Hydropower Project Rev1

EnE 298 – Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Technology Group 3
Hydropower Project
Environmental Aspects and Impacts of Caliraya Dam
and Hydroelectric Power Plant
Hydropower Project
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Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Project description .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Name of facility, owners/operators .............................................................................................. 4
1.2 Project location (location and area covered)........................................................................... 4
1.3 Project background ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 History of Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plants ........................................................ 6
2. Operational and performance of hydropower .................................................................................. 7
2.1 System capacity ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Caliraya Dam .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant............................................................................................ 8
2.2 Mode (e.g. solar, wind, etc.) and Frequency of Operation .................................................... 9
2.3 Product/Rated capacity and actual output .................................................................................... 9
3. Description of surrounding areas (inhabited places, natural habitats, bodies of water, etc.) ... 11
3.1 Climate, Air Quality and Noise Level ................................................................................................ 11
3.2 Water Resources ................................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Wildlife Ecology ..................................................................................................................................... 11
4. Impacts and risks of system and support infrastructure ....................................................................... 12
4.1 Natural environment ............................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.3 Human environment and activity ..................................................................................................... 18
5. Proposed solutions on environment risk reduction ............................................................................... 19
6. References ................................................................................................................................................... 20
7. Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 21
Hydropower Project
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Abstract
Hydropower Project
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1. Project description
1.1 Name of facility, owners/operators
The Caliraya hydropower are now operated by two companies:
1. Caliraya Dam is operated by the Philippines government, Napocor (National Power

Corporation).
2. Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant is under CBK Power Company Limited(CBK).
1.2 Project location (location and area covered)
Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant is an embankment dam located in the town of
Lumban province of Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines. The location
site is presented by the following diagrams.
Picture 1 - Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant
Hydropower Project
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Picture 3 - Caliraya Dam. Source: Wikipedia
1.3 Project background
Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant
Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province of Laguna, in
the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines. The reservoir created by the dam, Lake
Caliraya, initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric plants in the Philippines, and later
became a popular recreational area for numerous water sports and fishing. The dam's
construction was started in 1939 and a small hydroelectric plant was operated in 1942.
Lake Caliraya was later connected with another man-made lake, Lumot Lake, to provide more
water through a 2.3 km (1.4 mi) underground penstock1.
Currently, the total hydro power plant’s capacity consists of 3 power plants, located nearby the
Calaraya dam, namely:
 Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant in Lumban, Laguna;
 Botocan Hydroelectric Power Plant in Majayjay, Laguna; and
 Kalayaan Pumped Storage Power Plant in Kalayaan, Laguna 2.
1 Source: Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliraya_Dam

