Animation

and
multimedia
History
The animation (animation) - from the Latin "anima" - the soul, it means empathy or some kind of
“reanimation”.

Cartoons, animation, cartoon movies, animated films - kind of cinematographic art, which created by
time-lapse photography of successive phases of the drawing (graphic or painted animation) or
volume (volume or puppet animation) objects.

Animators create the art of animation.

The first attempts to capture the movement in the figures refer to the paleolithic cave paintings,
where animals are depicted with multiple legs, overlapping each other.

In Shahr-e Sukhteh (Iran) was found an earthen jar, whose age is estimated to be 5,000 years old. On
the walls of the vessel made five pictures kid on the move.

In Egypt there were found drawings, which referred to 2000 year BC. There was an idea to name
these drawing as the examples of 1st animation, but at that time didn't exist special equipment
which could show the drawings in motion.

History of animation started on 20th of July 1887 in France. Charles-Émile Reynaud self-taught
engineer created and presented the 1st Praxinoscope. on 28 October 1892 he projected the first
animated film in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is also notable as the
first known instance of film perforations being used.

Emile Reynaud, the cartoon "The patient Pierrot", 1892 Praksinoskop Emile Reynaud, 1877, France

First cartoons were up to fifteen minutes, drawn and painted by hand pantomime lasting. Even then,
could be applied sound, synchronized with the image. Raynaud also created cartoons, where in
production were used photos and drawings. Later on others made the contribution to the
development of animators, creating paintings in a variety of genres and techniques.

Active development of animation started at the beginnings of 20th century. In one moment several
independent people separate to each other started to create animation.

Georges Méliès accidentally invented the technique of shooting “stop-motion”. The point of this
technique is that Méliès shot the scene than changed the next scene and shot again and etc. Than
after quick changing frames appeared the animation effect.

George Mellis, "Rubber Head", 1902 Winsor McKay, "Dinosaur", 1914

James Stuart Blackton created animated smoke in 1906.

Winsor McCay created the first cartoon in 1906.

Walt Disney was the first who used sound in animation. He was pioneer who used colour in
animation. One of the most reasonable Disney’s inventions was animation stand which helped to get
to receive the effects of parallax, elongated shapes of figures, the depth and fuzziness.

At this studio was created many famous characters Mickey Mouse, Pluto, Goofy etc. Commercial
successes of animators spread all over the world and inspires people to open animation studios.

To 1930 there were a lot of running animation studios such as Universal Pictures, Paramount,
Warner Brothers etc which working till now.

Animated studios of 60th-70th whose used computer technology were opened by scientists from
universities and artists. First researching/discoveries of computer graphics were in 1963 based on
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when Ivan Edward Sutherland invented Sketchpad, an
innovative program that influenced alternative forms of interaction with computers.

Walt Disney, "Steamer Willie", 1928 Walt Disney, "Flowers and Trees", 1932

In the USSR first results in computer animation were associated with name Yuriy Bayakovskii. In
1990 at SIGGRAPH ACM Association gave him an award "Computer Graphics Pioneer". Now Yuri
Matveevich is a head at MGU laboratory of graphics and media at the Faculty of Computational
Mathematics and Cybernetics (graphics.cs.msu.su) and at that time work at the Institute of applied
mathematics named by Mstislav Keldysh (Academy of Sciences), for many years he was a head of the
department of computer graphics there. In 1964 Yuriy made the first modeling of plasma flow over a
cylinder in collaboration with physicist Tamara Sushkevich. That was the first operation in the USSR
according to "computer graphics". In 1971 Institute of applied mathematics developed advanced
software for creation the computer movies and created the camera with captures the frames from
the display. Using this system soon was made two spectacular animations - a visualisation the robot
and modeled the interaction of two galaxies.

In state Utah at the beginning of 70th there were some important works in animation: animated
hand and face by Ed Catmull (1972); walking and speaking figure created by Barrie Wexler (1973),
speaking face by Fred Park (1974). Today it seems that quality of animation was primitive but at that
time it was impressive.

