INT’L BILL OF RIGHTS UDHR ICCPR CONSTITUTION

Right to equal Article 7 All are equal Article 26 All persons Article 3 Section 1. No
protection before the law and are are equal before the law person shall be
entitled without any and are entitled without deprived of life, liberty,
discrimination to equal any discrimination to the or property without due
protection of the law. All equal protection of the process of law, nor shall
are entitled to equal law. In this respect, the any person be denied
protection against any law shall prohibit any the equal protection of
discrimination in discrimination and the laws.
violation of this guarantee to all persons
Declaration and against equal and effective
any incitement to such protection against
discrimination. discrimination on any
ground such as race,
.color, sex, language,
religion, political or other
opinion, national or
social origin, property,
birth or other status.
Right to effective Article 8 Everyone has Article 2 No. 3 Each Article 3 Section 11
judicial remedy the right to an effective State Party to the Section 11. Free access
remedy by the present Covenant to the courts and quasi-
competent national undertakes: judicial bodies and
tribunals for acts adequate legal
violating the (a) To ensure that any assistance shall not be
fundamental rights person whose rights or denied to any person by
granted him by the freedoms as herein reason of poverty.
constitution or by law. recognized are violated
shall have an effective
remedy, notwithstanding
that the violation has
been committed by
persons acting in an
official capacity;
(b) To ensure that any
person claiming such a
remedy shall have his
right thereto determined
by competent judicial,
administrative or
legislative authorities, or
by any other competent
authority provided for by
the legal system of the
State, and to develop
the possibilities of
judicial remedy;
(c) To ensure that the
competent authorities
shall enforce such
remedies when granted.

Right to presumed Article 11 Everyone Article 14 All persons Article 3 Section 14 No

innocent charged with a penal shall be equal before 2 Section 14. (1) No
offence has the right to the courts and tribunals. person shall be held to
be presumed innocent In the determination of answer for a criminal
until proved guilty any criminal charge offense without due
according to law in a against him, or of his process of law.
public trial at which he rights and obligations in
has had all the a suit at law, everyone (2) In all criminal
guarantees necessary shall be entitled to a fair prosecutions, the
for his defence. and public hearing by a accused shall be
competent, independent presumed innocent until
and impartial tribunal the contrary is proved,
established by law. The and shall enjoy the right
press and the public to be heard by himself
may be excluded from and counsel, to be
all or part of a trial for informed of the nature
reasons of morals, and cause of the
public order (ordre accusation against him,
public) or national to have a speedy,
security in a democratic impartial, and public
society, or when the trial, to meet the
interest of the private witnesses face to face,
lives of the parties so and to have compulsory
requires, or to the extent process to secure the
strictly necessary in the attendance of witnesses
opinion of the court in and the production of
special circumstances evidence in his behalf.
where publicity would However, after
prejudice the interests arraignment, trial may
of justice; but any proceed notwithstanding
judgement rendered in a the absence of the
criminal case or in a suit accused provided that
at law shall be made he has been duly
public except where the notified and his failure to
interest of juvenile appear is unjustifiable.
persons otherwise
requires or the
proceedings concern
matrimonial disputes or
the guardianship of
children.
2. Everyone charged
with a criminal offence
shall have the right to
be presumed innocent
until proved guilty
according to law.
3. In the determination
of any criminal charge
against him, everyone
shall be entitled to the
following minimum
guarantees, in full
equality: (a) To be
informed promptly and
in detail in a language
which he understands of
the nature and cause of
the charge against him;
(b) To have adequate
time and facilities for the
preparation of his
defence and to
communicate with
counsel of his own
choosing;
(c) To be tried without
undue delay;
(d) To be tried in his
presence, and to defend
himself in person or
through legal assistance
of his own choosing; to
be informed, if he does
not have legal
assistance, of this right;
and to have legal
assistance assigned to
him, in any case where
the interests of justice
so require, and without
payment by him in any
such case if he does not
have sufficient means to
pay for it;
(e) To examine, or have
examined, the
witnesses against him
and to obtain the
attendance and
examination of
witnesses on his behalf
under the same
conditions as witnesses
against him;
(f) To have the free
assistance of an
interpreter if he cannot
understand or speak the
language used in court;
(g) Not to be compelled
to testify against himself
or to confess guilt.
4. In the case of juvenile
persons, the procedure
shall be such as will
take account of their
 age and the desirability
of promoting their
rehabilitation.
5. Everyone convicted
of a crime shall have the
right to his conviction
and sentence being
reviewed by a higher
tribunal according to
law.
6. When a person has
by a final decision been
convicted of a criminal
offence and when
subsequently his
conviction has been
reversed or he has been
pardoned on the ground
that a new or newly
discovered fact shows
conclusively that there
has been a miscarriage
of justice, the person
who has suffered
punishment as a result
of such conviction shall
be compensated
according to law, unless
it is proved that the non-
disclosure of the
unknown fact in time is
wholly or partly
attributable to him.
7. No one shall be liable
to be tried or punished
again for an offence for
which he has already
been finally convicted or
acquitted in accordance
with the law and penal
procedure of each
country.

Right against ex post Article 11 Article 15 Article 3

facto law and bill of (1) Everyone charged 1 . No one shall be held
attainder with a penal offence has guilty of any criminal Section 22. No ex post
the right to be presumed offence on account of facto law or bill of
innocent until proved any act or omission attainder shall be
guilty according to law which did not constitute enacted.
in a public trial at which a criminal offence,
he has had all the under national or
guarantees necessary international law, at the
for his defence. time when it was
(2) No one shall be held committed. Nor shall a
 guilty of any penal heavier penalty be
offence on account of imposed than the one
any act or omission that was applicable at
which did not constitute the time when the
a penal offence, under criminal offence was
national or international committed. If,
law, at the time when it subsequent to the
was committed. Nor commission of the
shall a heavier penalty offence, provision is
be imposed than the made by law for the
one that was applicable imposition of the lighter
at the time the penal penalty, the offender
offence was committed. shall benefit thereby.
2. Nothing in this article
shall prejudice the trial
and punishment of any
person for any act or
omission which, at the
time when it was
committed, was criminal
according to the general
principles of law
recognized by the
community of nations.

Right to privacy Article 12 Article 17 Article 3

No one shall be
subjected to arbitrary 1. No one shall be
subjected to arbitrary or Section 2. The right of
interference with his the people to be secure
privacy, family, home or unlawful interference
in their persons,
correspondence, nor to with his privacy, family,
houses, papers, and
attacks upon his honour home or
correspondence, nor to effects against
and reputation. unreasonable searches
Everyone has the right unlawful attacks on his
and seizures of
to the protection of the honour and reputation.
whatever nature and for
law against such 2. Everyone has the any purpose shall be
interference or attacks. right to the protection of inviolable, and no
the law against such search warrant or
interference or attacks. warrant of arrest shall
issue except upon
probable cause to be
determined personally
by the judge after
examination under oath
or affirmation of the
complainant and the
witnesses he may
produce, and
particularly describing
the place to be
searched and the
persons or things to be
seized.
 Section 3. (1) The
privacy of
communication and
correspondence shall
be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the
court, or when public
safety or order requires
otherwise, as prescribed
by law.

(2) Any evidence

obtained in violation of
this or the preceding
section shall be
inadmissible for any
purpose in any
proceeding.

Freedom of movement Article 13 Article 12 Section 6. The liberty of

(1) Everyone has the abode and of changing
right to freedom of 1. Everyone lawfully the same within the
movement and within the territory of a limits prescribed by law
residence within the State shall, within that shall not be impaired
borders of each state. territory, have the right except upon lawful
(2) Everyone has the to liberty of movement order of the court.
right to leave any and freedom to choose Neither shall the right to
country, including his his residence. travel be impaired
own, and to return to his 2. Everyone shall be except in the interest of
country. free to leave any national security, public
country, including his safety, or public health,
own. as may be provided by
law.
3. The above-mentioned
rights shall not be
subject to any
restrictions except those
which are provided by
law, are necessary to
protect national security,
public order (ordre
public), public health or
morals or the rights and
freedoms of others, and
are consistent with the
other rights recognized
in the present
Covenant.
4. No one shall be
arbitrarily deprived of
the right to enter his
own country.
Right to seek asylum Article 14
(1) Everyone has the
right to seek and to
enjoy in other countries
asylum from
persecution. (2) This
right may not be
invoked in the case of
prosecutions genuinely
arising from non-political
crimes or from acts
contrary to the purposes
and principles of the
United Nations.
Right to a nationality Article 15 Article 4

Section 1. The following

1. Everyone has are citizens of the
the right to a Philippines:
nationality.
[1] Those who are
2. No one shall be citizens of the
Philippines at the time
arbitrarily of the adoption of this
deprived of his Constitution;

nationality nor
[2] Those whose fathers
denied the right or mothers are citizens
of the Philippines;
to change his
nationality. [3] Those born before
January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who
elect Philippine
citizenship upon
reaching the age of
majority; and

[4] Those who are

naturalized in
accordance with law.

