Wales (Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəmri] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United

Kingdom.[10] It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and
the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total
area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,680 miles (2,700 km) of coastline and is
largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas,
including Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit. The country lies within the north
temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.
Wales

Cymru (Welsh)

Flag

Motto: "Cymru am byth" (Welsh)

"Wales Forever" or "Long live Wales"[1]

Anthem: "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau"

"Land of My Fathers"

Location of Wales (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)

– in the United Kingdom (green)
 Status Country

Capital Cardiff
51°29′N 3°11′W
and largest city

Official languages  Welsh

 English

Demonym(s) Welsh

 Sovereign state  United Kingdom

 Legal jurisdiction  England and Wales

Government Devolved parliamentary

legislature within parliamentary constitutional
monarchy

• Monarch Elizabeth II

• First Minister Mark Drakeford

Parliament of the United Kingdom

• Secretary of State Simon Hart

• House of Commons 40 MPs (of 650)

Legislature  National Assembly

Formation
 • Unification 1057[2]
by Gruffydd ap
Llywelyn

• Statute of 3 March 1284

Rhuddlan[3]

• Laws in Wales 1543

Act[4]

• Devolution[5] 31 July 1998

Area

• Total 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi)

Population

• 2018 estimate 3,139,000[6]

• 2011 census 3,063,456[7]

• Density 148/km2 (383.3/sq mi)

GVA 2018[8] estimate

• Total £75 billion

($100B)

• Per capita £23,900

($31867)

HDI (2017) 0.885[9]

very high

Currency Pound sterling (GBP; £)

Time zone UTC (Greenwich Mean Time)

• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time)

 Date format dd/mm/yyyy (AD)

Driving side left

Calling code +44

ISO 3166 code GB-WLS

Website
wales.com

Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from
Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic
nations. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of
England's conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to
Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and
incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542.
Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh liberalism, exemplified in
the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and
the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in
1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales
Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved
policy matters.
At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of
the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural
society into an industrial nation; the South Wales Coalfield's exploitation caused a rapid
expansion of Wales' population. Two-thirds of the population live in South Wales,
including Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and the nearby valleys. Now that the country's
traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales' economy
depends on the public sector, light and service industries and tourism.
Although Wales closely shares its political and social history with the rest of Great Britain
and, while a majority of the population in most areas speaks English as a first language, the
country has retained a distinct cultural identity. Both Welsh and English are official
languages; over 560,000 Welsh-speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a
majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century
onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the "land of song", in part due to
the eisteddfod tradition. At many international sporting events, such as the FIFA World
Cup, Rugby World Cup and the Commonwealth Games, Wales has its own national teams,
though at the Olympic Games, Welsh athletes compete as part of a Great Britain
team. Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national
consciousness.
Contents

Etymology
The English words "Wales" and "Welsh" derive from the same Old English root
(singular Wealh, plural Wēalas), a descendant of Proto-Germanic *Walhaz, which was itself
derived from the name of the Gaulish people known to the Romans as Volcae and which
came to refer indiscriminately to inhabitants of the Western Roman Empire.[11] The Old
English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term to refer to the Britons in particular;
the plural form Wēalas evolved into the name for their territory, Wales.[12] The modern
names for various Romance-speaking people in Continental
Europe (e.g. Wallonia, Wallachia, Valais, Vlachs, and Włochy, the Polish name for Italy) have
a similar etymology.[12][13][14][15]
Historically in Britain, the words were not restricted to modern Wales or to the Welsh but
were used to refer to anything that the Anglo-Saxons associated with the Britons, including
other non-Germanic territories in Britain (e.g. Cornwall) and places in Anglo-Saxon
territory associated with Britons (e.g. Walworth in County Durham and Walton in West
Yorkshire).[16]
The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales.
These words (both of which are pronounced [ˈkəm.rɨ]) are descended from
the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning "fellow-countrymen".[17] The use of the
word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era (after the
arrival of the Anglo-Saxons) of the Welsh (Brythonic-speaking) people in modern Wales as
well as in northern England and southern Scotland (Yr Hen Ogledd) (English: The Old
North). It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one
people, different from other peoples.[18] In particular, the term was not applied to
the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the
Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century.[19] It
is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan (Moliant Cadwallon, by Afan
Ferddig) c. 633.[20] In Welsh literature, the word Cymry was used throughout the Middle
Ages to describe the Welsh, though the older, more generic term Brythoniaid continued to
be used to describe any of the Britonnic peoples (including the Welsh) and was the more
common literary term until c. 1200. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh.
Until c. 1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the
people or their homeland.[17]
The Latinised forms of these names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-
used alternative names for Wales, Welsh and the Welsh people. Examples include
the Cambrian Mountains (which cover much of Wales and gave their name to
the Cambrian geological period), the newspaper Cambrian News, and the
organisations Cambrian Airways, Cambrian Railways, Cambrian Archaeological
Association and the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art. Outside Wales, a related form
survives as the name Cumbria in North West England, which was once a part of Yr Hen
Ogledd. The Cumbric language, which is thought to have been closely related to Welsh, was
spoken in this area until becoming extinct around the 12th century. This form also appears
at times in literary references, as in the pseudohistorical "Historia Regum Britanniae"
of Geoffrey of Monmouth, where the character of Camber is described as the eponymous
King of Cymru.
History
Main article: History of Wales