Ivan Sutherland, "A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System", 1963 Edwin Catmull, CEO
of "Pixar", Lecture, 2010

At the end of 70th Technological institute of New York begun working on project of creation film
«The works», completely constructed on computer using 3D animation.

Project wasn’t finished but some fragments were shown during conferences SIGGRAPH. These
fragments demonstrated high quality of visualization, articulated figures and interacting objects.
During creation «The works» it was used the system BBOP - 3D animation system of articulated
figures.

At the beginning of 80th contribution to the animation development made Daniel Tolman’
laboratory - computer animation “Dream Flight”, “Tony de Peltrie”, “Rendez - vous a Montrual”).
Among others who influenced on animation were: Ed Emshwiller who showed moving textural maps
in Sunstone; Jim Blinn created animated “Voyager”; Don Greenberg created architecture
roundabout way for Cornell University and others.

Animation "Tony de Peltrie", 1985 Animation "Rendez-vous in Montreal

In 1980 technical development made headway. At this time graphical programs become more
compoundю. Turner Whitted introduced concept “Ray tracing” with the elimination of errors in
sampling; Nelson Max produced several movies about molecules and one with animated waves;
Loren Carpenter showcased his software for generating and rendering fractally generated
landscapes.

Is started to be shown movies with increasingly used computer special effects: simulated tornado
using particle system, vampire transformation into flying characters, characters with no legs, etc.

The film “Young Sherlock Holmes” (1986) was the first film, which contained artificial character.

Jim Blinn animation «Voyager» for NASA, 1986 The movie "Jurassic Park," 1997
In 1993 film “Jurassic Park” presented animated models of dinosaurs, in 1995 was shown film
“Jumanji” with models of real and made-up animals.

The important trend in computer animation was the creation of an artificial person, indistinguishable
from real. The Pioneers were movies «Tony de Peltrie» (1985), «Rendez-vous a Montreal» (1988)
and others. In these films the quality of animation was poor that was obviously for audience that
characters not real, because of that computer heroes had secondary roles.

Today's progress in models of light and texture makes it possible to design more realistic people. At
the end of XX century appeared new animation technology - motion capture. Motion capture object
some technical measuring equipment.

The movie "Avatar", 2009 The movie "Pirates of the Caribbean", 2011

The method of motion capture used in production CGI cartoons, and for creating special effects in
films. It’s popular in video games production. Using this method in 2004 were created cartoons
“Polar Express” (model - Tom Hanks), “Final Fantasy”, “The Lord of the Rings” model - (Andy Serkis).
In 2006 - 2011 using this technology were created “Renaissance”, “Beowulf”, “Christmas Carol”,
“Avatar”, ”Harry Potter”.

STEAM BOAT WILLIE

Walt Disney, who would become the best-known producer in animation history, had very humble
beginnings. Starting his fledgling company in Hollywood in 1923, he began by making two uninspired
animated series, the “Alice Comedies,” and “Oswald the Lucky Rabbit.” But it was with his third
series, featuring an enduring character, Mickey Mouse, that Walt rose to fame. That series began
with the release of "Steamboat Willie" at the Colony Theater in New York on November 18, 1928.
Early in 1928, Walt Disney was disheartened. He had gone to New York to negotiate with his
distributor, only to discover that the distributor had taken over the rights to his Oswald cartoons.
Walt began thinking of a possible successor to Oswald while riding on the train on his way back to
California. There have been many stories of the inception of Mickey Mouse, but on that train ride,
Walt may have been recalling a playful little mouse that had made itself at home in Walt’s Kansas
City Studio, where he had first started to experiment with animation. On returning to California,
Walt met with several of his staff members, and they came up with Mickey Mouse. Ub Iwerks, Walt’s
chief animator, was tasked with actually designing the character, with input from Walt. Two Mickey
Mouse cartoons were made starting that spring, “Plane Crazy” and “The Gallopin’ Gaucho.” Walt
tried desperately to sell a distributor on a series based on those first two silent cartoons, but he was
unsuccessful. On the horizon, however, he saw a flicker of hope. Al Jolson’s film, “The Jazz Singer,”
had been released the previous fall, introducing synchronized sound. Audiences loved it. Walt
reasoned that if he could produce his Mickey Mouse cartoons with sound, the novelty would help
him sell the series. So he began work on a third Mickey cartoon, “Steamboat Willie,” this one
produced strictly with sound in mind. Walt was determined to make his sound cartoons realistic;
each sound would exactly match what one was seeing on the screen. As a subject for the cartoon, he
would have Mickey working on a steamboat, a nod to comedian Buster Keaton’s recent “Steamboat
Bill, Jr.” Since the whole field of synchronized sound on films was so new, Walt and his staff were
feeling their way. How can one have a soundtrack correspond directly to the action on the screen?
One of his animators, Wilfred Jackson, whose mother taught music, suggested the use of a
metronome. He created a chart, later called a bar sheet or exposure sheet, which laid out the sound
effects and music to correspond to the animation. To test their theories, Walt made a test scene,
then set up a projector outside a window in his studio. A bed sheet was the screen, and behind the
screen were the artists watching the film through the sheet and providing the simplest of sound
effects, synchronized with what they were seeing. Jackson played “Turkey in the Straw” and
“Steamboat Bill” (from the Keaton film) on his harmonica. The staff members’ wives served as an
audience, and the reaction was very positive. An assured Walt Disney then set out to finish the film
in earnest. He and his staff toiled long hours. Ub Iwerks would animate almost the entire cartoon
himself. A friend from Kansas City, Carl Stalling, composed the score. Walt found the financing
wherever he could, including taking out a new mortgage on the studio, and eventually selling his
beloved Moon automobile. His philosophy: Don’t pinch pennies when quality is concerned. By late
July, the film was finished. Now it was time for the recording, and to find a distributor. With no
sound facilities on the West Coast, Walt had to travel to New York. He was unimpressed with most
of what he found, but then he met P. A. Powers, who had a sound process called Cinephone. As Walt
wrote home, “Powers is a very much respected personage in the film business; he is very shrewd
and capable, he is careful and cautious.” Walt liked Powers’ ideas and the two men decided to do a
recording, the first that had been done for an animated cartoon. Walt wanted a finished film to
preview in a This illustration, titled “Mickey Mouse inbetweener drawing no. 469 or 479 from
Steamboat Willie” appears courtesy Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Read
more about this illustration at http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2005685943/ Broadway Theater,
so that it would get reviewed (Walt was certain the reviews would be positive) and then be noticed
by a distributor. Walt wrote his staff: “Sound effects and talking pictures are more than a mere
novelty. They are here to stay and will develop into a wonderful thing. The ones that get in on the
ground floor are the ones that will more likely profit by its future development. That is providing
they work for quality and not quantity and quick money.” On September 15, the first recording
session was held, featuring a 17-piece orchestra along with three seasoned sound effects men. The
results were terrible. The orchestra had had a difficult time following the cartoon action, and Walt
was very discouraged. But soon a bouncing ball was added to the film print so the conductor could
follow it while increasing or decreasing tempo as needed. A second recording session was held two
weeks later, and the results were astounding. Harry Reichenbach, who owned the Colony Theater on
Broadway, offered to run “Steamboat Willie” for two weeks. The cartoon opened on November 18,
1928, as the first element on a bill which included the feature Gang War starring Olive Borden, Eddie
Gribbon, and Jack Pickford. As Walt had predicted, the cartoon, the very first to feature
synchronized sound, thrilled audiences, and glowing accolades were soon appearing in the press.
The success of “Steamboat Willie” was phenomenal. It established Walt Disney as a key player in the
animation industry, setting a standard that would encourage all of the other animation pioneers and
start The Walt Disney Company on the road to where it is today. In less than a decade, Walt would
quickly progress from the crude “Steamboat Willie” to the glories of “Three Little Pigs” and “Snow
White and the Seven Dwarfs.” But, as Walt Disney later said, “I only hope that we never lose sight of
one thing—that it was all started by a mouse.” In 1970, Dave Smith became the first director of the
Walt Disney Archives, and as chief archivist was charged with collecting and preserving all aspects of
the company’s history and is still considered the Despite his retirement, he is still regarded as the
ultimate authority on matters of Disney history. A regular contributor to Disney publications,
television programs and websites, Dave has also written for publications such as “The American
Archivist” and the “California Historical Quarterly.” Author of the official encyclopedia “Disney A to
Z,” he has authored or co-authored several Disney trivia and quotation books. He has written
introductions to a number of other Disney books, and often lectures on Disney subjects. His most
recent book, “Disney Trivia from the Vault,” compiles 29 years of his “Ask Dave” in-house column.
Dave retired in 2010 after celebrating his 40th anniversary with The Walt Disney Company, but as a
consultan

Wikipedia

Steamboat Willie is a 1928 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. It
was produced in black-and-white by Walt Disney Studios and was released by Celebrity Productions.
The cartoon is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse[2] and his girlfriend Minnie, although both the
characters appeared several months earlier in a test screening of Plane Crazy. Steamboat Williewas
the third of Mickey's films to be produced, but was the first to be distributed because Walt Disney,
having seen The Jazz Singer, had committed himself to producing one of the first fully synchronized
sound cartoons.

Steamboat Willie is especially notable for being the first Disney cartoon with synchronized sound, as
well as the first cartoon to feature a fully post-produced soundtrack which distinguished it from
earlier sound cartoons such as Inkwell Studios' Song Car-Tunes (1924–1927) and Van Beuren Studios'
Dinner Time (1928). Disney understood from early on that synchronized sound was the future of
film.Steamboat Willie became the most popular cartoon of its day.[3]

Music for Steamboat Willie was arranged by Wilfred Jackson and Bert Lewis, and included the songs
"Steamboat Bill", a composition popularized by baritone Arthur Collins during the 1910s, and
"Turkey in the Straw," a composition popularized within minstrelsy during the 19th century. The title
of the film is a parody of the Buster Keaton film Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928),[4] itself a reference to the
song by Collins. Walt Disney performed all of the voices in the film, although there is little intelligible
dialogue.[5]

The film has received wide critical acclaim, not only for introducing one of the world's most popular
cartoon characters, but for its technical innovation. In 1994 members of the animation field voted
Steamboat Willie 13th in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons, which listed the greatest cartoons of all
time. In 1998 the film was selected for preservation in the United States' National Film Registry for
being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant

SYNOPSIS

Mickey Mouse pilots a river sidewheeler, suggesting that he himself is the captain. He cheerfully
whistles "Steamboat Bill" and sounds the boat's three whistles. Soon the real captain, Pete, appears
and orders Mickey off the bridge. Mickey blows a raspberry at Pete. Pete attempts to kick him, but
Mickey rushes away in time and Pete accidentally kicks himself in the rear. Mickey rushes down the
stairs, slips on a bar of soap on the boat's deck and lands in a bucket of water. A parrot laughs at
him, and Mickey throws the bucket at it.

Mickey Mouse - Steamboat Willie

Pete, who has been watching the whole thing, pilots the steamboat himself. He bites off some
chewing tobacco and spits into the wind. The spit flies backward and rings the boat's bell. Amused
by this, Pete spits again, but this time the spit hits him in the face, making him fuss.

The steamboat makes a stop at "Podunk Landing" to pick up a cargo of various livestock. Just as they
set off again, Minnie appears, running to catch the boat before it leaves. Mickey does not see her in
time, but she runs after the boat along the shore and Mickey takes her on board by hooking the
cargo crane to her underwear.

Landing on deck, Minnie accidentally drops a ukulele and some sheet music for the song "Turkey in
the Straw", which are eaten by a goat. The two mice use the goat's body as a phonograph, which
they play by turning its tail like a crank. Mickey uses various objects on the boat as percussion
accompaniment and "plays" the animals like musical instruments. This ends with them using a cow's
teeth to play the song as a xylophone.[7][8][9]

Captain Pete is unamused and puts Mickey to work peeling potatoes. In the potato bin, the same
parrot that laughed at him earlier appears in the port hole and laughs at him again. The mouse
throws a peeled potato at him, knocking him into the river below. The film ends with Mickey
laughing.

Background
According to Roy O. Disney, Walt Disney was inspired to create a sound cartoon after watching The
Jazz Singer (1927).[6] Disney had intended for Mickey Mouse to be the new star character to replace
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit after he lost the rights to the character to Charles Mintz. However, the first
two Mickey Mouse films produced, silent versions of Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho, had
failed to impress audiences and gain a distributor. Disney believed that adding sound to a cartoon
would greatly increase its appeal. One theatre owner said to Walt, "Your stupid brain and your
stupid mouse character can get out of my theatre."[citation needed]

Steamboat Willie was not the first cartoon with synchronized sound. Starting in May 1924 and
continuing through September 1926, Dave and Max Fleischer's Inkwell Studiosproduced 19 sound
cartoons, part of the Song Car-Tunes series, using the Phonofilm sound-on-film process. However,
the Song Car-Tunes failed to keep the sound fully synchronized, while Steamboat Willie was
produced using a click track to keep his musicians on the beat.[10] As little as one month before
Steamboat Willie was released, Paul Terryreleased Dinner Time which also used a soundtrack, but
Dinner Time was not a financial success.

In June 1927, producer Pat Powers made an unsuccessful takeover bid for Lee DeForest's Phonofilm
Corporation. In the aftermath, Powers hired a former DeForest technician, William Garrity, to
produce a cloned version of the Phonofilm system, which Powers dubbed "Powers Cinephone". By
then, DeForest was in too weak a financial position to mount a legal challenge against Powers for
patent infringement. Powers convinced Disney to use Cinephone for Steamboat Willie; their
business relationship lasted until 1930, when Powers and Disney had a falling-out over money and
Powers hired away Disney's lead animator, Ub Iwerks

Production

The production of Steamboat Willie took place between July and September 1928 with an estimated
budget of $4,986.[6] There was initially some doubt among the animators that a sound cartoon
would appear believable enough, so before a soundtrack was produced, Disney arranged for a
screening of the film to a test audience with live sound to accompany it.[11] This screening took
place on July 29 with Steamboat Willie only partly finished. The audience sat in a room adjoining
Walt's office. Roy placed the movie projector outdoors and the film was projected through a window
so that the sound of the projector would not interfere with the live sound. Ub Iwerks set up a
bedsheet behind the movie screen behind which he placed a microphone connected to speakers
where the audience would sit. The live sound was produced from behind the bedsheet. Wilfred
Jackson played the music on a mouth organ, Ub Iwerks banged on pots and pans for the percussion
segment, and Johnny Cannon provided sound effects with various devices, including slide whistles
and spittoons for bells. Walt himself provided what little dialogue there was to the film, mostly
grunts, laughs, and squawks. After several practices, they were ready for the audience, which
consisted of Disney employees and their wives.

The response of the audience was extremely positive, and it gave Walt the confidence to move
forward and complete the film. He said later in recalling this first viewing, "The effect on our little
audience was nothing less than electric. They responded almost instinctively to this union of sound
and motion. I thought they were kidding me. So they put me in the audience and ran the action
again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!" Iwerks said, "I've never
been so thrilled in my life. Nothing since has ever equaled it."[12]

Walt traveled to New York City to hire a company to produce the sound system. He eventually
settled on Pat Powers's Cinephone system, created by Powers using an updated version of Lee De
Forest's Phonofilm system without giving De Forest any credit, a decision he would later regret.

