 refers to the way that a

variable is measured.
 Variable

is a characteristic, number, or quantity

that increases or decreases over time, or
takes different values in different
situations.
1. Independent variable: that can take different
values and can cause
corresponding changes in other variables.

2Dependent variable: that can take different

values only in response to an independent
variable.
 Nominal Level

 Ordinal Level

 Interval Level

 Ratio Level
 At this level, variables simply name
the attribute it is measuring and no
ranking is present.
 Example:
Gender – Male and Female

 often called qualitative variables

 An important feature of nominal
variables is that there is no hierarchy or
ranking to the categories.

 For instance, males are not ranked

higher than females or vice versa –
there is no order or rank, just different
names assigned to each.
 Other examples of nominal variables are:
Religion, Marital status, and Race

 Nominal variables are also commonly

referred to as categorical variables.
 At this level, variables can be ranked-ordered.

Example:
Social class or status
a. Upper class
b. Middle class
c. Lower class

 In ordinal variables, the distance between

categories does not have any meaning.
 at this level, the distance between the
attributes, or categories, does have meaning.

Example:
Temperature
the distance between 30 and 40 degrees
Fahrenheit is the same as the distance
between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit.