EDM of Tool Steel

This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses.
It should not therefore be construed as a warranty of specific properties of the products described or a warranty for fitness for a particular purpose.
EDM OF TOOL STEEL

Contents
Introduction ............................................. 3
The basic principles of EDM ..................... 3
The effects of the EDM process
on tool steels ........................................... 3
Measuring the effects .............................. 5
Achieving best tool performance ............. 8
Polishing by EDM .................................... 10
Summary ................................................ 10

This information is based on our present state of knowledge and

is intended to provide general notes on our products and their
uses. It should not therefore be construed as a warranty of
specific properties of the products described or a warranty for
fitness for a particular purpose.

2

Introduction
The use of Electrical Discharge Machin-
ing (EDM) in the production of forming
tools to produce plastics mouldings, die
castings, forging dies etc., has been
firmly established in recent years. Devel-
opment of the process has produced
significant refinements in operating
technique, productivity and accuracy,
while widening the versatility of the
process.
Wire EDM has emerged as an effi-
cient and economic alternative to con-
ventional machining of apertures in
many types of tooling, e.g. blanking
dies, extrusion dies and for cutting ex-
ternal shapes, such as punches.
Special forms of EDM can now be
used to polish tool cavities, produce
undercuts and make conical holes using
cylindrical electrodes.
EDM continues to grow, therefore, as
a major production tool in most tool
making companies, machining with
equal ease hardened or annealed steel.
Uddeholm Tooling supplies a full
range of tool steels noted for consist-
ency in structure. This factor, coupled
with very low sulphur levels ensures
consistent EDM performance.
This brochure gives information on:
• The basic principles of EDM
• The effects of the EDM process
on tool steels
• Achieving best tool performance.
EDM OF TOOL STEEL
The basic may be necessary to subordinate the
first three factors, when choosing ma-
principles of EDM chining parameters, in order to optimize
the fourth.
Electrical discharge machining (spark
erosion) is a method involving electrical
discharges between an anode (graphite
or copper) and a cathode (tool steel or
other tooling material) in a dielectric
The effects of
medium. The discharges are controlled the EDM process
in such a way that erosion of the tool or
work piece takes place. During the op-
on tool steels
The influence of spark erosion on the
eration, the anode (electrode) works
machined material is completely differ-
itself down into the workpiece, which
ent to that of conventional machining
thus acquires the same contours as the
methods.
former.
As noted, the surface of the steel is
The dielectric, or flushing liquid as it
subjected to very high temperatures,
is also called, is ionized during the
causing the steel to melt or vaporize.
course of the discharges. The positively
The effect upon the steel surface has
charged ions strike the cathode, where-
been studied by Uddeholm Tooling to
upon the temperature in the outermost
ensure that the tool maker may enjoy
layer of the steel rises so high (10–
the many benefits of the EDM process,
50,000°C / 18–90,000°F) as to cause
while producing a tool that will have a
the steel there to melt or vaporize, form-
satisfactory production life.
ing tiny drops of molten metal which
In the majority of cases, it has been
are flushed out as “chippings” into the
impossible to trace any influence at all
dielectric. The craters (and occasionally
also “chips” which have not separated on the working function of the spark-
completely) are easily recognized in a eroded tool. However, it has been
cross section of a machined surface. See observed that a trimming tool, for ex-
Fig. 1. ample, has become more wear resistant,
while in some cases tool failure has
Four main factors need to be taken
occurred prematurely on changing from
into account when considering the
conventional machining to EDM. In
operating parameters during an EDM
other cases, phenomena have occurred
operation on tool steel:
during the actual electrical discharge
• the stock-removal rate
machining that have caused unexpected
• the resultant surface finish defects on the surface of the tool. This
• electrode wear due to the fact that the machining has
• the effects on the tool steel. been carried out in an unsuitable man-
The influence of the EDM operation ner.
on the surface properties of the ma-
chined material, can in unfavourable
circumstances jeopardize the working
performance of the tool. In such cases it
Fig.1. A “rough-machined” EDM
surface with a cross section through
chips and craters.
Material: Orvar 2 Microdized.
3
EDM OF TOOL STEEL

“SURFACE STRENGTH”— REHARDENED LAYER In order to study the structural

AN IMPORTANT FACTOR In the rehardened layer, the tempera- changes incurred with different machin-
All the changes that can be observed ture has risen above the austenitizing ing variables, different tool steels—see
are due to the enormous temperature (hardening) temperature and martensite table 1—were “rough-machined” and
rise which occurs in the surface layer. has been formed. This martensite is hard “fine-machined” with graphite elec-
and brittle. trodes.
In the surface layer, it has been ob-
served that the four (main) factors asso-
ciated with the all-important “surface
strength” of the steel are affected by
this temperature increase:
• the microstructure
• the hardness
• the stress condition
• carbon content.
Fig. 2 shows a section from a normal
rough-spark-machined surface with the
typical, different structural changes.