The music in the final soundtrack was performed by the Green Brothers Novelty Band and was
conducted by Carl Edouarde. The brothers Joe and Lew Green from the band also assisted in timing
the music to the film. The first attempt to synchronize the recording with the film, done on
September 15, 1928, was a disaster.[13] Disney had to sell his Moon roadster in order to finance a
second recording. This was a success with the addition of a filmed bouncing ball to keep the
tempo.[14]

Release and reception

The Broadway Theatre in New York, seen in 2007, where Steamboat Willie was first shown in 1928.
The venue was known as "Universal's Colony Theatre" at the time.

Steamboat Willie premiered at Universal's Colony Theater in New York City on November 18,
1928.[15] The film was distributed by Celebrity Productions and its initial run lasted two weeks.
Disney was paid $500 a week which was considered a large amount at the time.[14] It played ahead
of the independent feature film Gang War. Steamboat Willie was an immediate hit while Gang War
is all but forgotten today.[3]
The success of Steamboat Willie not only led to international fame for Walt Disney, but for Mickey as
well. On November 21, Varietymagazine published a review which read in part "Not the first
animated cartoon to be synchronized with sound effects, but the first to attract favorable attention.
[Steamboat Willie] represents a high order of cartoon ingenuity, cleverly combined with sound
effects. The union brought laughs galore. Giggles came so fast at the Colony [Theater] they were
stumbling over each other."

The response led to the two previous Mickey films being reproduced as sound cartoons and given
wide theatrical releases.

Copyright status

The film has been the center of a variety of controversies regarding copyright. The copyright of the
film has been extended by an act of the United States Congress. However, recent evidence suggests
that the film may be in the public domain owing to technicalities related to the original copyright
notice.

The film has been the center of some attention regarding the 1998 Copyright Term Extension Act
passed in the United States. Steamboat Willie has been close to entering the public domain in the
U.S. several times. Each time, copyright protection has been extended. It could have entered public
domain in four different years: first in 1956, renewed to 1984, then to 2003 by the Copyright Act of
1976, and to the current date of 2023 by the Copyright Term Extension Act (also known pejoratively
as the "Mickey Mouse Protection Act")[16] of 1998. Under current copyright law, Steamboat Willie is
set to enter the public domain January 1, 2024; however, later iterations of the character of Mickey
Mouse will remain under copyright protection.[17] It has been claimed that these extensions were a
response by Congress to extensive lobbying by The Walt Disney Company.[18]

In the 1990s, former Disney researcher Gregory S. Brown determined that the film was likely in U.S.
public domain already due to errors in the original copyright formulation.[19] In particular, the
original film's copyright notice had two additional names between Disney and the copyright
statement. Thus, under the rules of the Copyright Act of 1909, all copyright claims would be null.[19]
Arizona State University professor Dennis Karjala suggested that one of his law school students look
into Brown's claim as a class project. Lauren Vanpelt took up the challenge and produced a paper
agreeing with Brown's claim. She posted her project on the Internet in 1999.[20] Disney later
threatened to sue a Georgetown Universitylaw student who wrote a paper confirming Brown's
claims,[21] alleging that publishing the paper could be slander of title. However, Disney chose not to
sue after its publication.[22]

Censorship

A full 30 seconds was removed from some versions of Steamboat Willie because they might be
considered cruelty to animals, including Mickey pulling a cat's tail and then swinging the cat by the
tail above his head, picking up a nursing sow and "playing" her babies, and using a duck as bagpipes.
The full version of the film was included on the "Walt Disney Treasures" DVD set "Mickey Mouse in
Black and White."

In other media

The animation (animation) - from the Latin "anima" - the soul, it means empathy or some kind of
“reanimation”.
Cartoons, animation, cartoon movies, animated films - kind of cinematographic art, which created by
time-lapse photography of successive phases of the drawing (graphic or painted animation) or
volume (volume or puppet animation) objects.

Animators create the art of animation.

The first attempts to capture the movement in the figures refer to the paleolithic cave paintings,
where animals are depicted with multiple legs, overlapping each other.

In Shahr-e Sukhteh (Iran) was found an earthen jar, whose age is estimated to be 5,000 years old. On
the walls of the vessel made five pictures kid on the move.

Cave paintings - the first attempts to capture movement Shahr-Sokhta, Iran, 5000 years ago - 5
images goat in motion Shahr-Sokhta, Iran, 5000 years ago - 5 images goat in motion - 2 Egypt, 2000
BC - the first examples of animation

In Egypt there were found drawings, which referred to 2000 year BC. There was an idea to name
these drawing as the examples of 1st animation, but at that time didn't exist special equipment
which could show the drawings in motion.

History of animation started on 20th of July 1887 in France. Charles-Émile Reynaud self-taught
engineer created and presented the 1st Praxinoscope. on 28 October 1892 he projected the first
animated film in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is also notable as the
first known instance of film perforations being used.

Emile Reynaud, the cartoon "The patient Pierrot", 1892 Praksinoskop Emile Reynaud, 1877, France

First cartoons were up to fifteen minutes, drawn and painted by hand pantomime lasting. Even then,
could be applied sound, synchronized with the image. Raynaud also created cartoons, where in
production were used photos and drawings. Later on others made the contribution to the
development of animators, creating paintings in a variety of genres and techniques.

Praksinoskop - first projector for animation Emile Reynaud presented to the public the first
praksinoskop July 20, 1877 in France, Emile Reynaud shows in Paris Museum Grevin first video
tape using praksinoskopa Praksinoskop Emile Reynaud
Active development of animation started at the beginnings of 20th century. In one moment several
independent people separate to each other started to create animation.

Georges Méliès accidentally invented the technique of shooting “stop-motion”. The point of this
technique is that Méliès shot the scene than changed the next scene and shot again and etc. Than
after quick changing frames appeared the animation effect.

George Mellis, "Rubber Head", 1902 Winsor McKay, "Dinosaur", 1914

James Stuart Blackton created animated smoke in 1906.

Winsor McCay created the first cartoon in 1906.

Walt Disney was the first who used sound in animation. He was pioneer who used colour in
animation. One of the most reasonable Disney’s inventions was animation stand which helped to get
to receive the effects of parallax, elongated shapes of figures, the depth and fuzziness.

At this studio was created many famous characters Mickey Mouse, Pluto, Goofy etc. Commercial
successes of animators spread all over the world and inspires people to open animation studios.

ДGeorge Mellis invented the technique of shooting - stop-motion American Stewart Blekton
animated smoke in the scene in 1900 Winsor McKay created the first animated cartoon in 1906
Walt Disney pioneered the use of sound, color, multiplane camera animation and created
the first professional studio animation

To 1930 there were a lot of running animation studios such as Universal Pictures, Paramount,
Warner Brothers etc which working till now.

Animated studios of 60th-70th whose used computer technology were opened by scientists from
universities and artists. First researching/discoveries of computer graphics were in 1963 based on
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when Ivan Edward Sutherland invented Sketchpad, an
innovative program that influenced alternative forms of interaction with computers.

Walt Disney, "Steamer Willie", 1928 Walt Disney, "Flowers and Trees", 1932
In the USSR first results in computer animation were associated with name Yuriy Bayakovskii. In
1990 at SIGGRAPH ACM Association gave him an award "Computer Graphics Pioneer". Now Yuri
Matveevich is a head at MGU laboratory of graphics and media at the Faculty of Computational
Mathematics and Cybernetics (graphics.cs.msu.su) and at that time work at the Institute of applied
mathematics named by Mstislav Keldysh (Academy of Sciences), for many years he was a head of the
department of computer graphics there. In 1964 Yuriy made the first modeling of plasma flow over a
cylinder in collaboration with physicist Tamara Sushkevich. That was the first operation in the USSR
according to "computer graphics". In 1971 Institute of applied mathematics developed advanced
software for creation the computer movies and created the camera with captures the frames from
the display. Using this system soon was made two spectacular animations - a visualisation the robot
and modeled the interaction of two galaxies.

