) time-frequency-magnitude plot
 Moreover, they are responsible for failure of issues due to EV charging and smart appliances (e)
India needs modern power quality monitoring systems

capacitors and other electronic components in home
appliances connected to LV distribution.
An interesting pattern recognition tool for detection
and classification of power system transients was
developed by Tan Sih Sin et al. (Figure 7 & 8). The
tool was effective in detection and classification of
various PQ disturbances, including (a) capacitor
switching (b) back-to-back capacitor switching (c)
lightning and (d) motor switching transients. The tool
can also perform very well under noisy conditions
(Table 7). It can also plot the PQ disturbances on
CBEMA curve which will help in assessing the power
supply quality at a given site or customer location. In
the future, this tool will be extended for the study of
"Supraharmonics" in Smart Microgrid.
Table 6: Supraharmonics Emission [6]
Sl.No Equipment Frequency
1 Industrial converters 9 kHz - 150 Hz
2 Street lamps 2 kHz - 20kHz
3 EV chargers 15 kHz - 150 kHz
Demand response implementation using smart meter
(f) Smart home energy management and (g)
Transactive energy control under dynamic pricing.
Smart Microgrids are helpful in improving power
supply reliability, quality and sustainability in Smart
Communities and Smart Cities as emergency backup
power supply during natural disasters with the help of
Renewable Energy and Storage. In addition, it is
useful for conducting IoT, Machine Learning, Block
Chain and Deep Learning for Smart Grid research.
Cost of power quality
Power quality problems are very complicated and
involve facility wiring, lightning phenomena and
equipment interaction, grounding and power grid.
Industrial, commercial and medical equipment are
designed to operate safely with good power supply.
But that is often not the case as sometimes
neighborhood customer equipment may cause
interference resulting in equipment failures. Though
power quality standards exist, its enforcement in
many countries is slow, especially in India.

4 PV inverters 4 kHz - 20 kHz It is very important to look at the recent power quality
38
disturbance and their consequences on industrial and
5 Household appliances 2 kHz - 150 kHz
a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

commercial customers. The cost of power quality was

6 Notches 2 kHz - 10kHz not investigated thoroughly and most of the time it
was referred to old data published by consultants
7 Powerline communi- 9 kHz - 95 kHz
which had been collected mainly through survey. This
cations, AMR
article highlights the importance of Power Quality in
the following areas:
Table 7: Detection and Classification of PQ Transients

Input Signals TEST RESULTS % Classification

Pure Sine Noisy Sine C1(a) C1(b) C2 C3 C4

Pure Sine 50 - - - - - - 100

Noisy Sine - 48 1 1 - - - 96

C1(a) - - 45 - - - 5 90

C1(b) - - - 47 - - 3 94

C2 - - - - 50 - - 100
October - December 2019

C3 - - - - - 50 - 100

C4 - - 1 1 - - 48 96

C1(a) = Capacitor energization, C1(b) = Capacitor back-to-back switching,

C2 = Motor switching, C3 = Lightning-induced, C4 = Load switching

A smart microgrid is a pilot model for the study of (a) Hospitals:

Distributed generation and storage (b) Energy
Medical equipment in hospitals requires reliable and
management in microgrid under islanding condition
quality power supply for the safe and efficient
(c) Grid integration of microgrid (d) Power quality
 India needs modern power quality monitoring systems
39

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

Figure 8. Pattern recognition tool for detection &classification of transients, 2005 [8]

operation, especially in intensive care units (ICU) and Data Centres :

operation theatres. Even a very small interruption in
About 70 billion kWh of energy is consumed by data
the power supply can lead to malfunctions in such
centers in the US on average in a year. Data centre
medical equipment and even deaths in critical cases
servers need power to store and process data and
[9]. This not only costs innocent lives but also affects
also to deal with the heat produced by servers during
the reputation of the hospital thus leading to an
processing. Even the slightest of power outage can
increase in capital loss not only in private hospitals
lead to shutting down of the servers and has great
but also in super specialty hospitals. The cost of
impacts on the company as well as its customers [10,
power quality disturbance (PQD) on Hospitals may
11, 12]. Moreover, the process of recovering the
involve as following:
systems and services takes time and does not really
w Cost of backup power (UPS/DG) = Ha compensate for the losses and the blow to the
reputation of the company. There have been cases
w Cost of service delay and business loss = Hb
October - December 2019

like in the Amsterdam Data Center of Wikimedia,

w Cost of PQ audit and analysis = Hc where the servers were automatically shut down due
w Cost of equipment malfunction and repairs = Hd to the lack of power supply to the cooling systems,
leading to overheating of the data center computing
w Cost of patient health/death = He
equipment [13].
w Cost of damage to hospital reputation = Hf
Another such outage disrupted the Fujitsu cloud in its
w Cost of Insurance = Hg data centre in Silicon Valley in the US in September
w PQD Cost HPQ$= Ha + Hb + Hc + Hd + He + 2015, which was reportedly caused by a failure in the
Hf + Hg power transmission system equipment. This had an
 impact on the Fujitsu TPS5 public cloud, the Fujitsu A power outage on 17th December 2018 at Hartsfield-
India needs modern power quality monitoring systems

private hosted cloud, the customers and other
infrastructure services as well [14].
In November 2015, Telecity faced two outages on its
London data centre. Telecity's Sovereign House
suffered a power outage in all four floors and failure
to repair the UPS resulted in another outage and the
site was left with no primary or secondary backup
power [15].
In September 2016, a power outage at Europe's
largest data center, Global Switch 2, lasted 222
milliseconds. The interruption was due to a fault in the
HV cable end-box of the output circuit breaker system
[17].
Jackson Atlanta International Airport cost Delta
Airlines almost $50 Million in Pre-Tax revenue as per
the Airlines [21].
PQ cost estimation
In this article, we attempt to suggest a few methods
of estimating the cost of power quality from the
perspectives of different consumers. Current PQ cost
estimate is only based on utilities. The cost of PQ
varies for (a) utilities (b) commercial (c) industrial (d)
critical and (e) residential consumers.