MELTED AND RESOLIDIFIED LAYER

The melted and resolidified layer
produced during the EDM process is
also referred to as the “white zone”, 1000 x
since generally no etching takes place in Fig. 3. Pillar crystals formed during solidification.
these areas during metallographic
preparation. Fig. 3, nevertheless, shows
clearly that it is a rapidly solidified layer,
where long pillar crystals have grown TEMPERED LAYER
straight out from the surface of the In the tempered layer, the steel has
metal during solidification. A fracture not been heated up so much as to reach
occurring in this layer invariably follows hardening temperature and the only
the direction of the crystals. In normal thing that has occurred is tempering-
rough machining, this layer has a thick- back. The effect naturally decreases
ness of about 15–30 µm. towards the core of the material – see
The carbon content in the surface the hardness curve in Fig. 2.
layer can also be affected, for instance,
by carburization from the flushing liquid
or from the electrode, but decar-
burization can also occur.

400 600 800 1000

H
v
Melted and
resolidified layer

Rehardened layer

Tempered layer

Unaffected matrix

200 X
Typical hardness distribution
in the surface layer.

Fig. 2. Section from a spark-machined surface showing changes in structure.

Material: Rigor, hardened to 57 HRC.
4
 EDM OF TOOL STEEL

Austenitizing Tempering
Time 20 min Time 2 x 30 min Hardness
Steel grade AISI Temperature Temperature Hardened Annealed
°C °F °C °F HRC HB

ARNE O1 810 1490 220 430 60 190

CALMAX – 960 1760 200 392 58 200 Note: As Corrax is a precipitation hardening
RIGOR A2 940 1725 220 430 60 – steel the EDM surface has different charac-
SVERKER 21 D2 1020 1870 250 480 60 220 teristics. The “white layer” consists of
GRANE (L6) 840 1540 250 480 54 melted and resolidified material with a
IMPAX SUPREME P20 850 1560 580 1075 30 – hardness of approx. 34 HRC. There will be
ORVAR SUPREME H13 1025 1875 560 1040 50 180 no other heat affected zone of importance.
Table 1. The tool steels were tested in the hardened and tempered condition, and some of them
also in the annealed condition.

Measuring Thickness µm
80
the effects 60
Graphite electrode

The thicknesses of the heat-affected Fig. 4a. Layer thicknesses and fissure
40 Melted zone frequency in the surface layer in
zones have been measured. The hard-
20 electrical discharge machining of
nesses in these zones have also been Hardended zone
hardened (52 HRC) Orvar Supreme at
measured, as have crack frequencies 0
Matrix different pulse durations.
and crack depths. Strength values
100 200 500 1000 t µ sec
i
have been obtained through bending 21 25 43(A)
tests. – – 3(B)
– – –(C)
The layer thicknesses appear to be
largely independent of both steel grade No. of cracks per cm: (A) in melted zone
and electrode material. On the other (B) in hardened zone
(C) in matrix
hand, there is a definite difference be-
tween the specimens which have been
Thickness µm
hardened and those which were in the
softannealed condition. Fig. 4 shows, in Graphite electrode
60
the form of graphs, the layer thicknesses
and fissure frequency with different 40
pulse durations for Orvar Supreme. 20 Melted zone Fig. 4b. As above, but for electrical
In the annealed material, the zones Hardended zone discharge machining of Orvar
0
are thinner and the fissures fewer. The Matrix Supreme in the annealed condition.
brittle, hardened zone is scarcely present 100 200 500 1000 t µ sec
i
at all (Fig. 4b). 5 19 15(A)
– – –(B)
The layer thicknesses can vary consid- – – –(C)
erably, from 0 µm to maximum values
No. of cracks per cm: (A) in melted zone
slightly below the Rmax specified in the (B) in hardened zone
machining directions. In the rough- (C) in matrix
machining stages (ti ≥100µ sec), the
thicknesses of the layers vary far more
substantially than in the fine-machining
stages.