Ivan Sutherland - has developed an interactive system of solving problems with constraints on the
vector display Yuri Bayakovsky - modeling plasma flow around a cylinder - Computer Graphics
Pioneer Ed Ketmell - created the first computer animated hand and face Fred Park - created the first
computer-speaking person

In state Utah at the beginning of 70th there were some important works in animation: animated
hand and face by Ed Catmull (1972); walking and speaking figure created by Barrie Wexler (1973),
speaking face by Fred Park (1974). Today it seems that quality of animation was primitive but at that
time it was impressive.

Ivan Sutherland, "A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System", 1963 Edwin Catmull, CEO
of "Pixar", Lecture, 2010

At the end of 70th Technological institute of New York begun working on project of creation film
«The works», completely constructed on computer using 3D animation.

Project wasn’t finished but some fragments were shown during conferences SIGGRAPH. These
fragments demonstrated high quality of visualization, articulated figures and interacting objects.
During creation «The works» it was used the system BBOP - 3D animation system of articulated
figures.

Laboratory Daniel Tolman Nadi Magninat-Tolman Laboratory Daniel Tolman Nadi Magninat-
Tolman - 2 Ed Emshwiller moving texture maps shown in Sunstone Jim Blinn - created
animation Voyager

At the beginning of 80th contribution to the animation development made Daniel Tolman’
laboratory - computer animation “Dream Flight”, “Tony de Peltrie”, “Rendez - vous a Montrual”).
Among others who influenced on animation were: Ed Emshwiller who showed moving textural maps
in Sunstone; Jim Blinn created animated “Voyager”; Don Greenberg created architecture
roundabout way for Cornell University and others.
Animation "Tony de Peltrie", 1985 Animation "Rendez-vous in Montreal

In 1980 technical development made headway. At this time graphical programs become more
compoundю. Turner Whitted introduced concept “Ray tracing” with the elimination of errors in
sampling; Nelson Max produced several movies about molecules and one with animated waves;
Loren Carpenter showcased his software for generating and rendering fractally generated
landscapes.

Don Greenberg - created architectural patrols the campus of Cornell University Turner Vitted
introduced the concept of ray tracing with the elimination of error sampling Nelson Max created
several movies about molecules and one of the first movies with animated waves Loren
Carpenter created a flight around the fractal landscape

Is started to be shown movies with increasingly used computer special effects: simulated tornado
using particle system, vampire transformation into flying characters, characters with no legs, etc.

The film “Young Sherlock Holmes” (1986) was the first film, which contained artificial character.

Jim Blinn animation «Voyager» for NASA, 1986 The movie "Jurassic Park," 1997

In 1993 film “Jurassic Park” presented animated models of dinosaurs, in 1995 was shown film
“Jumanji” with models of real and made-up animals.

The important trend in computer animation was the creation of an artificial person, indistinguishable
from real. The Pioneers were movies «Tony de Peltrie» (1985), «Rendez-vous a Montreal» (1988)
and others. In these films the quality of animation was poor that was obviously for audience that
characters not real, because of that computer heroes had secondary roles.

Jurassic Park - 3D computer animation and special effects The Polar Express - computer
animation and technology of animation - motion capture Avatar - computer animation and
technology of animation - motion capture Pirates of the Caribbean - computer animation and
technology of animation - motion capture

Today's progress in models of light and texture makes it possible to design more realistic people. At
the end of XX century appeared new animation technology - motion capture. Motion capture object
some technical measuring equipment.

The movie "Avatar", 2009 The movie "Pirates of the Caribbean", 2011
The method of motion capture used in production CGI cartoons, and for creating special effects in
films. It’s popular in video games production. Using this method in 2004 were created cartoons
“Polar Express” (model - Tom Hanks), “Final Fantasy”, “The Lord of the Rings” model - (Andy Serkis).
In 2006 - 2011 using this technology were created “Renaissance”, “Beowulf”, “Christmas Carol”,
“Avatar”, ”Harry Potter”.