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51556-0131469657 Ism 15 PDF
51556-0131469657 Ism 15 PDF
CHAPTER 15 Equations
15.1 Concepts Review 7. Roots are 2 ± 3. General solution is
y = e 2 x (C1e 3x
+ C2 e – 3x
).
1. r 2 + a1r + a2 = 0; complex conjugate roots
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
19. Repeated roots ⎜ – ⎟ ± ⎜⎜ ⎟ i.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎡ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎤
General solution is y = e – x / 2 ⎢ (C1 + C2 x) cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + (C3 + C4 x) sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x ⎥ .
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
( )
dz 2 dz
1
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 4r + 4 = 0, (r + 2) 2 = 0 r1 = −a1 − a12 − 4a2 and
2
has roots –2, –2.
General solution: y = (C1 + C2 z )e –2 z ,
1
(
r2 = −a1 + a12 − 4a2 .
2 )
y = (C1 + C2 ln x)e –2 ln x Putting these values into (*) and simplifying
yields the desired result: y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = 0 .
y = (C1 + C2 ln x) x –2
(( ) ( ) )
.
y '' = eα x α 2C1 − β 2C1 + 2αβ C2 cos ( β x ) + α 2C2 − β 2C2 − 2αβ C1 sin ( β x )
When put into the differential equation, we obtain
(( ) (
y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = eα x α 2C1 − β 2C1 + 2αβ C2 cos ( β x ) + α 2C2 − β 2C2 − 2αβ C1 sin ( β x ) ) )
( )
+ a1eα x ( (α C1 + β C2 ) cos ( β x ) + (α C2 − β C1 ) sin ( β x ) ) + a2 C1eα x cos ( β x ) + C2 eα x sin ( β x ) (*)
From the solutions to the auxiliary equation, we find that
−a 1
α = 1 and β = − i a12 − 4a2 .
2 2
Putting these values into (*) and simplifying yields the desired result: y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = 0 .
2. –6 + C1e –2 x + C2 e3 x
3. y = Ax 2 + Bx + C
1x
4. y = Bxe 3
1. yh = C1e –3 x + C2 e3 x
⎛ 1⎞
yp = ⎜ – ⎟ x + 0
⎝ 9⎠
⎛ 1⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ x + C1e –3 x + C2 e3 x
⎝ 9⎠
2. yh = C1e –3 x + C2 e 2 x
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞
y p = ⎜ – ⎟ x2 + ⎜ – ⎟ x + ⎜ – ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ x 2 – ⎜ ⎟ x – ⎜ ⎟ + C1e –3 x + C2 e2 x
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝9⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠
Then (2 A) – 2(2 Ax + B ) + ( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2 + x.
Ax 2 + (–4 A + B ) x + (2 A – 2 B + C ) = x 2 + x
Thus, A = 1, –4A + B = 1, 2A – 2B + C = 0, so
A = 1, B = 5, C = 8.
General solution: y = x 2 + 5 x + 8 + (C1 + C2 x)e x
4. yh = C1e – x + C2 ⋅ y p = 2 x 2 + (–4) x
y = 2 x 2 – 4 x + C1e – x + C2
⎛1⎞
5. yh = C1e2 x + C2 e3 x ⋅ y p = ⎜ ⎟ e x ⋅ y
⎝2⎠
⎛ ⎞
1
= ⎜ ⎟ e x + C1e 2 x + C2 e3 x
⎝2⎠
7. yh = C1e –3 x + C2 e – x
⎛ 1⎞
y p = ⎜ – ⎟ xe –3 x
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ –3 x
y = ⎜ – ⎟ xe + C1e –3 x + C2 e – x
⎝ 2⎠
9. Auxiliary equation: r 2 – r – 2 = 0,
(r + 1)(r – 2) = 0 has roots –1, 2.
yh = C1e – x + C2 e2 x
Let y p = B cos x + C sin x; y ′p = – B sin x + C cos x; y ′′p = – B cos x – C sin x.
Then (− B cos x − C sin x) − (− B sin x + C cos x)
−2( B cos x + C sin x) = 2sin x.
1 –3
(−3B − C ) cos x + ( B − 3C ) sin x = 2sin x , so − 3B − C = 0 so –3B – C = 0 and B − 3C = 2 ; B = ; C = .