2 http://www.cbkpower.com/officers/masahiro-ikezawa/
Hydropower Project
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1.4 History of Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plants
Caliraya Dam
Initial studies
In the early years of American occupation, the Bureau of Engineering of the Philippine
Commission investigated possible sources for hydroelectric development in the country. Initial
surveying were done in Botocan Falls, Caliraya River, Angat River and Agno River. The
investigations of the Caliraya project began in 1903, and the report was submitted in 1904.
Further studies were needed for more accurate and extended data on minimum discharge,
rainfall, and area of watershed. Extensive gaugings of the stream were made to determine the
low-water flow, the watershed area was surveyed, and a rain gauge was established in
Barangay San Antonio, Kalayaan a town located within the watershed. A river gauge was also
established.
The constructive features of the initial study were as follows: By the construction of a dam on the
river, the water would be diverted into a canal 3.75 kilometres (2.33 mi) long to the brow of the
bluff, where it would fall through penstocks 240 metres (800 ft) to the powerhouse near the
Lumbang River. The power would then be transmitted to Manila, a distance of 98 kilometres
(61 mi). To meet the dry-season flow and conserve the flood waters, storage reservoirs would be
established on the river at suitable points. This development could be carried out at
comparatively small cost and would not require exceptional engineering features. The capacity
of the plant could also be increased by diverting the Lumot River to the Caliraya. However, the
feasibility of the development was still in question because of storage problems. The theoretical
horsepower available at the first proposed power house, with a moderate storage, was
estimated at only about 6,000, which could be increased for about one-half of the year during
the rainy season.
Construction
In 1937, Major General Hugh John Casey was sent to the country by to provide assistance in
hydroelectric power and flood control for the recently created National Power Corporation
(NAPOCOR). The dam construction was started in 1939. An embankment dam over 100 feet
(30 m) high, was constructed across the Caliraya River at its outlet from a large flat plateau area
providing a large water reservoir for generating hydroelectric power for Southern Luzon from the
Caliraya hydroelectric plant. A diversion canal was constructed several miles west of the lake to
the head of a steep slope about 950 feet (290 m) above Laguna de Bay. Large penstocks were
constructed diverting water down to the powerhouse below, with a tailrace to the bay. The high
head permitted the use of high-speed turbines and generators at relatively low unit costs.
On June 1, 1948, Republic Act No. 216 was passed approving expenditures for the construction
of several hydroelectric dams in the Philippines; the act included the diversion of the Lumot River
via Lumot Dam to Caliraya Lake for more available water and to raise the height of Caliraya
Dam. The dam was rebuilt, raised and inaugurated in 1953 by the (NAPOCOR).
Hydropower Project
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Caliraya Power Plant
Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant is the first power plant ever built by Napocor. Commissioned
in 1942, this facility shares Caliraya reservoir with Kalayaan. CBK PCL rehabilitated the plants
waterway, powerhouse, auxiliary equipment and structures and was completed in 2002.
CBK Power Company Limited was established in 2000 to implement the Build-Rehabilitate-
Operate-Transfer Agreement (BROT Agreement) for Caliraya-Botocan-Kalayaan (CBK) Complex
which was executed in November 1998 by and between National Power Corporation and
IMPSA of Argentina.
BROT Agreement became effective on 07 February 2001. All rehabilitation and construction
works were completed in 2004. After the completion of the project, new investors took over in
2005, JPower and Sumitomo Corporation of Japan 3.
Currently, the total hydro power plant’s capacity consists of 3 power plants, located nearby the
Calaraya dam, namely:
2. Operational and performance of hydropower
2.1 System capacity
2.1.1. Caliraya Dam
Creates Lake Caliraya
Caliraya Dam and Lumot

Dam combined
30,000,000 cubic metres
Total capacity
(1.1×109 cu ft) (between
maximum and minimum
level)
Hydropower Project
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92,000 square metres

Catchment area
(990,000 sq ft)
Source: Wikipedia
2.1.2 Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant
Currently, total hydro power plant’s capacity is 728MW comprising 3 power plants namely:
Caliraya Power Plant capacity is 35 MW; Dependable capacity is 35 MW (100% capacity). It is

served by 2 (two) turbines, with the capacity of 20 MW and 15 MW. 6.
The power generation components was revitalised during hand over period to CBK in 2003.
Diagram 1 – CBK Capacity
6 Interview with Napocor
Hydropower Project
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Diagram 2 – Power generation
2.2 Mode (e.g. solar, wind, etc.) and Frequency of Operation
2.3 Product/Rated capacity and actual output
During the rainy season when the inflow of water to the reservoir is high causing a rapid increase
in water elevation, all the generating units are operated as Base Load in order to maintain the
water elevation within its normal level without necessarily spilling excess water. Commented [SV1]: Clarification is needed!
Hydropower Project
9
Commented [SV2]: This picture needs to be modified

and tidied up. See the website.
http://www.cbkpower.com/project/caliraya-
hydroelectric-power-plant-chepp/
Source: http://www.cbkpower.com/project/caliraya-hydroelectric-power-plant-chepp/
Hydropower Project
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3. Description of surrounding areas (inhabited places, natural habitats, bodies of

water, etc.)7
3.1 Climate, Air Quality and Noise Level
3.2 Water Resources
3.3 Wildlife Ecology
7Initial Environmental Examination. Philippines: Angat Water Transmisssion Improvement Project.

ADB. July 2014.
Hydropower Project
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4. Impacts and risks of system and support infrastructure8
Caliraya watershed located in Laguna was declared a forest reservation under Executive Order
No. 33 dated July 1974. The watershed has special uses as upper reservoir for power generation
of Luzon areas.
4.1 Natural environment
Impacts to air (from Power Plants operation)

The following environmental aspects were obtained from the CMVR Report of Kalayaan:
 Genset operation. Air emission from diesel genset operation (1 MW and 75 kVA)
 Overall plant operation generate impacts to generation ambient and occupational
noise level.
Impacts to land
 Man-made or natural disaster, such as earthquake. The impact is potential of
uncontrolled water spillage, dam break and disasters.
 Heavy rainfall, leading to flood.
 Reduction of the number of trees in the forest reservation area due to illegal logging.
 Generation of hazardous waste during power plant maintenance and operation.
Temporary storage of hazardous material
Impacts to water
 Sediment accumulation in the identified influence areas of Laguna Lake and Caliraya
Reservoir.
 Reduction in quantity and composition of fish catch, aquatic flora & fauna
 Water pumping to the Caliraya Reservoir. Potential changes in frequency, distribution
and composition of aquatic organisms.
 effluent discharge from plant operation.
8Assessing Vulnerability to Environmental Changes of Caliraya Watershed Areas in Laguna,

Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management. December 2010. Aurora S. Jose
and Virginia R. Cardenas.
Hydropower Project
12
The aspects and impacts identification and current measures of Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant is presented in the
following diagram:
Environmental
Aspects Control Measure
Activity Impacts Remark Reference
Air Land Water Social
Construction
This happened in the
1930's, over 80 years ago.
no known environmental
Submerging the impact assessment was
Lost of paddy
existing rice field X developed for this project. Interview with PIC
field
with water The information obtained
based on the interview
with the PIC on Caliraya
Dam.
Operation
(existing
condition)
Caliraya Dam
The 2014 sediment
Sediment accumulation monitoring
accumulation and study has been
Compliance Monitoring and
in the conducted by NPC Dams
Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
identified Management Department
Sediment July-December 2014. Kalayaan
influence X Reduction of reservoir bed on 2014. DENR EMB thru its
accumulation Pumped Storage Power Plant
areas of letter dated Nov. 13, 2012
Rehabilition, Expanstion and
Laguna Lake approved CBK’s request
Upgrading Project.
and Caliraya to conduct sediment
Reservoir. accumulation monitoring
every three (3) years.
Man-made or Potential All procedural guidelines Compliance Monitoring and
natural disaster, uncontrolled for emergency response Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
X X
such as water spillage, plan has been established July-December 2014. Kalayaan
earthquake. dam break by CBK PCL. IEC for Dam Pumped Storage Power Plant
Hydropower Project
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Environmental
and disasters. Discharge was conducted Rehabilition, Expanstion and
on 2014. Upgrading Project.
Quantity and Reduction in - Conduct semi-annual Compliance Monitoring and
species quantity and aquatic ecology Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
composition of composition monitoring at Caliraya. July-December 2014. Kalayaan
X
fish catch, of fish catch, -Conduct biological Pumped Storage Power Plant
aquatic flora & aquatic flora analysis of Laguna, Rehabilition, Expanstion and
fauna & fauna Caliraya and Lumot Lakes Upgrading Project.
This was brought up during
Flooding
interview with the PIC on Caliraya
Heavy rainfall (emergency X Spillway
Dam. Never happened during
situation)
the operational of the dam.
Caliraya watershed
located in Laguna was
Assessing Vulnerability to
declared a forest
Reduction of Environmental Changes of
reservation under
the number of Caliraya Watershed Areas in
Executive Order No. 33
trees in the Laguna, Philippines. Journal of
X dated July 1974. The
forest Environmental Science and
watershed has special uses
reservation Management. December 2010.
as upper reservoir for
area. Aurora S. Jose and Virginia R.
power generation of Luzon
Cardenas.
Illegal logging areas. Reduction of trees
leads to soil erosion.
Environmental Changes of
Caliraya Watershed Areas in
Laguna, Philippines. Journal of
x Reduction of carbon sink.
Environmental Science and
Management. December 2010.
Aurora S. Jose and Virginia R.
Cardenas.
Reduction in Assessing Vulnerability to
The reservoir attracts
Tourism water quality X Environmental Changes of
tourism.
in Caliraya Caliraya Watershed Areas in
Hydropower Project
14
Environmental
reservoir due Laguna, Philippines. Journal of
to wastewater Environmental Science and
discharge Management. December 2010.
Cardenas.
Environmental Changes of
Positive social aspects. Caliraya Watershed Areas in
Tourism provides jobs and Laguna, Philippines. Journal of
X
income for people around Environmental Science and
the area. Management. December 2010.
Cardenas.
Power Plant
(Kalayaan)
Potential
Semi-annual biological
changes in Compliance Monitoring and
monitoring on the
frequency, Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
water pumping established baseline
distribution July-December 2014. Kalayaan
to the Caliraya X stations in the Laguna
and Pumped Storage Power Plant
Reservoir. Lake and Caliraya
composition Rehabilition, Expanstion and
Reservoir in order to
of aquatic Upgrading Project.
determine
organisms.
Disposal of 2014 Report:
hazardous Last hauling of Hazwastes
material, (contaminated rags) was
Generation of Compliance Monitoring and
including Used conducted 2014 with
hazardous waste Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
Oil, (I 101), BFL Genetron International
during power July-December 2014. Kalayaan
(D407), x Marketing as its transporter
plant Pumped Storage Power Plant
Contaminated and treater. Said transport
maintenance Rehabilition, Expanstion and
Rags (I104) is covered by PTT No. 03-
and operation Upgrading Project.
and Lead 14-1014 issued on Oct. 28,
Acid Batteries 2014.
(D406). Hauling of used batteries
Hydropower Project
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Environmental
was conducted on 2014
with Oriental and Motolite
Marketing Corporation.
Said transport is covered
by PTT Nos. 03-14-0914-
1374 issued on Oct. 7,
2014.
Compliance Monitoring and
Hazwastes are properly
Temporary Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
stored with appropriate
storage of July-December 2014. Kalayaan
X containment and labeled
hazardous Pumped Storage Power Plant
as per provisions of
material Rehabilition, Expanstion and
RA6969;
Upgrading Project.
RA 8749 – Secured PTO for
1 MW diesel genset with
Reference Nos. 2013-POA-
0434-466 issued on
Air emission Compliance Monitoring and
October 31, 2013 and
from diesel Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
75Kva genset issued in
Genset genset July-December 2014. Kalayaan
X April 21, 2014. Fast
operation operation (1 Pumped Storage Power Plant
Laboratories has
MW and 75 Rehabilition, Expanstion and
conducted ambient air
kVA) Upgrading Project.
sampling was conducted
on 2014. Parameters
tested include TSP, NOx
and SOx.
Quarterly ambient noise
quality monitoring Compliance Monitoring and
Generation conducted by Fast Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
ambient and Laboratories witnessed by July-December 2014. Kalayaan
Plant operation X
occupational the MMT members last Pumped Storage Power Plant
noise level Aug. 11 and Nov. 13, 2014; Rehabilition, Expanstion and
Results passed DENR Upgrading Project.
standards for ambient
Hydropower Project
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Environmental
noise sampling .
Fast laboratories Inc.

