CENG 27 – Plane Surveying Distance by Taping

Lecture 3 - Most common method of measuring of laying

09.09.19 out horizontal distances.
- May vary from a relative precision of about
Measurement of Horizontal Distances 1:1000 to 1:25000 or better.

Distance by Tachymetry
Measurement of Distances
Tachymetry – based on the optical geometry of the
Linear Measurements instruments employed and is an indirect method of
- Pacing measurement.
- Taping - Uses transit or theodolite
- Tachymetric
- Graphical 1. Stadia Method
- Mathematical 2. Subtense Bar Method
- Mechanical
- Photogrammetric Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Methods
- Electronic Distance Measurement - Unknown distances may be determined
through their relationship with known distances
Distance by Pacing geometrically.
Pacing
- Consists of counting the number of steps or Distances by Mechanical Devices
paces a required distance.
- Furnishes a rapid means of checking 1. Odometer. A simple device that can be
measurement taken by other methods. attached to a wheel for purposes of roughly
- Suitable in determining the approximate measuring surface distances.
distances in situations where a low precision of The wheel is rolled over the distance
measurement is sufficient. measured and the number of
 Pace revolutions of the wheel is directly
- defined as the length of a step in walking registered by the device. Since the
- from heel to heel or toe to toe circumference of the wheel is known,
the relationship between revolution and
 Stride – two paces or a double step distance could then be established.

2. Measuring wheel. A very similar in operation to

an odometer except that it is a more portable
and self-contained measuring device.

3. Optical Rangefinder. Used to determine

distances approximately simply by focusing.
The operator looks through the
eyepiece and sights a distant object
such as a flag or a range pole which
defines the other end of a line to be
measured. The object is then brought
Used for: into a sharp focus by a focusing knob.
- Small scale mapping When the split image, as seen through
- Locating details and traversing with the the eyepiece is brought into
plane table coincidence, the corresponding is then
- Reconnaissance surveys read on a graduated scale on the range
finder.
Good Pacer – at least a relative precision of 1/200

Note:
- A slight deviation to the left or right will affect
the accuracy of pacing

- Walk naturally

( )=
. ( )
( )= ∙
Distance by photogrammetry
- Measurement of images in a photograph
| − |
= (100%)
Taping Accessories
1. Measuring Tape. Vary in length, material and
weight. They are also graduated in several
ways.
2. Range Pole. Used as temporary signals to
indicate the location of points or the direction of
lines, and to mark alignment.
3. Tape Clamping Handles. Used to apply tension
with a quick grip on any part of a steel tape
without causing damage to the tape or hands of
the tapeman.
4. Chaining Pins. are stuck in the ground to mark
the ends of measured tape lengths or partial
tape lengths and may also be used in place of
wooden hubs or stakes.
5. Tension Handle. Also referred to as spring
scale, is used at one end of a tape for ensuring
the application of the correct amount of pull on
the tape during measurement.
6. Tape thermometer. Used to determine the
temperature of the air and the approximate
temperature of the tape during measurement.
7. Plumb Bob. Used for projecting the tape ends
to the ground when the tape must be
suspended above the measured line.
8. Wooden Stake or Hub. Made of 5 cm x 5 cm x
30 cm wood to mark points, corners, or stations
on the ground.
9. Leather Thongs. Attached to a ring located near
the zero-meter mark of the tape to provide a
comfortable grip on the tape when measuring.
10. Hand level and Clinometer. Used to keep the
tape ends at equal elevations when measuring
over rugged terrain.
11. Tape Repair Kit.
12. Crayons.
Composition of Taping Party
1. Head Tapeman – the person responsible for the
accuracy and speed of all linear measurements
with the tape. He determines and directs the
marking of points or stations, order the clearing
out of obstructions along lines to be measured,
and is the person who carries the zero end of
the tape.
2. Recorder – keeps records of all measurements,
sketches, and observations taken during the
process of measurement. He also checks by
pacing all measurements made by the tapemen
for possible errors, mistakes and blunders.
3. Flagman – the person whose duty is to hold the
range pole at selected points. He also helps the
tapemen in making measurements and assists
in clearing out obstructions along the line to be
measured.
4. Rear tapeman – the person whose duty is to
assist the head tapeman during a taping
operation. He is the one who holds the 30-m
end or any intermediate meter mark of the tape
during a measurement.
‘
Procedure of Taping
1. Aligning the tape.
2. Stretching the tape.
3. Plumbing.
4. Marking full tape lengths.
5. Tallying taped measurements.
6. Measuring Fractional Lengths.
Breaking Tape.
Slope Taping.