Prehistoric origins
See also: Prehistoric Wales

Bryn Celli Ddu, a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey

Wales has been inhabited by modern humans for at least 29,000 years.[21] Continuous
human habitation dates from the end of the last ice age, between 12,000 and 10,000 years
before present (BP), when Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from central Europe began to
migrate to Great Britain. At that time sea levels were much lower than today, and the
shallower parts of what is now the North Sea were dry land. The east coast of present-day
England and the coasts of present-day Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands were
connected by the former landmass known as Doggerland, forming the British Peninsula on
the European mainland. Wales was free of glaciers by about 10,250 BP, the warmer climate
allowing the area to become heavily wooded. The post-glacial rise in sea level separated
Wales and Ireland, forming the Irish Sea. Doggerland was submerged by the North Sea and,
by 8,000 BP, the British Peninsula had become an island.[22][23] By the beginning of
the Neolithic (c. 6,000 BP) sea levels in the Bristol Channel were still about 33 feet (10
metres) lower than today.[24][25][26] John Davies has theorised that the story of Cantre'r
Gwaelod's drowning and tales in the Mabinogion, of the waters between Wales and Ireland
being narrower and shallower, may be distant folk memories of this time.[27]
Neolithic colonists integrated with the indigenous people, gradually changing their
lifestyles from a nomadic life of hunting and gathering, to become settled farmers about
6,000 BP – the Neolithic Revolution.[27][28] They cleared the forests to establish pasture and
to cultivate the land, developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production,
and built cromlechs such as Pentre Ifan, Bryn Celli Ddu and Parc Cwm long cairn between
about 5,800 BP and 5,500 BP.[29][30][31][32] In common with people living all over Britain,
over the following centuries the people living in what was to become known as Wales
assimilated immigrants and exchanged ideas of the Bronze Age and Iron
Age Celtic cultures. According to John T. Koch and others, Wales in the Late Bronze Age was
part of a maritime trading-networked culture that also included the other Celtic
nations.[33][34][35][36] This view, sometimes called "Atlantic-Celtic", stands against the view
that the Celtic languages have their origins farther east with the Hallstatt culture.[37] By the
time of the Roman invasion of Britain the area of modern Wales had been divided among
the tribes of the Deceangli, Ordovices, Cornovii, Demetae and Silures for centuries.[27]
Roman era
Main article: Wales in the Roman era