5 5
⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞
General solution: ⎜ ⎟ cos x – ⎜ ⎟ sin x + C1e2 x + C2 e – x
⎝ ⎠
5 ⎝5⎠
10. yh = C1e –4 x + C2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
y p = ⎜ – ⎟ cos x + ⎜ ⎟ sin x
⎝ 17 ⎠ ⎝ 17 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ cos x + ⎜ ⎟ sin x + C1e –4 x + C2
⎝ 17 ⎠ ⎝ 17 ⎠
14. yh = C1e – x + C2
⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞
y p = ⎜ ⎟ e x + ⎜ ⎟ x 2 + (–3) x
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ e x + ⎜ ⎟ x 2 – 3 x + C1e – x + C2
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
16. yh = C1e –2 x + C2 e2 x
⎛ 4⎞
y p = (0) cos x + ⎜ – ⎟ sin x
⎝ 5⎠
⎛ 4⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ sin x + C1e –2 x + C2 e2 x
⎝ 5⎠
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛9⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ sin x + ⎜ ⎟ e –2 x + ⎜ ⎟ e2 x satisfies the conditions.
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠
17. yh = C1e x + C2 e2 x
⎛1⎞
y p = ⎜ ⎟ (10 x + 19)
⎝4⎠
⎛1⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ (10 x + 19) + C1e x + C2 e2 x
⎝4⎠
(similar to finding v1 )
General solution: y = e x ln(1 + e – x ) – e x + e2 x ln(1 + e – x ) + C1e x + C2 e2 x
y = (e x + e2 x ) ln(1 + e – x ) + D1e x + D2 e2 x
22. yh = C1e2 x + C2 e3 x ; y p = e x
y = e x + C1e2 x + C2 e3 x
(C.R.C. Standard Mathematical Tables, or derive it using half-angle and product identities.)
Let y p = A sin x + B cos x + C sin 3 x + D cos 3 x ;
y ′p = A cos x – B sin x + 3C cos 3x – 3D sin 3 x ;
y ′′p = – A sin x – B cos x – 9C sin 3 x – 9 D cos 3 x .
Then
3 1
y ′′p + 4 y p = 3 A sin x + 3B cos x – 5C sin 3 x – 5 D cos 3 x = sin x – sin 3x, so
4 4
1 1
A = , B = 0, C = , D = 0.
4 20
1 1
General solution: y = sin x + sin 3 x + C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
4 20
2. π ; decreases
3. 0
4. electric circuit
1
2. k = 100 lb/ft, w = 1 lb, g = 32 ft/s2, y0 = ft,
12
⎛1⎞
B = 40 2 . Then y = ⎜ ⎟ cos(40 2)t.
⎝ 12 ⎠
1
Amplitude is ft = 1 in.
12
2π
Period is ≈ 0.1111 s.
40 2
π π π
3. y = 0.1cos 5t = 0 whenever 5t = + π k or t = + k.
2 10 5
⎛π π ⎞ ⎛π π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
y ' ⎜ + k ⎟ = 0.5 sin 5 ⎜ + k ⎟ = 0.5 sin ⎜ + π k ⎟ = 0.5 meters per second
⎝ 10 5 ⎠ ⎝ 10 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
5. k = 20 lb/ft; w = 10 lb; y0 = 1 ft; q = s-lb/ft, B = 8, E = 0.32
10
E 2 – 4 B 2 < 0, so there is damped motion. Roots of auxiliary equation are approximately –0.16 ± 8i.
General solution is y ≈ e –0.16t (C1 cos8t + C2 sin 8t ). y ≈ e –0.16t (cos8t + 0.02sin 8t ) satisfies the initial conditions.
7. Original amplitude is 1 ft. Considering the contribution of the sine term to be negligible due to the 0.02 coefficient,
the amplitude is approximately e –0.16t .
e –0.16t ≈ 0.1 if t ≈ 14.39 , so amplitude will be about one-tenth of original in about 14.4 s.
Q
9. LQ′′ + RQ′ + = E (t ); 106 Q ′ + 106 Q = 1; Q′ + Q = 10 –6
C
Integrating factor: et
D[Qet ] = 10 –6 et ; Qet = 10 –6 et + C ;
Q = 10 –6 + Ce – t
If t = 0, Q = 0, then C = –10 –6.
Therefore, Q(t ) = 10 –6 – 10 –6 e – t = 10 –6 (1 – e – t ).
Q
11. = 120sin 377t
[2(10 –6 )]
Q
13. 3.5Q′′ + 1000Q + = 120sin 377t
[2(10 –6 )]
(Values are approximated to 6 significant figures for the remainder of the problem.)
Q′′ + 285.714Q ′ + 142857Q = 34.2857 sin 377t
Roots of the auxiliary equation are
–142.857 ± 349.927i.
Qh = e –142.857t (C1 cos 349.927t + C2 sin 349.927t )
Q p = –3.18288(10 –4 ) cos 377t + 2.15119(10 –6 ) sin 377t
14. a. Roots of the auxiliary equation are ±Bi. 15. A sin( β t + γ ) = A(sin β t cos γ + cos β t sin γ )
yh = C1 cos Bt + C2 sin Bt. = ( A cos γ ) sin β t + ( A sin γ ) cos β t
⎡ c ⎤ = C1 sin β t + C2 cos β t , where C1 = A cos γ and
yp = ⎢ ⎥ sin At
2 2
⎣⎢ ( B – A ) ⎦⎥ C2 = A sin γ .
The desired result follows. [Note that
C12 + C22 = A2 cos 2 γ + A2 sin 2 γ = A2 .)
⎛ c ⎞
b. yp = ⎜ – ⎟ t cos Bt , so
⎝ 2B ⎠ 2π
16. The first two terms have period and the last
⎛ c ⎞ B
y = C1 cos Bt + C2 sin Bt – ⎜ ⎟ t cos Bt.
⎝ 2B ⎠ 2π
has period . Then the sum of the three terms
A
c. Due to the t factor in the last term, it ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
increases without bound. is periodic if m ⎜ ⎟ = n ⎜ ⎟ for some integers
⎝ ⎠
B ⎝ B ⎠
B m
m, n; equivalently, if = , a rational number.
A n
18. a. Since the roots of the auxiliary equation are 6. False: Replacing y by C1u1 ( x) + C2u2 ( x)
g ⎛g⎞ would yield, on the left side,
± i , the solution of θ ′′(t ) + ⎜ ⎟θ = 0 is
L ⎝L⎠ C1 f ( x) + C2 f ( x) = (C1 + C2 ) f ( x)
g g which is f(x) only if C1 + C2 = 1 or
θ = C1 cos t + C2 sin t , which can be f(x) = 0.
L L
⎛ g ⎞ 7. True: –1 is a repeated root, with multiplicity
written as θ = C ⎜⎜ t + γ ⎟⎟
⎝ L ⎠ 3, of the auxiliary equation.
(by Problem 15).
The period of this function is 8. True: L(u1 – u2 ) = L(u1 ) – L(u2 )
= f ( x) – f ( x) = 0
2π L LR 2 L
= 2π = 2π = 2πR .
g G GM GM 9. False: That is the form of yh . y p should
L
L1
have the form Bx cos 3x + Cx sin 3x.
p 2πR1 GM R1 L1
Therefore, 1 = = . 10. True: See Problem 15, Section 15.3.
p2 2πR L2 R2 L2
2 GM
3
4. Repeated root – . y = (C1 + C2 x)e(–3 / 2) x 14. a. Q′(t ) = 3 – 0.02Q
2
b. Q′(t ) + 0.02Q = 3
5. yh = C1e – x + C2 e x (Problem 2)
Integrating factor is e0.02t
y p = –1 + C1e – x + C2 e x
D[Qe0.02t ] = 3e0.02t
6. (Second-order nonhomogeneous) The auxiliary Q(t ) = 150 + Ce –0.02t
equation, r + 4r + 4 = 0, has roots –2, –2.
2
Q(t ) = 150 – 30e –0.02t goes through (0, 120).
yh = C1e –2 x + C2 xe –2 x = (C1 + C2 x)e –2 x
c. Q → 150 g, as t → ∞ .
Let y p = Be x ; y ′p = Be x ; y ′′p = Be x .
1 15. (Simple harmonic motion)
( Be x ) + 4( Be x ) + 4( Be x ) = 3e x , so B = .
3 k = 5; w = 10; y0 = –1
ex (5)(32)
General solution: y = + (C1 + C2 x)e –2 x B= =4
3 10
Then the equation of motion is y = –cos 4t.
7. yh = (C1 + C2 x)e –2 x (Problem 12) 2π π
The amplitude is –1 = 1; the period is = .
⎛1⎞ 4 2
y p = ⎜ ⎟ x 2 e –2 x
⎝2⎠ 16. It is at equilibrium when y = 0 or –cos 4t = 0, or
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤ π 3π
y = ⎢⎜ ⎟ x 2 + C1 + C2 x ⎥ e –2 x t= , , ….
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 8 8
y ′(t ) = 4sin 4t , so at equilibrium y ′ = ±4 = 4.
8. Roots are ±2i.
y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
17. Q′′ + 2Q ′ + 2Q = 1
y = sin 2x satisfies the conditions.
Roots are –1 ± i.
9. (Second-order homogeneous) 1
Qh = e – t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t ) and Q p = ;
The auxiliary equation, r + 6r + 25 = 0, has
2 2
1
roots –3 ± 4i. General solution: Q = e – t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t ) +
y = e –3 x (C1 cos 4 x + C2 sin 4 x) 2
I (t ) = Q ′(t ) = – e [(C1 – C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t ]
– t
10. Roots are ±i. yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x I (t ) = e – t sin t satisfies the initial conditions.
y p = x cos x – sin x + sin x ln cos x
y = x cos x − sin x ln cos x + C1 cos x + C3 sin x
(combining the sine terms)