The thickness of both the melted and

the hardened zone increases with spark
duration, which appears to be the most
important single controlling variable.
Figure 5 shows the beneficial effect
of “fine-finishing”, i.e. to produce a
100 x very thin remelted and heat-affected
Fig. 5. Fine-machined Rigor.
Pulse duration 10µ sec.
zone.

5
EDM OF TOOL STEEL
STRUCTURES OF
SPARK-MACHINED LAYERS
With longer pulse duration, the heat is
conducted more deeply into the mate-
rial. Higher current intensity and density
(and thus spark energy) do, indeed, give
a higher “amount of heat” in the sur-
face, but the time taken for the heat to
diffuse, never-theless, appears to have
the greatest significance. The pictures
below show how the surface zones are
changed in Sverker 21 (in hardened
and tempered condition) with different
pulse durations and electrode materials.
ti = 10 µs. Magnification 500 x
Figur 6a. Copper electrode
ti = 10 µs. Magnification 500 x
Figur 6b. Graphite electrode
ti = 100 µs. Magnification 500 x
Figur 6c. Graphite electrode
6
ti = 200 µs. Magnification 500 x
Figur 6d. Copper electrode
ti = 500 µs. Magnification 500 x
Figur 6e. Graphite electrode
Figur 7. The suspected “pores” can
be seen on the surface of the tool.
Figur 8. A section through one of the
suspected “pores”.
THE CAUSE OF “ARCING”
Short off-times, or pause times, give
more sparks per unit of time and thus
more stock removal. During the off-time,
the dielectric fluid must have time to
become de-ionized. Too short an off-
time can result in double sparking “igni-
tions” which lead to constantly burning
arcs between the electrode and the
work piece, resulting in serious surface
defects. The risk of arcing is increased if
flushing conditions for the dielectric
fluid are difficult.
As a result of “arcing”, i.e. a condi-
tion in which arcs are formed between
local parts of the electrode and the
workpiece, large craters or “burns” are
formed in the surface. These have fre-
quently been confused with slag inclu-
sions or porosity in the material. Figs. 7
and 8 show the surface of a tool with a
section through one of the suspected
“pores”.
One of the primary causes of this
type of defect is inadequate flushing, or
machining of narrow slots, etc., result-
ing in chips and other loose particles
forming a bridge between the electrode
and the workpiece. The same effect can
be obtained with a graphite electrode
which bears traces of foreign material.
On modern machines featuring so-
called adaptive current control, the risk
of “arcing” has been eliminated.
1:1
65 x
 EDM OF TOOL STEEL

Fissure frequency also increases Melted Hardened

with pulse duration zone zone Matrix
With times in excess of 100µ sec, all
High-alloy
steels reveal several cracks in the cold-work steel
melted layer. High-carbon and/or air- SVERKER type 20–50 2–10 0–5
hardening steels show the highest fre- Hot-work steel
ORVAR type 10–40 2–5 0–2
quency of fissures. The annealed speci- Cold-work steels
mens contain no cracks at all in the RIGOR, ARNE types 10–30 0–5 0–2
matrix. Plastic-moulding
steels IMPAX
The number of cracks which continue SUPREME type 0–5 0–2 0
down into the hardened zone is roughly
20%, while only a very few cracks pen- Table 2. The table shows the occurrence rate of fissures
etrate into the matrix. In the matrix, the
fissure depth is seldom more than about
some tens of a µm. Here too, it applies
that cracks in the matrix are mainly Renewed tempering (235°C/455°F
encountered in the highly-alloyed cold- 30 min) of the specimen in figure 9
working steels. Table 2 shows the occur- resulted in lowering of the hardness
rence rate of fissures in a number of level to the curve drawn with a broken
tested tool steels. line.
The difference in stock-removal If electrical discharge machining is
rate amounts to a maximum of approx. properly performed with a final fine-
15% between the different grades of machined stage, surface defects are
tool steel with the same machine set- largely eliminated. If this is not possible
ting data. for one reason or another, or if it is
The hardnesses in the different necessary for all effects to be eliminat-
layers can also vary considerably, but in ed, some different related operations
principle the same pattern applies to all can be used:
grades. Fig. 9 shows a typical hardness • Stress-relief tempering at a tem-
distribution. The difference in hardness pering temperature approx. 15°C
and volume between the layers gives (30°F) lower than that previously
rise to stresses which, upon measure- used tempering temperature, lowers
ment, have been found to have the the surface hardness without influ-
same depth as the affected surface encing the hardness of the matrix.
layers. These stresses can be substan- • Grinding or polishing will remove
tially reduced by extra heat-treatment both the surface structure and cracks,
operations. depending of course on how deeply
it is done (approx. 5–10 µm in fine-
Graphite electrode machining).
t = 200 µ sec
i
HV