Right to marry and Article 16 Article 23 Article 15

found a family Men and women of full 1. The family is the Section 2. Marriage, as
age, without any natural and fundamental an inviolable social
limitation due to race, group unit of society institution, is the
nationality or religion, and is entitled to foundation of the family
have the right to marry protection by society and shall be protected
and to found a family. ... and the State. by the State. (4) The
The family is the natural right of families or family
and fundamental group 2. The right of men and associations to
unit of society and is women of marriageable participate in the
entitled to protection by age to marry and to planning and
found a family shall be
society and the State. recognized. implementation of
policies and programs
3. No marriage shall be that affect
entered into without the them. Section 4.
free and full consent of
the intending spouses.
4. States Parties to the
present Covenant shall
take appropriate steps
to ensure equality of
rights and
responsibilities of
spouses as to marriage,
during marriage and at
its dissolution. In the
case of dissolution,
provision shall be made
for the necessary
protection of any
children.
ICESCR- Article 10
Article 10
The States Parties to
the present Covenant
recognize that:
1. The widest possible
protection and
assistance should be
accorded to the family,
which is the natural and
fundamental group unit
of society, particularly
for its establishment and
while it is responsible
for the care and
education of dependent
children. Marriage must
be entered into with the
free consent of the
intending spouses.
2. Special protection
should be accorded to
mothers during a
reasonable period
before and after
childbirth. During such
period working mothers
should be accorded
paid leave or leave with
adequate social security
benefits.
3. Special measures of
 protection and
assistance should be
taken on behalf of all
children and young
persons without any
discrimination for
reasons of parentage or
other conditions.
Children and young
persons should be
protected from
economic and social
exploitation. Their
employment in work
harmful to their morals
or health or dangerous
to life or likely to hamper
their normal
development should be
punishable by law.
States should also set
age limits below which
the paid employment of
child labour should be
prohibited and
punishable by law.

Right to property Article 17 Article 3

Everyone has the right Section 9. Private
to own property alone property shall not be
as well as in association taken for public use
with others.No one shall without just
be arbitrarily deprived of compensation.
his property.
Freedom of thought, Article 18 Article 18 free-exercise clause
conscience and Everyone has the right Section 5. No law shall
religion to freedom of thought, 1. Everyone shall have be made respecting an
conscience and religion; the right to freedom of establishment of
this right includes thought, conscience and religion, or prohibiting
freedom to change his religion. This right shall the free exercise
religion or belief, and include freedom to have thereof. The free
freedom, either alone or or to adopt a religion or exercise and enjoyment
in community with belief of his choice, and of religious profession
others and in public or freedom, either and worship, without
private, to manifest his individually or in discrimination or
religion or belief in community with others preference, shall forever
teaching, practice, and in public or private, be allowed. No religious
worship and to manifest his religion test shall be required for
observance. or belief in worship, the exercise of civil or
observance, practice political rights.
and teaching.
2. No one shall be
subject to coercion
 which would impair his
freedom to have or to
adopt a religion or belief
of his choice.
3. Freedom to manifest
one's religion or beliefs
may be subject only to
such limitations as are
prescribed by law and
are necessary to protect
public safety, order,
health, or morals or the
fundamental rights and
freedoms of others.
4. The States Parties to
the present Covenant
undertake to have
respect for the liberty of
parents and, when
applicable, legal
guardians to ensure the
religious and moral
education of their
children in conformity
with their own
convictions.

Freedom to practice or
manifest religious
beliefs
Freedom of Article 19 Article 19
expression Everyone has the right
to freedom of opinion 1. Everyone shall have
and expression; this the right to hold
right includes freedom opinions without
to hold opinions without interference.
interference and to 2. Everyone shall have
seek, receive and the right to freedom of
impart information and expression; this right
ideas through any shall include freedom to
media and regardless of seek, receive and
frontiers. impart information and
ideas of all kinds,
regardless of frontiers,
either orally, in writing or
in print, in the form of
art, or through any other
media of his choice.
3. The exercise of the
rights provided for in
paragraph 2 of this
article carries with it
special duties and
 responsibilities. It may
therefore be subject to
certain restrictions, but
these shall only be such
as are provided by law
and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the
rights or reputations of
others;
(b) For the protection of
national security or of
public order (ordre
public), or of public
health or morals.

Freedom of assembly Article 21 Article 3

and association Article 20. Section 4. No law shall
The right of peaceful be passed abridging the
(1) Everyone has the assembly shall be freedom of speech, of
recognized. No expression, or of the
right to freedom of restrictions may be press, or the right of the
peaceful assembly and placed on the exercise people peaceably to
association. of this right other than assemble and petition
those imposed in the government for
(2) No one may be conformity with the law redress of grievances.
compelled to belong to and which are
an association. necessary in a
democratic society in
the interests of national
security or public safety,
public order (ordre
public), the protection of
public health or morals
or the protection of the
rights and freedoms of
others.
Article 22
1. Everyone shall have
the right to freedom of
association with others,
including the right to
form and join trade
unions for the protection
of his interests.
2. No restrictions may
be placed on the
exercise of this right
other than those which
are prescribed by law
and which are
necessary in a
democratic society in
 the interests of national
security or public safety,
public order (ordre
public), the protection of
public health or morals
or the protection of the
rights and freedoms of
others. This article shall
not prevent the
imposition of lawful
restrictions on members
of the armed forces and
of the police in their
exercise of this right.
3. Nothing in this article
shall authorize States
Parties to the
International Labour
Organisation
Convention of 1948
concerning Freedom of
Association and
Protection of the Right
to Organize to take
legislative measures
which would prejudice,
or to apply the law in
such a manner as to
prejudice, the
guarantees provided for
in that Convention.

Right to take part in Article 25 ARTICLE V

government Article 21.
Every citizen shall have SUFFRAGE
(1) Everyone has the the right and the
opportunity, without any
right to take part in the of the distinctions Section 1. Suffrage may
government of his mentioned in article 2 be exercised by all
and without citizens of the
country, directly or Philippines not
unreasonable
through freely chosen restrictions: otherwise disqualified
representatives. by law, who are at least
(a) To take part in the eighteen years of age,
(2) Everyone has the conduct of public affairs, and who shall have
right of equal access to directly or through freely resided in the
public service in his chosen representatives; Philippines for at least
one year, and in the
country. (b) To vote and to be place wherein they
(3) The will of the elected at genuine propose to vote, for at
periodic elections which least six months
people shall be the
shall be by universal immediately preceding
basis of the authority of and equal suffrage and the election. No literacy,
government; this will shall be held by secret property, or other
ballot, guaranteeing the substantive requirement
shall be expressed in
 periodic and genuine free expression of the shall be imposed on the
will of the electors; exercise of suffrage.
elections which shall be
by universal and equal (c) To have access, on
Section 2. The
general terms of
suffrage and shall be Congress shall provide
equality, to public
held by secret vote or a system for securing
service in his country.
the secrecy and sanctity
by equivalent free voting of the ballot as well as a
procedures. system for absentee
voting by qualified
Filipinos abroad.

The Congress shall also

design a procedure for
the disabled and the
illiterates to vote without
the assistance of other
persons. Until then, they
shall be allowed to vote
under existing laws and
such rules as the
Commission on
Elections may
promulgate to protect
the secrecy of the ballot.

