TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Electronics Engineering

ENERGY CONVERSION MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT

FAMILIARIZATION
Experiment No. 1

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the completion of the subject
Electromechanical Energy Conversion (EEC423L1)

Submitted by:

EC41FB1

Submitted to:
Engr. A. Dela Cruz
Instructor

June 27, 2012

Date
OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the experiment, the students shall be able to:

1. Identify the different energy conversion equipment used in
the operation of electrical machines.
2. Classify the parts and components of dc and ac electrical
machines.
3. Differentiate dc and ac rotors according to type of motor and
application.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS:

 Open-Lab Machine with Base plate

 Supports with bearing
 Coupling joints
 Flexible coupling
 Electronic speed transducer
 Assembling screws
 Wrenches
 DC Stator
 Ac Stator
 Rotor with commutator
 Brush holder with 2 brushes
 Squirrel cage rotor
 Split-ring rotor
 Power Supply Module
 Computer with Printer
 Data Acquisition Module
 Power Measurement Module
 Phase Detector
 Frequency Meter
 Digital VOM
 Connecting Wires (Banana Type)
 Rubber Hammer
DISCUSSION:

Electro-mechanical energy conversion utilizes the principles of

transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa which
practically involves the operation of DC and AC electrical machines. The
operation involving electrical to mechanical energy conversion utilizes the
principles of DC and AC generator. AC generators are usually called alternators
aside from transformer. Majority of power plant station utilizes AC generator that
are mechanically attached to the prime mover, also known as turbine.
Categorically, there are two general types of power plant where energy
conversion equipment and facilities are present. These are renewable and non-
renewable energy sources. Among the general types of renewable energy-based
power plant stations are water-power, wind energy, wave energy, and solar
energy while non-renewable power plants are coal-fired thermal energy, nuclear
thermal energy, diesel power and bio-gas energy. These are practically fossil-
based fuel power plants. All power station designed and constructed with solar
PV modules do not utilize generator since energy conversion process takes from
the radiant energy of the sun and convert into electrical energy. The energy
conversions between electrical and mechanical forms with electromechanical
devices are developed and utilized for efficient operation of electrical machines.
Generally, electromechanical energy conversion devices can be divided into
three categories.

1. Transducer intended for measurement and control: Transducers

transform the signals of different forms like microphone, pickups
and speakers.
2. Force producing devices or linear motion devices such as relays,
solenoids and electromagnets.
3. Continuous energy conversion equipment: These devices operate
in rotating mode as electro-mechanical energy conversion.
DATA AND RESULTS:

50 V, 9.99 A For dc voltage and

60 V, 9.99 A current measurement.
999 W For ac voltage, current
220 V, 50/60 Hz and power
measurement.

6000 rpm Digital readout of the

300 W measured quantities
36 V, 2 A and their conditioning to
220 V, 50/60 Hz voltage levels.

220 V, 10 A Suitable for supplying

50/60 Hz fixed and variable ac
and fixed and variable
rectified dc.

220 V, 50/60 Hz Step variable three

3 x 80 uF, 150 V phase rheostat for the
0 – 80 Ohm, 1 A half torque starting of
the slip ring motors.

220 V, 50/60 Hz Starting rheostat for the

three phase slip ring
induction motors and
excitation device for the
synchronization of the
motor with the mains
-10/+10 V Acquire continuous
A/D converter 12 bit signals or slowly
D/A converter 8 bit variable up to 100Hz
Max speed conversion:
10 KHz

220 V, 50/60 Hz Suitable to measure the

motor output torque
through a load cell
arranged on the braking
system

6000 rpm Digital readout of the

300 W measured quantities
36 V, 2 A and their conditioning to
220 V, 50/60 Hz voltage levels.
6000 rpm Digital readout of the
300 W measured quantities
36 V, 2 A and their conditioning to
220 V, 50/60 Hz voltage levels.