1000

800

600

400
Hardness immediately
after EDM
200 Hardness after Fig. 9. Typical hardness distribution in
retempering
hardened Sverker 21 immediately after
EDM and then after re-tempering.
0
0 50 100 150 µm

7
EDM OF TOOL STEEL

BENDING TEST BACKGROUND TO

THE BENDING TEST RESULTS
Achieving best
To evaluate the likely effect of the
remelted layer, surface irregularities and The hard, re-solidified rehardened layers tool performance
cracks produced in the EDM process on cause, in the first instance, those cracks EDM USING SOLID ELECTRODES
the strength of a tool, a bending test which are formed upon application of (COPPER/GRAPHITE)
was carried out. Various combinations the load and in the second instance
As noted, in most cases where the EDM
of EDM surface finish and post treat- those which were already present to act
process has been carefully carried out
ments, e.g. stress-relieving/polishing, as initiators of failure in the matrix. At
no adverse effect is experienced on tool
were tested on 5 mm square test pieces 57 HRC, the matrix is not tough enough
performance. As a precautionary
of Rigor at 57 HRC. The test pieces were to stop the cracks from growing and
measure, however, the following steps
spark-machined on one face to different consequently the failure occurs already
are recommended:
EDM stages and bent severely, with the on the elastic part of the load curve.
EDM surface on the outside of the bend. Normally, there should have been a
EDM of hardened and
Fig. 10 shows that the sample with a certain amount of plastic bending of a
tempered material
fine-spark machined finish which had test bar in this material.
been polished afterwards gave the best A Conventional machining
result. The rough spark-machined sam-
B Hardening and tempering
ple, without any post treatment, had the
C Initial EDM, avoiding “arcing” and
lowest bending strength. excessive stock removal rates.
Finish with “fine-sparking”, i.e. low
current, high frequency.
Bending strength
N/mm2 D (i) Grind or polish EDM surface
1200
or D (ii) Temper the tool at 15°C (30°F)
1100 lower than the original tem-
1000 pering temperature.
900 or D (iii) Choose a lower starting
hardness of the tool to improve
800 overall toughness.
700
Fine spark-machined, Polished

600

500 EDM of annealed material

Rough spark-machined
Rough spark-machined

Fine spark-machined
Fine spark-machined

400
300 A Conventional machining
Stress-relieved
Stress-relieved

200 B Initial EDM, as C above.

100 C Grind or polish EDM surface.
This reduces the risk of crack forma-
0 tion during heating and quenching.
Fig. 10. Bending strength at different EDM stages and with Slow pre-heating, in stages, to the
hardening temperature is recom-
different subsequent operation. Material Rigor 57 HRC. The mended.
shaded areas show the spread of the results measured.

Note: When EDM’d in solution annealed

condition the toughness of Corrax is not
affected.
It is recommended that all EDM’ing
of Corrax is done after aging since an
aging after EDM’ing will reduce the
toughness.
It is recommended that the “white
layer” is removed by grinding, stoning
or polishing.