The Roman conquest of Wales began in AD 48 and took 30 years to complete. Roman rule
lasted over 300 years. The campaigns of conquest are the most widely known feature of
Wales during the Roman era, because of the spirited, but ultimately unsuccessful, defence
of their homelands by two native tribes: the Silures and the Ordovices. Roman rule in Wales
was a military occupation, save for the southern coastal region of south Wales, east of
the Gower Peninsula, where there is a legacy of Romanisation.[38] The only town in Wales
founded by the Romans, Caerwent, is in south east Wales.[39] Both Caerwent
and Carmarthen, also in southern Wales, became Roman civitates.[40] Wales had a rich
mineral wealth. The Romans used their engineering technology to extract large amounts
of gold, copper and lead, as well as modest amounts of some other metals such
as zinc and silver.[41] Roman economic development was concentrated in south-eastern
Britain, and no significant industries located in Wales.[41] This was largely a matter of
circumstance, as Wales had none of the necessary materials in suitable combination, and
the forested, mountainous countryside was not amenable to industrialisation. Although
Latin became the official language of Wales, the people tended to continue to speak
in Brythonic. While Romanisation was far from complete, the upper classes of Wales began
to consider themselves Roman, particularly after the ruling of 212 that granted Roman
citizenship to all free men throughout the Empire.[42] Further Roman influence came
through the spread of Christianity, which gained many followers when Christians were
allowed to worship freely; state persecution ceased in the 4th century, as a result
of Constantine I issuing an edict of toleration in 313.[42]
Early historians, including the 6th-century cleric Gildas, have noted 383 as a significant
point in Welsh history,[43] as it is stated in literature as the foundation point of several
medieval royal dynasties. In that year the Roman general Magnus Maximus, or Macsen
Wledig, stripped all of western and northern Britain of troops and senior administrators, to
launch a successful bid for imperial power; continuing to rule Britain from Gaul as
emperor.[44][45] Gildas, writing in about 540, says that Maximus departed Britain, taking
with him all of its Roman troops, armed bands, governors and the flower of its youth, never
to return. Having left with the troops and Roman administrators, and planning to continue
as the ruler of Britain in the future, his practical course was to transfer local authority to
local rulers. The earliest Welsh genealogies give Maximus the role of founding father for
several royal dynasties, including those of Powys and Gwent.[46][47] It was this transfer of
power that has given rise to the belief that he was the father of the Welsh Nation.[43] He is
given as the ancestor of a Welsh king on the Pillar of Eliseg, erected nearly 500 years after
he left Britain, and he figures in lists of the Fifteen Tribes of Wales.[48]
Post-Roman era
See also: Sub-Roman Britain

Britain in AD 500: The areas shaded pink on the map were inhabited by the Britons, here labelled Welsh. The
pale blue areas in the east were controlled by Germanic tribes, whilst the pale green areas to the north were
inhabited by the Gaels and Picts.

The 400-year period following the collapse of Roman rule is the most difficult to interpret
in the history of Wales.[42] After the Roman departure from Britain in AD 410, much of the
lowlands of Britain to the east and south-east was overrun by various Germanic peoples.
Before extensive studies of the distribution of R1b Y-DNA subclades, some previously
maintained that native Britons were displaced by the invaders.[49] This idea has been
discarded in the face of evidence that much of the population has, at the latest, Hallstatt era
origins, but probably late Neolithic, or at earliest Mesolithic origins with little contribution
from Anglo-Saxon source areas.[50] However, by AD 500, the land that would become Wales
had divided into a number of kingdoms free from Anglo-Saxon rule.[42] The kingdoms
of Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed and Seisyllwg, Morgannwg and Gwent emerged as independent
Welsh successor states.[42] Archaeological evidence, in the Low Countries and what was to
become England, shows early Anglo-Saxon migration to Great Britain reversed between
500 and 550, which concurs with Frankish chronicles.[51] John Davies notes this as
consistent with the British victory at Badon Hill, attributed to Arthur by Nennius.[51] This
tenacious survival by the Romano-Britons and their descendants in the western kingdoms
was to become the foundation of what we now know as Wales. With the loss of the
lowlands, England's kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, and later Wessex, wrestled with
Powys, Gwent and Gwynedd to define the frontier between the two peoples.
Having lost much of what is now the West Midlands to Mercia in the 6th and early 7th
centuries, a resurgent late-7th-century Powys checked Mercian advances. Aethelbald of
Mercia, looking to defend recently acquired lands, had built Wat's Dyke. According to John
Davies, this endeavour may have been with the agreement of Powys king Elisedd ap
Gwylog, as this boundary, extending north from the valley of the River Severn to the Dee
estuary, gave Oswestry to Powys.[52] Another theory, after carbon dating placed the dyke's
existence 300 years earlier, is that it may have been built by the post-Roman rulers
of Wroxeter.[53] King Offa of Mercia seems to have continued this consultative initiative
when he created a larger earthwork, now known as Offa's Dyke (Clawdd Offa). Davies
wrote of Cyril Fox's study of Offa's Dyke: "In the planning of it, there was a degree of
consultation with the kings of Powys and Gwent. On the Long Mountain near Trelystan, the
dyke veers to the east, leaving the fertile slopes in the hands of the Welsh; near Rhiwabon,
it was designed to ensure that Cadell ap Brochwel retained possession of the Fortress of
Penygadden." And, for Gwent, Offa had the dyke built "on the eastern crest of the gorge,
clearly with the intention of recognizing that the River Wye and its traffic belonged to the
kingdom of Gwent."[52] However, Fox's interpretations of both the length and purpose of
the Dyke have been questioned by more recent research.[54] Offa's Dyke largely remained
the frontier between the Welsh and English, though the Welsh would recover by the 12th
century the area between the Dee (Afon Dyfrdwy) and the Conwy, known then as Y
Berfeddwlad. By the 8th century, the eastern borders with the Anglo-Saxons had broadly
been set.
In 853, the Vikings raided Anglesey, but in 856, Rhodri Mawr defeated and killed their
leader, Gorm.[55] The Britons of Wales later made their peace with the Vikings
and Anarawd ap Rhodri allied with the Norsemen occupying Northumbria to conquer the
north.[56] This alliance later broke down and Anarawd came to an agreement with Alfred,
king of Wessex, with whom he fought against the west Welsh. According to Annales
Cambriae, in 894, "Anarawd came with the Angles and laid waste Ceredigion and Ystrad
Tywi."[57]
Medieval Wales