Right to social Article 22 Article 9

security
1. Everyone shall have 1. Everyone has the
the right to freedom of right to liberty and
association with others, security of person. No
including the right to one shall be subjected
form and join trade to arbitrary arrest or
unions for the protection detention. No one shall
of his interests. be deprived of his liberty
except on such grounds
2. No restrictions may and in accordance with
be placed on the such procedure as are
exercise of this right established by law.
other than those which
are prescribed by law 2. Anyone who is
and which are arrested shall be
necessary in a informed, at the time of
democratic society in arrest, of the reasons
the interests of national for his arrest and shall
security or public safety, be promptly informed of
public order (ordre any charges against
public), the protection of him.
public health or morals
or the protection of the 3. Anyone arrested or
rights and freedoms of detained on a criminal
others. This article shall charge shall be brought
not prevent the promptly before a judge
imposition of lawful or other officer
restrictions on members authorized by law to
of the armed forces and exercise judicial power
of the police in their and shall be entitled to
exercise of this right. trial within a reasonable
time or to release. It
3. Nothing in this article shall not be the general
shall authorize States rule that persons
Parties to the awaiting trial shall be
International Labour detained in custody, but
Organisation release may be subject
Convention of 1948 to guarantees to appear
concerning Freedom of for trial, at any other
Association and stage of the judicial
Protection of the Right proceedings, and,
to Organize to take should occasion arise,
legislative measures for execution of the
which would prejudice, judgement.
or to apply the law in
such a manner as to 4. Anyone who is
prejudice, the deprived of his liberty by
guarantees provided for arrest or detention shall
in that Convention. be entitled to take
proceedings before a
court, in order that that
court may decide
without delay on the
lawfulness of his
detention and order his
release if the detention
is not lawful.
5. Anyone who has
been the victim of
unlawful arrest or
detention shall have an
enforceable right to
compensation.
CESCR
II. NORMATIVE
CONTENT OF THE
RIGHT TO SOCIAL
SECURITY
A. Elements of the right
to social security
2. Social risks and
contingencies
12. The social security
system should provide
for the coverage of the
following nine principal
branches of social
security.
(a) Health care
13. States parties have
an obligation to
guarantee that health
systems are established
to provide adequate
access to health
services for all. In cases
in which the health
system foresees private
or mixed plans, such
plans should be
affordable, in conformity
with the essential
elements enunciated in
the present general
comment. The
Committee notes the
particular importance of
the right to social
security in the context of
endemic diseases such
as HIV/AIDS,
tuberculosis and
malaria, and the need to
provide access to
preventive and curative
measures.
(b) Sickness
14. Cash benefits
should be provided to
those incapable of
working due to ill-health
to cover periods of loss
of earnings. Persons
suffering from long
periods of sickness
should qualify for
disability benefits.
(c) Old age
15. States parties
should take appropriate
measures to establish
social security schemes
that provide benefits to
older persons, starting
at a specific age, to be
prescribed by national
law. The Committee
stresses that States
parties should establish
a retirement age that is
appropriate to national
circumstances which
take account of, inter
alia, the nature of the
occupation, in particular
work in hazardous
occupations and the
working ability of older
persons. States parties
should, within the limits
of available resources,
provide non-contributory
old-age benefits, social
services and other
assistance for all older
persons who, when
reaching the retirement
age prescribed in
national legislation,
have not completed a
qualifying period of
contributions or are not
otherwise entitled to an
old-age insurance-
based pension or other
social security benefit or
assistance, and have no
other source of income.
(e) Employment injury
17. States parties
should also ensure the
protection of workers
who are injured in the
course of employment
or other productive
work. The social
security system should
cover the costs and loss
of earnings from the
injury or morbid
condition and the loss of
support for spouses or
dependents suffered as
the result of the death of
a breadwinner.
Adequate benefits
should be provided in
the form of access to
health care and cash
benefits to ensure
income security.
Entitlement to benefits
should not be made
subject to the length of
employment, to the
duration of insurance or
to the payment of
contributions.
(g) Maternity
19. Article 10 of the
Covenant expressly
provides that “working
mothers should be
accorded paid leave or
leave with adequate
social security benefits”.
Paid maternity leave
should be granted to all
women, including those
involved in atypical
work, and benefits
should be provided for
an adequate period.
Appropriate medical
benefits should be
provided for women and
children, including
perinatal, childbirth and
postnatal care and care
in hospital where
necessary.
(h) Disability
20. In its general
comment No. 5 ((1994)
on persons with
disabilities, the
Committee emphasized
the importance of
providing adequate
income support to
persons with disabilities
who, owing to disability
or disability-related
factors, have
temporarily lost, or
received a reduction in,
their income, have been
denied employment
opportunities or have a
permanent disability.
Such support should be
provided in a dignified
manner and reflect the
special needs for
assistance and other
expenses often
associated with
disability. The support
provided should cover
 family members and
other informal carers.