8

WIRE EDM
The observation made about the EDM
surface in earlier pages are also mostly
applicable to the wire EDM-process.
The affected surface layer, however, is
relatively thin (<10 µm) and can be
compared more to “fine-sparking”
EDM. Normally there are no observable
cracks in the eroded surface after wire
erosion. But in certain cases another
problem has been experienced.
After heat treating a through harden-
ing steel the part contains high stresses
(the higher the tempering temperature,
the lower the stresses). These stresses
take the form of tensile stresses in the
surface area and compressive stresses
Fig. 12. This block of D2 steel, approx. 50 x
50 x 50 mm (2" x 2" x 2"), cracked during the
wire EDM operation.
in the centre and are in opposition to
each other. During the wire erosion
process a greater or lesser amount of
steel is removed from the heat-treated
part. Where a large volume of steel is
removed, this can sometimes lead to
distortion or even cracking of the part.
The reason is that the stress balance in
the part is disturbed and tries to reach
an equilibrium again. The problem of
crack formation is usually only encoun-
tered in relatively thick cross section,
e.g. over 50 mm (2") thick. With such
heavier sections, correct hardening and
double tempering is important.
Fig. 11. Wire erosion of a hardened and tempered tool steel
blanking die.
EDM OF TOOL STEEL
In certain cases the risk can be
reduced through different precautions.
1: To lower the overall stress level in
the part by tempering at a high tem-
perature. This assumes the use of a steel
grade with high resistance to temper-
ing.
2: By drilling several holes in the area
to be removed and to connect them by
saw-cutting, before hardening and
tempering. Any stresses released during
heat treatment are then taken up in the
pre-drilled and sawn areas, reducing or
eliminating the risk of distortion or
cracking during wire-erosion. Fig. 13
illustrates how such pre-cutting may be
done.
Fig. 13. Pre-drilled holes connected by a
saw-cut, before hardening and tempering,
will help to prevent distortion or cracking
when wire eroding thick sections.
9
EDM OF TOOL STEEL
WIRE EROSION
OF CUTTING PUNCHES
When producing a cutting punch by
wire erosion, it is recommended (as
with conventional machining) to cut it
with the grain direction of the tool steel
stock in the direction of the cutting
action. This is not so important when
using PM steels due to their non-direc-
tional grain structure.
Polishing by EDM
Today some manufacturers of EDM-
equipment offer, by a special technique,
possibilities to erode very fine and
smooth surfaces. It is possible to reach
the surface finish of about 0,2–0,3 µm.
Such surfaces are sufficient for most
applications. The greatest advantages
are when complicated cavities are in-
volved. Such cavities are difficult, time
consuming and therefore expensive to
polish manually, but can be conven-
iently done by the EDM- machine during
a night-shift, for example.
Investigations made on our grades
Impax Supreme, Orvar Supreme, Stavax
ESR and Rigor show that the hard re-
melted white layer produced is very thin
and equal in the these grades. The thick-
ness is about 2–4 µm. Since there is no
sign of any heat-affected layer, the in-
fluence of the EDM on mechanical prop-
erties is negligible.
10
Summary
In summing up it can be said that prop-
erly executed electrical discharge ma-
chining, using a rough and a fine ma-
chining stage in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instruction, eliminates
the surface defects obtained in rough
machining. Naturally, certain structural
effects will always remain, but in the
vast majority of cases these are insig-
nificant, provided that the machining
process has otherwise been normal.
Structural effects, more-over, need not
necessarily be regarded as entirely
negative. In certain cases the surface
structure, i.e. the rehardened layer,
has—on account of its high hardness—
improved the resistance of the tool to
abrasive wear. In other cases it has been
found that the cratered topography of
the surface is better able to retain lubri-
cant than conventional surfaces, result-
ing in a longer service life. If difficulties
in connection with the working per-
formance of spark-machined tools
should arise, however, there are some
relatively simple extra operations that
can be employed, as indicated above.
A slightly striped appearance has
been re-ported in materials rich in car-
bides, such as high-carbon cold-work
steels and high-speed steels, where
there is always a certain amount of
carbide segregation or in material with