North Wales Principalities, 1267–76

Hywel Dda enthroned

See also: Norman invasion of Wales and Wales in the Late Middle Ages

The southern and eastern parts of Great Britain lost to English settlement became known in
Welsh as Lloegyr (Modern Welsh Lloegr), which may have referred to the kingdom of
Mercia originally and which came to refer to England as a whole.[nb 1] The Germanic tribes
who now dominated these lands were invariably called Saeson, meaning "Saxons". The
Anglo-Saxons called the Romano-British *Walha, meaning 'Romanised foreigner' or
'stranger'.[58] The Welsh continued to call themselves Brythoniaid (Brythons or Britons)
well into the Middle Ages, though the first written evidence of the use of Cymru and y
Cymry is found in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan (Moliant Cadwallon, by Afan
Ferddig) c. 633.[12] In Armes Prydain, believed to be written around 930–942, the
words Cymry and Cymro are used as often as 15 times.[59] However, from the Anglo-Saxon
settlement onwards, the people gradually begin to adopt the
name Cymry over Brythoniad.[60]
Dolwyddelan Castle – built by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth in the early 13th century to watch over one of the valley
routes into Gwynedd

From 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led to Rhodri Mawr's (r. 844–77)
inheritance of Gwynedd and Powys. His sons, in turn, would found three principal
dynasties
(Aberffraw for Gwynedd, Dinefwr for Deheubarth and Mathrafal for Powys). Rhodri's
grandson Hywel Dda (r. 900–50) founded Deheubarth out of his maternal and paternal
inheritances of Dyfed and Seisyllwg in 930, ousted the Aberffraw dynasty
from Gwynedd and Powys and then codified Welsh law in the 940s.[61] Maredudd ab
Owain (r. 986–99) of Deheubarth (Hywel's grandson) would, (again) temporarily oust
the Aberffraw line from control of Gwynedd and Powys.
Maredudd's great-grandson (through his daughter Princess Angharad) Gruffydd ap
Llywelyn (r. 1039–63) would conquer his cousins' realms from his base in Powys, and even
extend his authority into England. Historian John Davies states that Gruffydd was "the only
Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his
death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. For
about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither precedent nor
successor."[2] Owain Gwynedd (1100–70) of the Aberffraw line was the first Welsh ruler to
use the title princeps Wallensium (prince of the Welsh), a title of substance given his victory
on the Berwyn Mountains, according to John Davies.[62]