Right to work Article 6 ARTICLE XIII

Article 23.
1. The States Parties to LABOR
(1) Everyone has the the present Covenant
recognize the right to
right to work, to free work, which includes the Section 3. The State
choice of employment, right of everyone to the shall afford full
opportunity to gain his protection to labor, local
to just and favourable and overseas,
living by work which he
conditions of work and freely chooses or organized and
to protection against accepts, and will take unorganized,
appropriate steps to and promote full
unemployment. employment and
safeguard this right.
(2) Everyone, without equality of employment
any discrimination, has 2. The steps to be taken opportunities for all.
by a State Party to the
the right to equal pay for
present Covenant to It shall guarantee the
equal work. achieve the full rights of all workers to
(3) Everyone who works realization of this right self-organization,
shall include technical collective bargaining
has the right to just and
and vocational guidance and negotiations, and
favourable remuneration and training peaceful concerted
ensuring for himself and programmes, policies activities, including the
his family an existence and techniques to right to strike in
achieve steady accordance with law.
worthy of human dignity, economic, social and They shall be entitled to
and supplemented, if cultural development security of tenure,
necessary, by other and full and productive humane conditions of
employment under work, and a living wage.
means of social conditions safeguarding They shall also
protection. fundamental political participate in policy and
(4) Everyone has the and economic freedoms decision-making
to the individual. processes affecting their
right to form and to join
Article 7 rights and benefits as
trade unions for the may be provided by law.
protection of his The States Parties to
interests. the present Covenant The State shall promote
recognize the right of the principle of shared
everyone to the responsibility between
enjoyment of just and workers and employers
favourable conditions of and the preferential use
work which ensure, in of voluntary modes in
particular: settling disputes,
including conciliation,
(a) Remuneration which
and shall enforce their
provides all workers, as
mutual compliance
a minimum, with:
therewith to foster
(i) Fair wages and equal industrial peace.
remuneration for work of
equal value without The State shall regulate
distinction of any kind, the relations between
in particular women workers and employers,
 being guaranteed recognizing the right of
conditions of work not labor to its just share in
inferior to those enjoyed the fruits of production
by men, with equal pay and the right of
for equal work; enterprises to
reasonable returns to
(ii) A decent living for investments, and to
themselves and their expansion and growth.
families in accordance
with the provisions of
the present Covenant;
(b) Safe and healthy
working conditions;
(c) Equal opportunity for
everyone to be
promoted in his
employment to an
appropriate higher level,
subject to no
considerations other
than those of seniority
and competence;
(d ) Rest, leisure and
reasonable limitation of
working hours and
periodic holidays with
pay, as well as
remuneration for public
holidays

Right to rest and

leisure Article 24.

Everyone has the right

to rest and leisure,
including reasonable
limitation of working
hours and periodic
holidays with pay.

Right to adequate ICESCR ARTICLE XIII

standard of living Article 25.
Article 11 SOCIAL JUSTICE AND
(1) Everyone has the 1. The States Parties to HUMAN RIGHTS
right to a standard of the present Covenant
living adequate for the recognize the right of Section 1. The
everyone to an Congress shall give
health and well-being of adequate standard of highest priority to the
himself and of his living for himself and his enactment of measures
family, including food, family, including that protect and
adequate food, clothing enhance the right of all
 clothing, housing and and housing, and to the the people to human
continuous dignity, reduce social,
medical care and improvement of living economic, and political
necessary social conditions. The States inequalities, and remove
services, and the right Parties will take cultural inequities by
appropriate steps to equitably diffusing
to security in the event ensure the realization of wealth and political
of unemployment, this right, recognizing to power for the common
sickness, disability, this effect the essential good.
importance of
widowhood, old age or
international co- To this end, the State
other lack of livelihood operation based on free shall regulate the
in circumstances consent. acquisition, ownership,
beyond his control. 2. The States Parties to use, and disposition of
the present Covenant, property and its
(2) Motherhood and
increments.
childhood are entitled to recognizing the
fundamental right of
special care and everyone to be free Section 2. The
assistance. All children, from hunger, shall take, promotion of social
individually and through justice shall include the
whether born in or out of commitment to create
international co-
wedlock, shall enjoy the operation, the economic opportunities
same social protection. measures, including based on freedom of
specific programmes, initiative and self-
which are needed: reliance.

