EXPERIMENT

AIM:
To compare the emulsification power of detergent.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Emulsifier used: Detergent – Surf excel, Ariel, Tide, Rin.
2. Oil used: Sesame oil, Mustard oil, petrol, almond oil.
3. Water
4. Stopwatch
5. Test tube, test tube stand

PROCEDURE:
1. In a test tube take 5 ml of sesame oil and water.
2. Add 5 to 6 drops of emulsifying agent solution (surf excel and water).
3. Shake it well (10 to 12 times for mixing) and start stop watch.
4. Stop the stopwatch after the separation of oil in water become static and
note the time of separation.
5. Keep it in the test tube stand.
6. Take another test tube take 5 ml of mustard oil and water.
7. Add 5 to 6 drops of emulsifying agent solution (Ariel and water).
8. Repeat the procedure 3, 4 and 5 again.
9. Take another test tube take 5 ml of petrol and water.
10. Add 5 to 6 drops of emulsifying agent solution (Tide and water).
 11. Repeat the procedure 3, 4 and 5 again.
12. Take another test tube take 5 ml of almond oil and water.
13. Add 5 to 6 drops of emulsifying agent solution (rin and water).
14. Repeat the procedure 3, 4 and 5 again.
15. Likewise mix other combinations of emulsifiers and oils.

OBSERVATION:
TIME DURATION FOR MIXING OF EMULSIFYING AGENTS
AND OILS:
OILS: SURFEXCEL ARIEL TIDE RIN

Sesame oil 1:01 0:37 0:29 1:34

Mustard oil 2:12 0:56 0:14 1:37

Petrol 0:24 0:23 0:12 0:25

Almond oil 0:47 1:04 0:40 0:58

CONCLUSION:
Among all the detergents which we tested with different oil samples
“TIDE” was found to have the best emulsifying power therefore it is
best suited for washing.

PRECAUTION:
1. Avoid the mixing of emulsifying agents.
2. Test should be perform at room temperature.
3. Accuracy of the stop watch should be maintained.
INTRODUCTION
Detergent is integral to our society. It has become and accessory to all
humans. Soaps and detergents have been made for more than 2500 years.
The first recorded manufacture of soap was in 600BC, when Pliny elders
described its manufacture by Phoenicians from goat tallow and it was
known among the British Celts and throughout the Roman Empire.
However they use it for medicinal purpose and were not used for cleaning
until second century AD. In this century the first synthetic detergents
were manufactured and these have now taken the place of soap for many
applications. Detergents are the substances that can act in the removal of
the dirt. Detergent mainly act on the oily films that trap dirt particle.

Detergents are long chain molecules molecules of sodium N-dodecyl

benzene sulphate and sodium N –dodecylsulphates. The detergent have a
hydrocarbon portion soluble in oil and an ionic portion soluble in
water. The detergent molecules acts as emulsifier that is by bridging the
oil and water phase, it rings the oil into tiny droplets suspended in water.
The disruption of oils film allows the dirt particle to become stabilized.
DETERGENTS
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning
properties in dilute solutions. These substances are
usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar
to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of
detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to bind to
calcium and other ions found in hard water.

In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically

to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other
types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders
or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they
are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-
polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic
compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not
hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees.

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS

Anionic detergents
Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene
portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two
different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl
groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely
phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly
biodegradable. An estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are
produced annually for domestic markets.

Cationic detergents
Cationic detergents that are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophilic
component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic
surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar end. The ammonium
sulfate center is positively charged.

Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents

Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic
headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based
on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside. Common examples of the former
include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are also
known as ethoxylates or pegylates and their metabolites, nonylphenol.
Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup.
Example include and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents
are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup.
Zwitterionic detergents possess a net zero charge arising from the
presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups.
Examples include CHAPS.
MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF DETERGENTS
Household cleaning
One of the largest applications of detergents is for household and shop
cleaning including dish washing and washing laundry. The formulations
are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the
highly competitive consumer market.
Fuel additives
Both carburetors and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit
from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about
300 ppm. Typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as
polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide.
Biological reagent
Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification
of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells. Solubilization
of cell membrane bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner
membrane monolayer. Advancements in the purity and sophistication of
detergents have facilitated structural and biophysical characterization of
important membrane proteins such as ion channels also the disrupt
membrane by binding Lipopolysaccharide, transporters, signaling
receptors, and photosystem II.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

DETRGENTS
Advantages of Detergents:
1. Greater cleansing efficiency is achieved with modem detergents. They do
not combine with the calcium, magnesium, and other salts present in varying
degrees in any water, and thus are not wasted.
2. If soap deposits have left clothes stiff and gray, a soap less detergent will
remove the soapy deposits. As a result clothes feel soft and fluffy-look new
again.

3. Detergents have greater efficiency against acids. They wash effectively even
in an acid medium.

4. Detergents are soluble in cold water. Though family laundry is usually done
in hot water. Sometimes it is desirable or necessary to wash in cool or cold
water. Modem detergents dissolve the fabric rapidly and clean the clothes
immediately. Detergents work effectively even in hard or cold water.

Disadvantages of Detergents:
1. Excessive alkalies used in some detergents can damage the fabric.

2. Color may run out while using cheaper variety of detergents.

3. More amount of water is required for rinsing to remove foam, otherwise it

will damage the fabric.

4. Sometimes some detergents react in hard water with calcium, or magnesium

compounds to form curds that can be re-deposited on fabric.

USES OF DETERGENTS
Powder and liquid detergent can be used for other purposes besides
cleaning clothes or dishes. This can save you money from having to buy
multiple cleaning products.
All-Purpose Cleaner
Either form of detergent can be used to clean tiles, floors, counters, tubs
and toilets. Mix 3/4 of a cup of bleach, 1 cup of detergent and 1 gallon of
hot water together and pour it into spray bottles for a supply of all-
purpose cleaner.
Moss Killer
Sprinkle powdered detergent on moss that is growing in the cracks of
your steps, sidewalk or driveway. Give it a few days to turn brown, then
brush it from the cracks with a broom.
Oil Spills
Powdered detergent can absorb oil that's spilled on a garage floor or on
the street.
Carpet Cleaning
Both types of cleaner can be added to carpet steam cleaners to make the
carpet smell fresher and boost the appliance's cleaning power.
Drains
Instead of buying Drano to clean out a drain, put 1/4 cup of liquid
detergent into the drain, then pour in a boiling pot of water after a minute
to flush out to blockage.

EMULSION
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are
normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a
more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids.
Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used
interchangeably, emulsion should be used when both phases, dispersed
and continuous, are liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid (the
dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase).
Examples of emulsions include vinaigrettes, homogenized milk, and
some cutting fluids for metal working. The word "emulsion" comes from
the Latin mulgeo, mulgere "to milk", as milk is an emulsion of fat and
water, along with other components.
Two liquids can form different types of emulsions. As an example, oil
and water can form, first, an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the oil is the
dispersed phase, and water is the dispersion medium. (Lipoproteins, used
by all complex living organisms, are one example of this.) Second, they
can form a water-in-oil emulsion, wherein water is the dispersed phase
and oil is the external phase. Multiple emulsions are also possible,
including a "water-in-oil-in-water" emulsion and an "oil-in-water-in-oil"
emulsion.
The term "emulsion" is also used to refer to the photo-sensitive side
of photographic film. Such a photographic emulsion consists of silver
halide colloidal particles dispersed in a gelatin matrix. Nuclear
emulsions are similar to photographic emulsions, except that they are
used in particle physics to detect high-energy elementary particles.

EMULSIFIERS
An emulsifier (also known as an "emulgent") is a substance that
stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability. One class of
emulsifiers is known as "surface active agents", or surfactants.
Emulsifiers are compounds that typically have a polar or hydrophilic (i.e.
water-soluble) part and a non-polar (i.e. hydrophobic or lipophilic) part.
Because of this, emulsifiers tend to have more or less solubility either in
water or in oil. Emulsifiers that are more soluble in water (and
conversely, less soluble in oil) will generally form oil-in-water emulsions,
while emulsifiers that are more soluble in oil will form water-in-oil
emulsions.
 Examples of food emulsifiers are:

 Egg yolk – in which the main emulsifying agent is lecithin. In

fact, lecithos is the Greek word for egg yolk.
 Mustard – where a variety of chemicals in the mucilage surrounding the
seed hull act as emulsifiers
 Soy lecithin is another emulsifier and thickener
 Pickering stabilization – uses particles under certain circumstances
 Sodium phosphates
 Mono- and diglycerides - a common emulsifier found in many food
products (coffee creamers, ice-creams, spreads, breads, cakes)
 Sodium stearoyl lactylate
 DATEM (Diacetyl Tartaric (Acid) Ester of Monoglyceride) – an
emulsifier used primarily in baking
 Simple cellulose – a particulate emulsifier derived from plant material
using only water
Detergents are another class of surfactant, and will interact physically
with both oil and water, thus stabilizing the interface between the oil and
water droplets in suspension. This principle is exploited in soap, to
remove grease for the purpose of cleaning. Sometimes the inner phase
itself can act as an emulsifier, and the result is a nanoemulsion, where the
inner state disperses into "nano-size" droplets within the outer phase. A
well-known example of this phenomenon, the "Ouzo effect", happens
when water is poured into a strong alcoholic anise-based beverage, such
as ouzo, pastis, absinthe, arak, or raki. The anisolic compounds, which are
soluble in ethanol, then form nano-size droplets and emulsify within the
water. The resulting color of the drink is opaque and milky white.

USES OF EMULSIFIERS
In food
Oil-in-water emulsions are common in food products:

 Crema (foam) in espresso – coffee oil in water (brewed coffee), unstable

emulsion
 Mayonnaise and Hollandaise sauces – these are oil-in-water emulsions
stabilized with egg yolk lecithin, or with other types of food additives,
such as sodium stearoyl lactylate
 Homogenized milk – an emulsion of milk fat in water, with milk proteins
as the emulsifier
 Vinaigrette – an emulsion of vegetable oil in vinegar, if this is prepared
using only oil and vinegar (i.e., without an emulsifier), an unstable
emulsion results
Water-in-oil emulsions are less common in food, but still exist:

 Butter – an emulsion of water in butterfat

 Margarine
Other foods can be turned into products similar to emulsions, for
example meat emulsion is a suspension of meat in liquid that is similar to
true emulsions.
Health care
In pharmaceutics, hairstyling, personal hygiene, and cosmetics, emulsions
are frequently used. These are usually oil and water emulsions but
dispersed, and which is continuous depends in many cases on
the pharmaceutical formulation. These emulsions may be
called creams, ointments, liniments (balms), pastes, films, or liquids,
depending mostly on their oil-to-water ratios, other additives, and their
intended route of administration. The first 5 are topical dosage forms, and
may be used on the surface of the skin, trans
dermally, ophthalmically, rectally, or vaginally. A highly liquid emulsion
may also be used orally, or may be injected in some cases.
In firefighting
Emulsifying agents are effective at extinguishing fires on small, thin-
layer spills of flammable liquids (class B fires). Such agents encapsulate
the fuel in a fuel-water emulsion, thereby trapping the flammable vapors
in the water phase. This emulsion is achieved by applying
an aqueous surfactant solution to the fuel through a high-pressure nozzle.
Emulsifiers are not effective at extinguishing large fires involving
bulk/deep liquid fuels, because the amount of emulsifier agent needed for
extinguishment is a function of the volume of the fuel, whereas other
agents such as aqueous film-forming foam need cover only the surface of
the fuel to achieve vapor mitigation.

Chemical synthesis
Emulsions are used to manufacture polymer dispersions – polymer
production in an emulsion 'phase' has a number of process advantages,
including prevention of coagulation of product. Products produced by
such polymerizations may be used as the emulsions – products including
primary components for glues and paints. Synthetic latexes (rubbers) are
also produced by this process.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://www.scribd.com/document/334941031/chemistry-project
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion

CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION
 DETERGENTS
 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS
 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF DETERGENTS
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DTERGENTS
 USES OF DETERGENTS
 EMULSION
 EMULSIFIERS
 USES OF EMULSIFIERS
 EXPERIMENT:
 AIM
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION
 PRECAUTION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY