September 5, 2017

11- Ramirez Ms. Malanao

JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH MGA PANGET

Volcanoes create vents for the lava. Volcanic vents through which lava erupts, usually without any
explosive activity. The vent is often a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long.

Kilauea is one of the world’s most active volcanoes. It is a shield-type volcano that makes up the
southeastern side of the Big Island of Hawaii. American Plate & Eurasian Plate has a wide of 50
kilometers wide and moves continuously about 20 millimeters in a year.

Beneath the crust, the entire earth is divided into pieces called Plates. Plate Tectonic Theory is the
continuous movement of plates, made by Dan McKenzie.

Waves can determined the properties of Earth’s Interior and its activity as a whole. Andrew Celsius is a
Swedish Physicist that measures the sea level by using a mark of year (1731) on a stone in the sea.

Convection is a process by which hot dense materials flows and when it reach the surface it cools down
and the materials sink. There are three conditions or implications of mantle composition, these are the
following: a.) Thermal Properties b.) Viscosity of Fluid c.) How deep the layer is

A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics.
This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic
crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary.

Volcanism in places like Hawaii fits into the mantle convection because it is said that it sits above a
plume. Dan Mackenzie discovered that lava comes from a deep mantle plume that has risen from deep
within the Earth.

Plume is sitting under the Pacific plate which has been moving across it for a hundred of million years.
Plumes were said not to just shape the Earth’s surface but also they may change the course of evolution.
So the volcanic islands that the plume created in the past have been carried away by the moving plate.
Beneath the crust, beneath the plates, the rocks of the mantle moved to their own rhythm. Deccan
Traps consists of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt. An evidence of volcanism in India. A mammal
teeth found from the Deccan boundaries gave scientist a date in which the mantle plumes reached the
surface. It is said to be 65 million years. Ang ganda koooooo. They belonged to Cretaceous period which
is also the Cretaceous period that saw the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Pangaea is a theory that the continents before are connected to each other formed a supercontinent
called Pangaea. It is said that all continents fit to each other like a jigsaw puzzle but except to one
continent which is known as the Iceland. Hahahhahahaha di nagbasa magpapasa neto. Iceland is the
largest volcanic island on the planet. It is above the water only because it is keep afloat up by a mantle
plume. About 60 million years ago, Greenland was sitting next to Scotland. A big hot plume of mantle
came up between Greenland and Scotland which causes them to split apart.

As the large plume came from inside the Earth it started to erupt lava flow, after lava flow. These lava
flows pumping into the atmosphere vast amount of gases such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide,
chlorine, and also large amount of dusts scattering in the sky. Acid rain also follows. After the eruption,
almost 60% of the species disappear from the earth. Plate tectonics means that continents don’t just
separate, they might also collide.
 September 5, 2017
11- Ramirez Ms. Malanao