xperiment on the standardization of acid solution

1. 1. Page 1 of 6 KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY YEAR TWO (CHEM 270) TITLE:
PREPARATION OF STANDARD ACID SOLUTION NAME: OPOKU ERNEST
EMAIL: ernest.opoku@gasp.knust.edu.gh EXPERIMENT: A.2.2.3 DATE:
25TH FEBRUARY, 2014
2. 2. Page 2 of 6 PREPARATION OF A STANDARD ACID SOLUTION AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES 1. Help students know how to prepare solution. 2. To know
the techniques involved in standardization solutions. INTRODUCTION The
process used to determine the concentration of a solution with very high
accuracy is called standardizing a solution. To standardize an unknown
solution, you react that solution with another solution whose
concentration is already known very accurately. For example, to
standardize the hydrochloric acid solution, we might carefully measure a
known quantity of that solution (called an aliquot) and neutralize that
aliquot with a solution of sodium carbonate whose concentration is
already known very accurately. Adding a few drops of an indicator, such
as phenolphthalein or methyl orange, to the solution provides a visual
indication (a colour change) when an equivalence point is reached, when
just enough of the standard solution has been added to the unknown
solution to neutralize it exactly. By determining how much of the sodium
carbonate solution is required to neutralize the hydrochloric acid, we can
calculate a very accurate value for the concentration of the hydrochloric
acid. This procedure is called titration. Titration uses an apparatus called
a burette (or burette), which is a very accurately graduated glass cylinder
with a stopcock or pinchcock that allows the solution it contains to be
delivered in anything from a rapid stream to drop-by-drop. Because
titration is a volumetric procedure, the accuracy of the results depends
on the concentration of the reagent used to do the titration. For example,
if 5.00 mL of 1.0000 M sodium carbonate is required to neutralize a
specific amount of the unknown acid, that same amount of acid would be
neutralized by 50.00 mL of 0.10000 M sodium carbonate. If our titration
apparatus is accurate to 0.1 mL, using the more dilute sodium carbonate
reduces our level of error by a factor of 10, because 0.1 mL of 0.10000 M
 sodium carbonate contains only one tenth as much sodium carbonate as
0.1 mL of 1.0000
3. 3. Page 3 of 6 M sodium carbonate. For that reason, the most accurate
titrations are those performed with a relatively large amount of a
relatively dilute standard solution. CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS 1.
Anhydrous sodium carbonate 2. Methyl orange indicator 3. Concentrated
hydrochloric acid 4. 1L volumetric flask 5. Measuring cylinder 6.
Electronic balance 7. 250ml conical flask 8. Burette 9. Funnel 10. Distilled
water PROCEDURE 1. From the concentration of the stock solution of HCl
(10.170M), 4.196ml of the stock solution was measured and diluted to
500ml in a volumetric flask. 2. 0.2g of sodium carbonate pellets were
weighed into a 250ml conical flask and dissolved in 100ml of distilled
water. 3. 2 drops of methyl orange were added and titrated against the
prepared acid solution. 4. The titration process was repeated for two
more titre values. TABLE OF RESULT Indicator Used: Mehtyl Orange
Number of drops of indicator used = 2 drops colour change = Deep
yellow to faint yellow Titration of the acid (HCl) against the base (sodium
carbonate) Burette reading /ml I II III Final reading 36.30 36.20 36.40
Initial reading 0.00 0.00 0.00
4. 4. Page 4 of 6 Titre value 36.30 36.20 36.40 Average titre value=
(36.30+ 36.20+36.40)/= 36.30ml ANALYSIS, CALCULATION AND
EVALUATION OF DATA The reaction equation of the reaction that
occurred between Na2CO3 and HCl is Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 +
H2O From the above reaction equation n(Na2CO3) =1 n(HCl) 2 This
implies that n(HCl)= 2×n(Na2CO3) n(Na2CO3)= m/M = 0.2g/106gmol-1
= 1.8868×10-3 mol Hence n(HCl) = 2×1.8868×10-3 = 3.7736×10-3
mol For 36.30ml [HCl]= 3.7736×10-3 mol = 0.1040M 36.30 ×10-3 L
For 36.20ml [HCl]= 3.7736×10-3 mol = 0.1042M 36.20×10-3 L For
36.40ml [HCl] = 3.7736×10-3 mol = 0.1037M 36.40×10-3 L Mean
concentration of [HCl] = . . . = 0.1040M DISCUSSIONS The concentration
of the concentrated solution of HCl was known as 10.170M. This is
determined by the assay provided on the container of the HCl. 4.916ml of
the stock solution was measured and poured into 500ml volumetric flask
filled with distilled water to the mark for which it concentration is known
 to be 0.1M. This is solution was standardized with sodium carbonate.
Methyl orange indicator was used as indicator because the sodium
5. 5. Page 5 of 6 carbonate was converted to sodium bicarbonate which
depicts the faint yellowish colour change which help in determining the
end point. Phenolphthalein cannot be used since there would be no
colour change to facilitate detection of end point. PRECAUTION 1. Sodium
carbonate was used because it was in it purest state. 2. The sodium
carbonate pellets were heated and dried in a desicator to remove the
water of crystallization. 3. The electronic balance was calibrated before
use. 4. Accurate volume measurements were ensured. ERROR ANALYSIS
1. Since Na2CO3 is hygroscopic, it could have absorbed water molecules
from the atmosphere during weighing thereby increasing the weight.
CONCLUSION The concentration of HCl after the preparation was found to
be 0.1040M which is approximately the same as the expected
concentration. Also, the concentration of the analyte was found to be
dependent on the purity of the standard solution used. REFERENCES 1.
Statistics for Analytical Chemistry, J.C. Miller and J.N. Miller, 3rd edition,
(page 16-20) 2. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, sixth edition,
University of Washington, 2004, chapter ten, pages 32 to 60. 3. Analytical
Chemistry for Technicians, John Kenkel, 3rd edition, page 130, 142. 4.
KNUST- Kumasi, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory Manual, CHEM 269
& 270, Page 31 & 32. 5. Analytical Chemistry Handbook, Pradyot Patnaik,
2nd edition, page 297.