(a) To improve methods

of production,
conservation and
distribution of food by
making full use of
technical and scientific
knowledge, by
disseminating
knowledge of the
principles of nutrition
and by developing or
reforming agrarian
systems in such a way
as to achieve the most
efficient development
and utilization of natural
resources;
(b) Taking into account
the problems of both
food-importing and
food-exporting
countries, to ensure an
equitable distribution of
world food supplies in
relation to need.

Right to education ICESCR

Article 26.
 Article 13
(1) Everyone has the 1. The States Parties to
right to education. the present Covenant
Education shall be free, recognize the right of
everyone to education.
at least in the They agree that
elementary and education shall be
fundamental stages. directed to the full
development of the
Elementary education human personality and
shall be compulsory. the sense of its dignity,
Technical and and shall strengthen the
respect for human rights
professional education and fundamental
shall be made generally freedoms. They further
available and higher agree that education
shall enable all persons
education shall be
to participate effectively
equally accessible to all in a free society,
on the basis of merit. promote understanding,
tolerance and friendship
(2) Education shall be
among all nations and
directed to the full all racial, ethnic or
development of the religious groups, and
further the activities of
human personality and
the United Nations for
to the strengthening of the maintenance of
respect for human rights peace.
and fundamental 2. The States Parties to
freedoms. It shall the present Covenant
promote understanding, recognize that, with a
view to achieving the full
tolerance and friendship realization of this right:
among all nations, racial
(a) Primary education
or religious groups, and shall be compulsory and
shall further the available free to all;
activities of the United (b) Secondary
Nations for the education in its different
maintenance of peace. forms, including
technical and vocational
(3) Parents have a prior
secondary education,
right to choose the kind shall be made generally
of education that shall available and accessible
to all by every
be given to their
appropriate means, and
children. in particular by the
progressive introduction
of free education;
(c) Higher education
shall be made equally
accessible to all, on the
basis of capacity, by
every appropriate
means, and in particular
by the progressive
introduction of free
education;
(d) Fundamental
education shall be
encouraged or
intensified as far as
possible for those
persons who have not
received or completed
the whole period of their
primary education;
(e) The development of
a system of schools at
all levels shall be
actively pursued, an
adequate fellowship
system shall be
established, and the
material conditions of
teaching staff shall be
continuously improved.
3. The States Parties to
the present Covenant
undertake to have
respect for the liberty of
parents and, when
applicable, legal
guardians to choose for
their children schools,
other than those
established by the
public authorities, which
conform to such
minimum educational
standards as may be
laid down or approved
by the State and to
ensure the religious and
moral education of their
children in conformity
with their own
convictions.
4. No part of this article
shall be construed so as
to interfere with the
liberty of individuals and
bodies to establish and
direct educational
institutions, subject
always to the
observance of the

Right to enjoy
economic, SOCIAL Article 27.
AND CULTURAL LIFE
(1) Everyone has the
right freely to participate
in the cultural life of the
community, to enjoy the
arts and to share in
scientific advancement
and its benefits.
(2) Everyone has the
right to the protection of
the moral and material
interests resulting from
any scientific, literary or
artistic production of
which he is the author.
principles set forth in
paragraph I of this
article and to the
requirement that the
education given in such
institutions shall
conform to such
minimum standards as
may be laid down by the
State.
ICESCR
Article 3
The States Parties to
the present Covenant
undertake to ensure the
equal right of men and
women to the
enjoyment of all
economic, social and
cultural rights set forth
in the present
Covenant.
Article 15
1. The States Parties to
the present Covenant
recognize the right of
everyone:
(a) To take part in
cultural life;
(b) To enjoy the benefits
of scientific progress
and its applications;
(c) To benefit from the
protection of the moral
and material interests
resulting from any
scientific, literary or
artistic production of
which he is the author.
2. The steps to be taken
by the States Parties to
the present Covenant to
achieve the full
realization of this right
shall include those
necessary for the
conservation, the
 development and the
diffusion of science and
culture.
3. The States Parties to
the present Covenant
undertake to respect the
freedom indispensable
for scientific research
and creative activity.
4. The States Parties to
the present Covenant
recognize the benefits
to be derived from the
encouragement and
development of
international contacts
and co-operation in the
scientific and cultural
fields.

Right of self
determination