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Refresher Course
An ordered pair of real numbers, called the coordinates of a point, locates a point in the Cartesian plane.
Each ordered pair corresponds to exactly one point in the Cartesian plane.
For numbers 1-2, use the following condition: Two insects M and T are initially at a point A(-4, -7) on
a Cartesian plane.
1. If M traveled 7 units to the right and 8 units downward, at what point is it now?
Solution: (-4+7, -7-8) or (-3,-15)
2. If T traveled 5 units to the left and 11 units downward, at what point is it now?
Solution: (-4-5, -7-11) or (-9, -18)
Solution: AB = 2 5 2 1 4 2 9 2 3 2 9 9 18 or 9 2 or 3 2 .
1. If L traveled 5 units to the left and 4 units upward, at what point is it now?
A) (-6, 7) B) (4, 7) C) (-6, -1) D) (4, -7)
2. If O traveled 6 units to the right and 2 units upward, at what point is it now?
A) (7, 5) B) (5,5) C) (-7, 5) D) (-5, -5)
3. Two buses leave the same station at 9:00 p.m. One bus travels at the rate of 30 kph and the other travels at 40
kph. If they go on the same direction, how many km apart are the buses at 10:00 p.m.?
A) 70 km B) 10 km C) 140 km D) 50 km
4. Two buses leave the same station at 8:00 a.m. One bus travels at the rate of 30 kph and the other travels at 40
kph. If they go on opposite direction, how many km apart are the buses at 9:00 a.m.?
A) 70 km B) 10 km C) 140 km D) 50 km
5. Two buses leave the same station at 7:00 a.m. One bus travels north at the rate of 30 kph and the other travels
east at 40 kph. How many km apart are the buses at 8:00 a.m.?
A) 70 km B) 10 km C) 140 km D) 50 km
6. Which of the following is true about the quadrilateral with vertices A(0,0), B(-2,1), C(3,4) and D(5,3)?
i) AD and BC are equal
ii) BD and AC are equal
iii) AB and CD are equal
A) both i and iii B) ii only C) both ii and iii D) i, ii, and iii
B. Slope of a line
y1 y2 y2 y1
a) The slope of the non-vertical line containing A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) is m or m .
x1 x2 x2 x1
b) The slope of the line parallel to the x-axis is 0.
c) The slope of the line parallel to the y-axis is undefined.
d) The slope of the line that leans to the right is positive.
e) The slope of the line that leans to the left is negative.
Reminders:
A line that leans to the right has positive slope. The steeper the line, the higher the slope is.
p q r
The slopes of lines p, q, r are all positive. Of the three slopes, the slope of line p is the lowest, the slope
of r is the highest.
t s u
The slopes of lines t, s, u are all negative. Of the three slopes, t is the highest, while u has the lowest (because
the values are negative.)
Exercises
x y
4. What is the slope of + =1 ?
4 9
A) 0.4 B) 2.25 C) - 0.4 D) -
2.25
F. Segment division
Given segment AB with A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2).
x1 x2 y1 y2
The midpoint M of segment AB is M ( , ).
2 2
r1 AP r1
If a point P divides AB in the ratio so that , then the coordinates of P(x,y) can be
r2 PB r2
r1 x2 r2 x1 r1 y2 r2 y1
obtained using the formula x and y .
r1 r2 r1 r2
G. Distance of a point from a line
1. Write an equation in standard form for the line passing through (–2,3) and (3,4).
a. 5x – y = -13 b. x – 5y = 19 c. x – y = -5 d. x – 5y = –17
2. Write an equation in slope intercept form for the line with a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of 28.
a. y = –3x + 28 b. y = 0.5x + 28 c. y = 3x + 28 d. y = 3x + 21
3. Write the equation in standard form for a line with slope of 3 and a y-intercept of 7.
a. 3x – y = –7 b. 3x + y = 7 c. 3x + y = 7 d. –3x + y = –7
5. Write the standard equation of the line parallel to the graph of x – 2y – 6 = 0 and passing through (0,1).
a. x + 2y = –2 b. 2x – y = –2 c. x – 2y = –2 d. 2x + y = –2
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515 3
6. Write the equation of the line perpendicular to the graph of x = 3 and passing through (4, –1).
a. x – 4 = 0 b. y + 1 = 0 c. x + 1 = 0 d. y – 4 = 0
7. For what value of d will the graph of 6x + dy = 6 be perpendicular to the graph 2x – 6y = 12?
a. 0.5 b. 2 c. 4 d. 5
In terms of locus of points, a conic is defined as the path of a point, which moves so that its distance
from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus of the
conic, the fixed line is called the directrix of the conic, and the constant ratio is called the eccentricity, usually
denoted by e.
A. The Circle
1. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on the plane. The fixed
point is called the center, and the distance from the center to any point of the circle is called the radius.
2. Equation of a circle
a) general form: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b) center-radius form: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 where the center is at (h,k) and the radius is equal to r.
Exercises
y
1.5
c. (2,-1) d. (3,-2) 0 x
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-0.5
-1.5
c. ( y 1) 2 x 3 1 d. ( y 1) 2 x 3 1 -2
B. The Parabola
1. Definition. A parabola is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is the
directrix.
a) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (a,0) is y2 = 4ax. The parabola
opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
b) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (0,a) is x2 = 4ay. The parabola
opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
c) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h + a, k) is (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h).
The parabola opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
d) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h, k + a) is (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k).
g) General form: y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
3. Parts of a Parabola
a) The vertex is the point, midway between the focus and the directrix.
b) The axis of the parabola is the line containing the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. The
parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis.
c) The latus rectum is the chord drawn through the focus and parallel to the directrix (and therefore
perpendicular to the axis) of the parabola.
d) In the parabola y2=4ax, the length of latus rectum is 4a, and the endpoints of the latus rectum are (a,
-2a) and (a, 2a).
In the figure at the right, the vertex of the parabola is the origin,
the focus is F(a,o), the directrix is the line containing LL ' ,
the axis is the x-axis, the latus rectum is the line containing CC ' .
16
The graph of x
2
y. The graph of (y-2)2 = 8 (x-3).
3
C. Ellipse
1. An ellipse is the set of all points P on a plane such that the sum of the distances of P from two fixed points
F’ and F on the plane is constant. Each fixed point is called focus (plural: foci).
2. Equation of an Ellipse
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at (0, b) and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at ( b, 0) and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
b2 a2
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the principal axis is vertical and
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2 y
3. Parts of an Ellipse
B(0,b 2
(c, ba )
2
(c, ba )
)
For the terms described below, refer to the ellipse
shown with center at O, vertices at V’(-a,0) and V(a,0),
foci at F’(-c,0) and F(c,0), endpoints of the minor axis V’(- F’(- O F(c,0) V(a,0 x
at B’(0,-b) and B(0,b), endpoints of one latus rectum a,0) c,0) )
2
(c, ba )
2
b2 b2 (c, ba )
at G’ (-c, ) and G(-c, ) and the other at B’(0,-
a a
b2 b2 b)
H’ (c, ) and G(c, ).
a a
a) The center of an ellipse is the midpoint of the segment joining the two foci. It is the intersection of
the axes of the ellipse. In the figure above, point O is the center.
b) The principal axis of the ellipse is the line containing the foci and intersecting the ellipse at its
vertices. The major axis is a segment of the principal axis whose endpoints are the vertices of the
ellipse. In the figure, V 'V is the major axis and has length of 2a units.
c) The minor axis is the perpendicular bisector of the major axis and whose endpoints are both on the
ellipse. In the figure, B' B is the minor axis and has length 2b units.
d) The latus rectum is the chord through a focus and perpendicular to the major axis. G' G and
2b 2
H ' H are the latus rectum, each with a length of .
a
y
y
(2,6)
(0, 3) (8,5)
(-6,4)
(-4,9) (4, 9)
5 5
(2,1)
(-5,0) (-4,0) (4,0) (5,0) (-8,1) (12,1)
O x O x
(4,-9)
(8,3)
(-4,-9) 5
5
(0, -3) (2,-4)
x2 y2 ( x 2) 2 ( y 1) 2
The graph of 1. The graph of 1.
25 9 100 25
4. Kinds of Ellipses
a) Horizontal ellipse. An ellipse is horizontal if its principal axis is horizontal. The graphs above are both
horizontal ellipses.
b) Vertical ellipse. An ellipse is vertical if its principal axis is vertical.
D. The Hyperbola
1. A hyperbola is the set of points on a plane such that the difference of the distances of each point on the set
from two fixed points on the plane is constant. Each of the fixed points is called focus.