3 x 110 W Single or three phase

resistive variable load

3 x 85 VAr Single or three phase

capacitive step variable
load

6000 rpm Digital read out of the

300 W measured quantities
36 V, 2 A and their conditioning to
220 V, 50/60 Hz voltage levels.

220 V, 50/60 Hz Suitable to measure the

motor output torque
through a load cell
arranged on the braking
system
 Table 1.2 - Identifying the Model Parts and Components of
DC and AC Electrical Machines
Code No. Description of Item
1 Brush Holder with 2 Carbon Brushes
2 Rotor with Commutator
3 DC Machine field windings
4 Electronic Speed Transducer
5 DC Stator
6 Speed tape sensor
7 Base plate
8 Rotor with Slip Rings
9 Carbon Brush for Slip Rings
10 Rotor Shaft Bearing Support
11 Slip Ring Terminal
12 Terminal Block for AC machine
13 Coupling Joints
14 Cage Rotor
15 AC Rotor Shaft
16 Carbon brush holder for slip ring rotor
17 Flexible Coupling
18 AC Stator
19 Terminal Block for DC machine
20 AC Machine field windings
 Table 1.3 - Differentiate the DC and AC Machine Rotors

Type of Rotor Illustration Industrial Application

Rotor with

Commutator

Cage-Rotor

Slip-Ring

Rotor
CONCLUSION:

We conclude that it is important for us (students) to be familiarized to the

machine that we are going to use in the future. The different purpose of the parts
of the machine is for us to know what will its use while we are getting the data.
We should also be careful enough to handle the materials because it might
deform the metal on every part of the machine. The data will not be accurate if
that happens. We should also be familiarized to their industrial application
because when the time comes that we are in the field, we are not ignorant to the
machine that they are going to use.

QUESTION(S)/PROBLEM(S):

1. What is the main purpose commutator in DC machine?

Commutator are used to get unidirectional current Flow through the

external circuits in DC generator system. A commutator is an electrical
switch that periodically reverses the current direction in an electric motor
or electrical generator. It also enables to convert the dc voltage coming
from a DC source to run the motor.

2. Differentiate the operating principles of DC motors and DC generators.

A DC generator converts mechanical energy into direct current electrical

energy.

A DC motor converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical

energy.

3. What type of rotor designed for squirrel-cage and wound-rotor motor?

For the squirrel-cage the motor takes its name from the shape of its rotor
"windings"- a ring at either end of the rotor, with bars connecting the rings
running the length of the rotor. It is typically cast aluminum or copper
poured between the iron laminates of the rotor, and usually only the end
rings will be visible. The vast majority of the rotor currents will flow through
the bars rather than the higher-resistance and usually varnished
laminates. Very low voltages at very high currents are typical in the bars
and end rings; high efficiency motors will often use cast copper to reduce
the resistance in the rotor.
 An alternate design, called the wound rotor, is used when variable
speed is required. In this case, the rotor has the same number of poles as
the stator and the windings are made of wire, connected to slip rings on
the shaft. Carbon brushes connect the slip rings to an external controller
such as a variable resistor that allows changing the motor's slip rate. In
certain high-power variable speed wound-rotor drives, the slip-frequency
energy is captured, rectified and returned to the power supply through an
inverter. With bidirectionally controlled power, the wound-rotor becomes
an active participant in the energy conversion process with the wound-
rotor doubly fed configuration showing twice the power density Enumerate
and describe the different types of DC motor according to field winding
connection.

4. In operation of DC motor, why back EMF is produces when the rotor is

running? What is its major significance?

During operation the conductors that make up the coils of a motor will see
external varying magnetic fields, either due to their own motion, or the
movement or varying of other magnets, and these generate electrical
potentials across the coils called 'back EMF' that are in the opposite
direction to the power supply, and are proportional to the running speed of
the motor.
Since the difference in voltage of the power supply and the back EMF
determine the current in the coils, this also determines the torque
generated by the motor at any instant in time as well as the heat
generated in the resistance of the windings.
Thus motor running speeds can often be reasonably well controlled in
many motors by simply applying a fixed voltage- the speed will tend to
increase until the back-EMF cancels out most of the applied voltage.