I.

TITLE : DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS

II. OBJECTIVES.
Animal and Plant Diversity
1. Know the various variations in plant diversity.
2. Learn how to classify or give names to creatures.
3. Knowing the difference of each morphology to the material practiced.
4. Knowing the difference of each morphology to the material practiced.
5. Describe the characteristics of living things to distinguish each type.

Human Diversity
1. To find out variations in human characteristics, especially physical
traits.
2. To determine the spread of traits in humans
3. To see the most common properties in a class population.
4. To see the most differences in properties in the class population.
5. To find out the variety of diversity in humans.

III. THEORITICAL REVIEW

Genetics (borrowed from Dutch: genetica, adaptation from English:

genetics, formed from the Greek word γέννω, genno, meaning "giving birth") is a
branch of biology that studies the inheritance of traits in organisms and
suborganisms (such as viruses and prions). In short it can also be said that
genetics is the science of genes and all its aspects. The term "genetics" was
introduced by William Bateson in a personal letter to Adam Chadwick and he
used it at the 3rd International Conference on Genetics in 1906.
The concept of genes has actually been implicitly described by Mendel as
a basic factor that plays a role in the development of traits. He himself does not
yet know the shape and composition of these hereditary factors. He only called it
a determining factor (Henuhili, 2012).
Diversity is the basis of the characteristics of living things. The existence
of genetic diversity is the result of natural selection of a species on its
environment. Diversity does not only occur in plants and animals but also
humans. But in humans, diversity occurs only at the level of genes and is related

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to inheritance. Humans exhibit variations in several characteristics that can be
seen easily through phenotypes or visible characteristics.
Phenotype can be said as a characteristic or characteristics that can be
measured or real characteristics possessed by organisms. These characteristics
appear to the eye, such as skin color or hair texture. Phenotypes can also be tested
for their identification, such as the determination of respiratory rates or blood type
serological tests. Phenotype is the product of gene products expressed in certain
environments. However, genes have limitations in them so that the environment
can modify the phenotype.
Genotype is all genes owned by an individual. The genotype expressed
expresses the phenotype of an individual. Genotyping involving alleles at a single
locus can produce homozygous genotypes. Homozygous offspring can be
produced from pure strains. Heterozygous fusion is produced from different
alleles (Tjan kwiauw: 1990).
No two human beings are exactly the same, each individual having the
same thing and difference, inheritance both qualitative and quantitative. The
differences that exist between one individual with another are determined by
genetic factors and environmental factors (Bhimasarf, 2009)

IV. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

IV.1 APPARATUS

Num Name of Apparatus Quantity

1 Paperboard 1 pcs

2 Observation table 1 pcs

3 Color pencil 1 pcs

4 Stationary 1 pcs

5 Body height gauge 1 pcs

6 Ruler 1 pcs

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IV.2 Material

Num Name of Material

1 Bougainvillea spectabilis

2 Rosa centifolia

3 Mirabilis jalapa

4 Orthosiphon aristatus

5 Aularches miliaris

6 Acatina fulica

7 Practicant

V. WORK PROCEDURE

V.1 Diversity in Animal and Plant

1. Determine the material to be used based on color, shape, size, and other
properties.
2. Observe the properties of the ingredients that have been determined
from the variations
available.
3. The amount of material observed should be large to produce good
results
4. Write your observations in the sheet provided.

V.2 Diversity in Human

1. The practicum activities are carried out in groups, each group consisting
of 4-5 people, consisting of male and female students.
2. Check on the characteristics that appear in each group member at least 8
characteristics
3. Write the results of scanning in the available table 2, determine also the
possibility of the trait genotype by remembering its dominant and
recessive nature
4. Make genetic discs based on the results written in table 2. Try to
characterize each individual in the group members in a different color. If
the group consists of 5 members, there are five colors in the genetic disc.
5. Determine the index number for each group member.

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 VI. RESULT

I. Result Table
a. Result Table of Plant Diversity
(1) Rose Flower
Characteristics
No Name
Leaf Stem Flower Thorn Smell
1 Rosa sp. (pink) Pinnate Round Zygomorphic Present Present
2 Rosa sp. (white) Oval Round Zygomorphic Present Present

(2) Bougenvile Flower

Characteristics
No Name
Leaf Stem Flower Thorn Smell
1 Bougainvillea sp. Remiform Round Actimorphic Absent Absent
(orange)
2 Bougainvillea sp. Remiform Round Actimorphic Absent Absent
(pink)
3 Bougainvillea sp. Remiform Round Actimorphic Absent Absent
(purple)