high sulphur content.
Fig. 14. This Stavax ESR
mould insert was finished
by EDM “polishing”.
The difference in bending strength
between rough-spark-machined and
fine-spark-machined test pieces is
largely due to the difference in the
distribution of the cracks and to the
presence of the in spots distributed
white layer on the fine-spark-machined
specimens. The rougher surface finish of
the rough-machined specimen has not
really been significant. Regardless of
circumstances, such surface irregulari-
ties are relatively harmless as crack
initiators compared with the solidifica-
tion cracks. During the polishing of the
fine-machined test piece which was
carried out, the depth of the white and
rehardened layer was merely reduced
and not completely eliminated.
Further polishing would probably
result in complete restoration of the
bending strength. Highly stressed tools
and parts thereof, e.g. very thin sections
that are far more liable to bending, can
justify an extra finishing operation.
The lower the hardness in the matrix,
the less sensitive the material will be to
adverse effects on the strength as a
result of electrical discharge machining.
Lowering of the hardness level of the
entire tool can, therefore, be another
alternative.
 EDM OF TOOL STEEL
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UDDEHOLM A/S Rolling Meadows IL 60008
Telefax: +358 9 2904 9249 Sweden
Jernkroken 18 Telephone: +1 847 577 22 20 Telephone: +46 8 564 616 70
FRANCE Postboks 85, Kalbakken Telefax: +1 847 577 80 28
N-0902 Oslo Telefax: +46 8 25 02 37
UDDEHOLM S.A.
12 Rue Mercier, Z.I. de Mitry-Compans Telephone: +47 22 91 80 00 UDDEHOLM Subsidiaries
F-77297 Mitry Mory Cedex Telefax: +47 22 91 80 01 548 Clayton Ct., India, Iran, Turkey, United Arab
Telephone: +33 (0)1 60 93 80 10 Wood Dale IL 60191 Emirates
POLAND Telephone: +1 630 350 10 00
Telefax: +33 (0)1 60 93 80 01 Distributors in
INTER STAL CENTRUM Telefax: +1 630 350 08 80
Branch office Sp. z.o.o./Co. Ltd. Africa, Latin America, Middle East
UDDEHOLM
UDDEHOLM S.A. Dziekanow Polski, ul. Kolejowa 291, ASSAB PACIFIC
9331 Santa Fe Springs Road
77bis, rue de Vesoul PL-05-092 Lomianki ASSAB Pacific Pte. Ltd
Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670
La Nef aux Métiers Telephone: +48 22 751 5675 171, Chin Swee Road
Telephone: +1 562 946 65 03
F-25000 Besançon Telefax: +48 22 751 5670 No. 07-02, San Centre
Telefax: +1 562 946 77 21
Telephone: +33 381 53 12 19 Singapore 169877
Telefax: +33 381 53 13 20
PORTUGAL UDDEHOLM
F RAMADA Aços e Industrias S.A. Telephone: +65 534 56 00
7900 Hub Parkway Telefax: +65 534 06 55
GERMANY P.O. Box 10 Cleveland OH 44125
UDDEHOLM P-3881 Ovar Codex Telephone: +1 216 524 87 70 Subsidiaries
Hansaallee 321 Telephone: +351 56 58 61 11 Telefax: +1 216 642 10 42 China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan,
D-40549 Düsseldorf Telefax: +351 56 58 60 24 Korea, Malaysia, Philippine Islands,
Telephone: +49 211 535 10 CANADA Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand
Telefax: +49 211 535 12 80
ROMANIA
UDDEHOLM LIMITED
BÖHLER Romania SRL
Branch offices 2595 Meadowvale Blvd.
Uddeholm Branch
UDDEHOLM Mississauga, Ontario L5N 7Y3
Str. Atomistilor Nr 14A
Falkenstraße 21 Telephone: 905 812 9440
077125 Magurele Jud Ilfov
D-65812 Bad Soden/TS. Telefax: 905 812 8659
Telephone: +40 214 575007
Telephone: +49 6196 659 60 Telefax: +40 214 574212 MEXICO
Telefax: +49 6196 659 625 UDDEHOLM
RUSSIA
UDDEHOLM Calle Ocho no 2, Letra "C"
UDDEHOLM TOOLING CIS
Albstraße 10 Fracc. Industrial Alce Blanco
25 A Bolshoy pr PS
D-73765 Neuhausen 53370 Naucalpan de Juarez
197198 St. Petersburg
Telephone: +49 715 898 65-0 Estado de Mexico
Telephone: +7 812 233 9683
Telefax: +49 715 898 65-25 Telephone: +52 5-576 5422
Telefax: +7 812 232 4679
Telefax: +52 5-576 2139
GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND SLOVAKIA
UDDEHOLM UK LIMITED UDDEHOLM
UDDEHOLM Slovakia Lerdo de Tejada No.542
European Business Park Nástrojové ocele, s.r.o
Taylors Lane, Oldbury Colonia Las Villas
KRÁCINY 2 66420 San Nicolas de Los Garza, N.L.
West Midlands B69 2BN 036 01 Martin
Telephone: +44 121 552 55 11 Telephone: +52 8-352 5239
Telephone: +421 842 4 300 823 Telefax: +52 8-352 5356
Telefax: +44 121 544 29 11 Telefax: +421 842 4 224 028
Dublin Telephone: +353 1 45 14 01

When the first idea pops into your head, throughout the development
process to the release of the new product, we’ll be your partner.
As the world’s leading supplier of tooling materials and related services,
we can be trusted. Meet us under the Uddeholm and ASSAB brands,
wherever in the world you have your business. 11
Edition: 2, 01.2005