conducted effluent
sampling on 2014.
Results obtained from the Compliance Monitoring and
parameters ph, Verification Report (CMVR) Form.
Effluent temperature, BOD, COD, July-December 2014. Kalayaan
Plant operation X
discharge potassium, conductivity, Pumped Storage Power Plant
turbidity, TSS, nitrates, Rehabilition, Expanstion and
phosphates, DO, oil & Upgrading Project.
grease, and total coliform
showed compliance to
DENR Standards.
4.2 Wildlife
No known wildlife in the surrounding area.
Hydropower Project
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4.3 Human environment and activity
A study was conducted by................................................to assess the vulnerability assessment of

the community in the watershed. It was carried out in the three municipalities within the Caliraya
watershed area, namely: Lumban, Cavinti and Kalayaan. Five barangays sites were chosen
based on the criteria due to their exposure to rapid development such as establishment of
resorts, rest houses, golf course and other business activities; and the residential near the
lakeshore area.
Through the years, the sustainable management of the watershed has becoming more difficult
to achieve because of increasing population and anthropogenic activities inside the watershed
such as Ilegal logging, real estate development, ecotourism, and land conversion to resorts, rest
house, golf course, and other conflicting uses.
The degradation and over-exploitation of watershed’s natural resources resulted to the following
environmental impacts:
 Soil erosion and siltation of rivers, streams and the lake
 Imbalances in the ecosystem of the watershed.
 Removal of trees that used to prevent or minimize erosion has depleted the fertility of the
soil, resulting to poor productivity putting it in a vulnerable condition.
Awareness on the Impacts of Environmental Changes in the Watershed
Respondents identified stressors or pressures of environmental changes were:

 land-use conversion (51%),
 changing rainfall patter (38%),
 strong wind (34%),
 deforestation (31%),
 reduced fish catch in the rivers, streams and the lake (18%).
The observed changes were brought by: rapid urbanization and economic development,
misuse and abuse in cutting of secondary-growth forest trees used for charcoal production, in-
migration of local migrants, slash and burn practices, collection of flora and fauna, and
microclimatic change like prolonged dry season.
Social and Economic Impacts
Social and economic impacts are indicators of negative conditions that affect the welfare of
the community such as:
 increase health problem and cause of diseases (3.32);
 poor peace and order condition (3.27);
 loss of income and livelihood (3.23);
 conflict of interest on the use and access of resources (2.67);
 displacement of people (2.46);
 and insecurity of land tenure (2.26).
Hydropower Project
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The major impacts of the environmental changes on the social and economic condition of the
watershed were perceived as “high”, which makes the area vulnerable to occurrence of
natural phenomena or man-made disaster.
Environmental Impacts
 Among the various environmental impacts, the most perceived negative impacts were:
 low power generation (3.26);
 inadequate and poor quality of water for domestic use (2.95);
 poor water quality and water bodies’ pollution (2.89);
 decrease in fish catch (2.87)
 and loss of wildlife habitat and indigenous plant species (2.80),
5. Proposed solutions on environment risk reduction
Hydropower Project
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6. References
Environmental Impact Assessment of Hydroelectric Power Plant. Leeza Malik and Tushar Singla.
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Environmental and Health Impacts of Electricity Generation. A Comparison of the Environmental

Impacts of Hydropower with those of Other Generation Technologies. The International Energy
Agency-Implementing Agreement for Hydropower Technologies and Programmes. June 2002.
Assessing Vulnerability to Environmental Changes of Caliraya Watershed Areas in Laguna,

Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management. December 2010. Aurora S. Jose
and Virginia R. Cardenas.
Compliance Monitoring and Verification Report (CMVR) Form. July-December 2014. Kalayaan
Pumped Storage Power Plant Rehabilition, Expanstion and Upgrading Project.
Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Practices at a Man-made Resort in the Philippines

(July 2015). Merlita C. Medallon1, Katherine Joyce P. Maglalang2,
Karen Gale A. Pamanano2, Nathalie Iris L. Panganiban2
1Research Director LPU-L, 2BS Tourism Graduates, LPU-L
CBK Power Company limited.

http://www.cbkpower.com/our-power-plants/generators/
Hydropower Project
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7. Appendices
Hydropower Project
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EnE 298 – Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Technology Group 3

1.1 Name of facility, owners/operators

The Caliraya hydropower are now operated by two companies:

1. Caliraya Dam is operated by the Philippines government, Napocor (National Power

1.2 Project location (location and area covered)

Picture 1 - Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant

Picture 3 - Caliraya Dam. Source: Wikipedia

1.3 Project background

Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant

1 Source: Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliraya_Dam

1.4 History of Caliraya Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plants

Caliraya Power Plant

2. Operational and performance of hydropower

2.1 System capacity

2.1.1. Caliraya Dam

Creates Lake Caliraya

Caliraya Dam and Lumot

92,000 square metres

2.1.2 Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant

Caliraya Power Plant capacity is 35 MW; Dependable capacity is 35 MW (100% capacity). It is

Diagram 2 – Power generation

2.2 Mode (e.g. solar, wind, etc.) and Frequency of Operation

2.3 Product/Rated capacity and actual output

Commented [SV2]: This picture needs to be modified

3. Description of surrounding areas (inhabited places, natural habitats, bodies of

3.1 Climate, Air Quality and Noise Level

3.2 Water Resources

3.3 Wildlife Ecology

7Initial Environmental Examination. Philippines: Angat Water Transmisssion Improvement Project.

4. Impacts and risks of system and support infrastructure8

4.1 Natural environment

Impacts to air (from Power Plants operation)

8Assessing Vulnerability to Environmental Changes of Caliraya Watershed Areas in Laguna,

Fast laboratories Inc.

No known wildlife in the surrounding area.

4.3 Human environment and activity

A study was conducted by................................................to assess the vulnerability assessment of

Awareness on the Impacts of Environmental Changes in the Watershed

Respondents identified stressors or pressures of environmental changes were:

Social and Economic Impacts

5. Proposed solutions on environment risk reduction

Environmental and Health Impacts of Electricity Generation. A Comparison of the Environmental

Assessing Vulnerability to Environmental Changes of Caliraya Watershed Areas in Laguna,

Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Practices at a Man-made Resort in the Philippines

CBK Power Company limited.

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