All these incidents due to power quality disturbances Utilities

resulted in huge financial losses to both Data Centre w Cost of loss of load in kWh/kVA = Ua
operators and their customers. Unfortunately, neither
utilities nor data centre operators share full details of w Cost of repair = Ub
the incident. w Cost of restoration = Uc

Total PQD Cost, UPQ$ = Ua + Ub + Uc

Airports:

In January 2016, the US Airlines JetBlue suffered a Commercial Customer

pretty long delay because of a power outage caused
40 w Cost of kWh/kVA generated by UPS/DG = Ca
by certain maintenance problems at the airline's
a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

Verizon data centre. Reports suggest that maintaining w Cost of service delays = Cb
a failover site for customer services could have
w Cost of repair and restoration = Cc
prevented the flight delays and cancellations [16].
w Cost of PQ audit and solution = Cd
In May 2017, power outage in British Airways' UK
data centre resulted in around 672 flight w Cost of business loss = Ce
cancellations, and it cost £58 Million ($ 75 Million) to
Total PQD Cost, CPQ$ = Ca + Cb + Cc + Cd + Ce
the airline. This outage was triggered by a power
surge which caused infrastructural damage and also
led to failure of the IT systems. The airline's backup Critical Customer
system had also failed. Such outages are due to the
power interruptions which not only hinder the Cost of kWh/kVA generated by UPS &DG = Ca
consistent working of the electrical equipment at the Cost of service interruption = Cb
centers, but also damage them over time leading to
production loss. Thus, there is a need to monitor the Cost of repair and restoration = Cc
power quality supply and eliminate unscheduled Cost of PQ audit and solution = Cd
downtimes.
Cost of insurance = Ce
October - December 2019
Cost of business reputation = Cf
Total PQD Cost, CPQ$ = Ca + Cb + Cc + Cd+ Ce + Cf
From the data obtained from the industry, the cost of
power quality disturbance can be computed in the
following ways:
Industrial Customer
w Field service costs including the cost of restarting
after a PQ disturbance.
w Cost due to the resultant decrease in equipment
life.
w Money invested in the backup systems to avoid
the disturbances due to the voltage fluctuation.
w Cost of labour including the costs to redo the lost
data records and the clean-up operations that
decrease productivity.
w Product damage costs.
w Cost of energy waste in the restarting process.
w Soft or hidden costs such as loss of sales,
premature equipment failure (due to the harmonic
distortions and phase unbalance) and poor
reputation and delivery.
Total cost of a PQ disturbance = X + Y + W + Z
Cost of labour affected = A x B x (C+D)
Cost of service or product damage = E x F
Cost of restarting = G x H x (C + D) + (I*F)
Where,
A= number of productive employees affected
B= duration of power disturbance/interruption (in
hours)
C= base hourly rate of employees affected
D= overhead hourly cost per employee affected
E= units of services or products lost due to power
disruption
F= cost per unit of service lost or product repaired
due to power disruption
G= the restart time (in hours)
H= number of employees involved in restarting
I= units of equipment damaged due to restart
J = Elements of hidden costs
K = Hidden cost/element
Thus,
India needs modern power quality monitoring systems
Cost of labour affected, X = A x B x (C+D)
Cost of service or product damage, Y = E x F
Cost of restarting, W = G x H x (C+D) + (I + F)
Soft costs, Z = J x K
Total cost of a power quality disturbance in a year=
X+Y+W+Z
Residential Consumer
Cost of kWh/kVA generated by UPS / DG = Ra
Cost of ICT service interruption = Rb
Cost of equipment damage = Rc
Cost of business loss and service delays = Rd
Total PQD Cost, RPQ$ = Ra + Rb + Rc + Rd
Conclusions
This article aimed to highlight the importance of
power quality to India, particularly against the
backdrop of the 'Digital India' and 'Make in India'
initiatives of the government and in the context of the
41
a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India
advancements in the fields of IoT, BiG Data and AI.
Also, the basic technological requirement for the
smart grid project is power quality, energy efficiency,
and condition monitoring and asset management.
After implementing these across the power grid, it is
possible to prepare a road map to make the grid
sustainable, secure and smart with customer
engagement through dynamic pricing and smart
meters. It requires power quality monitoring and
estimation SAIDI, SAIFI and CAIFI at customer level
and improving the performance continuously. The
research and development supported by government
funding is necessary to implement it nationwide. The
cost estimate of PQ monitoring across 1180 locations
nationwide through PQ Analyzer at a cost of Rs 60
crore will not solve the problem. A country promoting
'Make in India' should invest in R&D not just in
October - December 2019
Nanotechnologies but also in power system
infrastructure, especially in power quality
enhancement at the distribution level.
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42 cloud/microsoft-confirms-azure-outage-was-human-
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a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

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October - December 2019