2. Equation of a hyperbola
2. Parts of a hyperbola
For the terms described below, refer to the hyperbola shown which has its center at O, vertices at V’(-
b2
a,0) and V(a,0), foci at F’(-c,0) and F(c,0) and endpoints of one latus rectum at G’ (-c, ) and G(-c,
a
b2 b2 b2
) and the other at H’ (c, ) and H(c, ).
a a a
b) The two fixed points are called foci. In the figure, the foci are at ( c,0).
c) The line containing the two foci is called the principal axis. In the
figure, the principal axis is the x-axis.
d) The vertices of a hyperbola are the points of intersection of the
hyperbola and the principal axis. In the figure, the vertices are at ( a,0).
e) The segment whose endpoints are the vertices is called the transverse axis. In the figure V 'V is the
transverse axis.
f) The line segment with endpoints (0,b) and (0,-b) where b 2 c 2 a 2 is called the conjugate axis, and is a
perpendicular bisector of the transverse axis.
h) The chord through a focus and perpendicular to the transverse axis is called a latus rectum. In the figure,
b2 b2 2b 2
G' G is a latus rectum whose endpoints are G’ (-c, ) and G(-c, ) and has a length of .
a a a
y y
(6,9)
3y x 0
(0,3)
F’(- (-3,0) O (3,0) F(6,0) x
6,0)
O x
(0,-3)
3y x 0
(6,-9) F’(0,-
6)
x2 y2 y2 x2
The graph of 1. The graph of 1.
9 27 9 27
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices given and write the corresponding letter of your choice.
4. Which of the following is the area of the triangle formed with vertices M, A and H? y
a. 5 sq. units b. 10 sq. units c. 5 units d. 10 units
O(0,b) V
5. Which of the following is the equation of the line containing points A and T?
a. y= 2 b. x=2 c. y+2x=3 d. y-2x+3=0
x
6. Suppose that an isosceles trapezoid is placed on the Cartesian plane as shown 0 D(a,0)
E(b,0)
On the right, which of the following should be the coordinates of vertex V?
a. (a,b) b. (b+a, 0) c. (b-a,b) d. (b+a,b)
7. The points (-11,3), (3,8) and (-8,-2) are vertices of what triangle?
a. Isosceles b. Scalene c. Equilateral d. Right
11. Give the fourth vertex, at the third quadrant, of the parallelogram whose three vertices are (-1,-5), (2,1) and
(1,5).
a. (-3,-2) c. (-3,-4) c. (-4,-1) d. (-2,-1)
12. The line segment joining A(-2,-1) and B(3,3) is extended to C. If BC = 3AB, give the coordinates of C.
a. (17,12) b. (15,17) c. (18,15) d. (12,18)
13. The line L2 makes an angle of 600 with the L1. If the slope of L1 is 1, give the slope of L2.
a. (3 + 20.5) b. (2 + 20.5) c. –(2 + 30.5) d. –(3 + 30.5)
14. The angle from the line through (-4,5) and (3,m) to the line (-2,4) and (9,1) is 135 0. Give the value of m.
a.7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10
15. Which equation represents a line perpendicular to the graph of 2x + y = 2?
a. y = -0.5x – 2 b. y = –2x + 2 c. y = 2x – 2 d. y = 0.5x + 2
17. Which of the following may be a graph of x – y = a where a is a positive real number?
a. y b. y c. y d. y
x x x x
18. Write an equation in standard form for a line with a slope of –1 passing through (2,1).
a. x + y = –3 b. –x + y = 3 c. x + y = 3 d. x – y = –3
a. (1,1) b. (1,-1)
A
1
0 x
20. What is the distance between points A and H? -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
c. 51 units d. 8 units -1
21. Which of the following points has the coordinates (-2,-2)? -1.5
a. M b. A M -2
H
c. T d. H
y2 x2
25. Which of the following is a focus of 1?
12 4
a. (0,-4) b. (-4,0) c. (0,4) d. (4,0)
St. Louis Review Center-Inc-Davao Tel. no. (082) 224-2515 9
x2 y2
26. What are the x-intercepts of 1?
4 9
a. none b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
15
10
10
0 x
-5
-10
-10
-15
-15
c. y
d. y
2 2
1 .5 1.5
1 1
0.5
0 .5
0 x
0 x
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 - 1 .5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
- 3. 5 -3 -2 .5 -2 - 1. 5 -1 - 0. 5 0 0.5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3. 5
-0.5
-0 .5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1 .5
-2
-2
28. Which of the following is an equation of an ellipse that has 10 as length of the major axis and has foci which
are 4 units away from the center?
y2 x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y2 x2
a. 1 b. 1 c. 1 d. 1
25 9 9 16 5 3 16 25
the graph?
a. 100 y 2 25 x 2 2500 10
b. 100 x 2 25 y 2 2500
c. 100 y 2 25 x 2 2500
x
d. 100 x 2 25 y 2 2500 -30 -20 -10
0
0 10 20 30
c. 5 d. 10
a. (0,0) b. (0,10)
c. (0,5) c. (0,-10)
-10