(3) Four o’clock Flower

Characteristics
No Name
Leaf Stem Flower Thorn Smell
1 Mirabilis jalapa Pinnate Square Zygomorphic Absent Present
(yellow)
2 Mirabilis jalapa Pinnate Square Zygomorphic Absent Present
(pink)

b. Result Table of Animal Diversity

(1) Grasshoper
Characteristics
No Name Amount
Lenght Head Antenna Femur Tibia

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1 Pyrgomorphidae 3 2,4 cm Pointed Tubby Brown Thorny,
(Wood Grasshoper) short,
Type 1 brown
2 Pyrgomorphidae 2 2 cm Pointed Tubby Yellow Thorny,
(Wood Grasshoper) Brown short,
Type 2 brown
3 Pyrgomorphidae 1 3 cm Pointed Tubby Dark Thorny,
(Wood Grasshoper) Brown short,
Type 3 red
4 Acridoidea 4 1 cm Flat Long Green Thorny,
(Green Grasshoper) long,
green
5 Catantopidae 1 1,5 cm Flat Long Brown Thorny,
(Rock Grasshoper) long,
brown
6 Oxya sp. 1 3 cm Flat Long Green Thorny,
Type 1 long,
Red
7 Oxya sp. 1 2 cm Flat Long Dark Thorny,
Type 2 Green long,
Red
8 Oxya sp. 2 4 cm Flat Long Bright Thorny,
Type 3 Green long,
Red

(2) Snail
Characteristics
No Name Amount
Length Amount of Spin Color of Skin
1 Subulina sp. (white) 2 1 cm 6 Yellowish
Type 1
2 Subulina sp. (white) 4 1,4 cm 7 Brown
Type 2

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 3 Subulina sp. (black) 20 2,5 cm 8 Black
Type 1
4 Subulina sp. (black) 6 2,2 cm 8 Brown
Type 2

c. Result Table of Human Diversity

The Observed A B C D
No
Characteristics (Adinda) (Novi) (Rio) (Vera)
1 Sex Female Female Male Female
2 Height 163 cm 157 cm 170 cm 165 cm
3 Hair shape Straight Straight Curly Curly
4 Tongue Does not roll Roll Does not roll Roll
5 Thumb can be bent
No No No No
until the wrist
6 Earlobe Attached Free Free Free
7 Blood Type 0 0 AB A
8 Thumb can make an
Yes Yes Yes Yes
angle
9 Sole Type Warp Warp Warp Warp
10 Dimples No Yes No No

Thumb, Thumb in humans there are bent and some are not. This is due to
the presence of dominant and recessive genes. The bent finger is the dominant
carrier and the non-bent finger is the recessive carrier.

Ears, ears in humans there are types that hang and there is a type of
attached. The hanging ear is the dominant carrier, and the ear is attached to the
recessive carrier.

Hair Color, Hair Color in humans is generally black and is the dominant
carrier, if there is chocolate is recessive.

The tongue, the tongue can be divided into two namely the tongue which
can fold and cannot fold. The tongue that can fold is the dominant carrier and the
tongue that cannot fold is the recessive carrier.

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 Blood type, there are four types of blood in humans, namely A, B, AB,
and O. The division of blood groups is based on the presence or absence of the
ABO system, namely the presence or absence of agglutinogen and agglutinin in
the blood.

Hair Form, the shape of human hair that is straight, curly, curly type is part
of the genetic variation produced.

Human genetic variation is the diversity of genes which shows the total
number of characteristics of genes that can be observed in humans. Every human
has different genes. No two humans will be genetically alike even if they are
identical twins / monozygotic twins. The existence of these gene differences occur
at both the species level and the population level. Gene differences at the species
level can be seen from the variation of phenotypes in each individual. From the
observation table it was found that each individual has different characteristics,
although there are individuals who have the same index number on the genetic
disc but there are still differences that can be observed from the phenotype.

VII. CONCLUSION

 Every living thing has differences and similarities so that there are
variations between these living things.
 Variations found in living things indicate the characteristics of these living
things
 In plants that are used in practicum generally have in common that is the
number of stamens and pistils
 In animals that are used in practicum generally have differences from body
size.
 In humans there are very many variations, because between one human
being with another human being there are not exactly the same.

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 REFERENCES

Henuhili, Victoria dan Suratsih. 2002. Genetika. Bandung : JICA.

Nio,Tjan kwiauw. 1990. Genetika Dasar. ITB Press : Bandung

Starr, Cecie and Beverly McMillan. 2010. Human Biology, Eighth Edition. New
York : Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

Winchester, A. M. 1958. GENETICS : A Survey of The Principles of Heredity.

Massachussets: The Riberside Press.

Yatim, Wildan .2003 .Genetika. Tarsito : Bandung