PARABOLA

Preface

Parabola is a very important chapter regarding competitive examinations.

Sincere attempt have been made to make it clear. Before studying Parabola, students
are advised to clear their concepts in coordinate geometry. It is must that students is
well aware of Cartesian and Polar coordinate, fully knowledge of straight line and circle
before going through this chapter.

This book consists of theoretical & practical explanations of all the concepts involved
in the chapter. Each article followed by a ladder of illustration. At the end of the theory
part, there are miscellaneous solved examples which involve the application of multiple
concepts of this chapter.

Students are advised to go through all these solved examples in order to develop better
understanding of the chapter and to have better grasping level in the class.

Total No. of questions in Parabola are-

Inchapter Examples.......................................38

Solved Examples...........................................24

Total No. of questions............................. ....62

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1. DEFINITION 2.3 Vertex : The point of intersection of a parabola and
its axis is called the vertex of the Parabola.
A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in NOTE: The vertex is the middle point of the focus and
such a way that its distance from a fixed point is the point of intersection of axis and directrix
equal to its perpendicular distance from a fixed
2.4 Focal Length (Focal distance) : The distance of any
straight line.
point P (x, y) on the parabola from the focus is called
1.1 Focus : The fixed point is called the focus of the the focal length. i.e.
Parabola. The focal distance of P = the perpendicular distance
of the point P from the directrix.
1.2 Directrix : The fixed line is called the directrix of the 2.5 Double ordinate : The chord which is perpendicular
Parabola. to the axis of Parabola or parallel to Directrix is called
Y
double ordinate of the Parabola.
P (x, y)
2.6 Focal chord : Any chord of the parabola passing
M L
through the focus is called Focal chord.
2.7 Latus Rectum : If a double ordinate passes through
S
(focus) the focus of parabola then it is called as latus rectum.
X
Z A 2.7.1Length of latus rectum :
D ire ctrix
The length of the latus rectum = 2 x perpendicular
L’ distance of focus from the directrix.

2. TERMS RELATED TO PARABOLA 3. STANDARD FORM OF EQUATION OF

2.1 Eccentricity : If P be a point on the parabola and PARABOLA
PM and PS are the distances from the directrix and If we take vertex as the origin, axis as x- axis and
focus S respectively then the ratio PS/PM is called distance between vertex and focus as 'a' then equation
the eccentricity of the Parabola which is denoted by e. of the parabola in the simplest form will be-
Note: By the definition for the parabola e = 1. y 2 = 4ax
If e > 1 ⇒ Hyperbola, e = 0 ⇒ circle, e < 1
⇒ ellipse
2.2 Axis : A straight line passes through the focus and
perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis of
parabola.

y
L(a,2a) L
M
P
Focal chord
D irectrix x=a
D ouble ordinate
Foc a
l dista
nce

Vertex Focus
x
Z A S (a,0) axis
x+ a = 0

Latus Rectum
L’
y’ L’
(a,-2a)

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3.1 Parameters of the Parabola y 2 = 4ax
(i) Vertex A ⇒ (0, 0)
(ii) Focus S ⇒ (a, 0)
(iii) Directrix ⇒ x + a = 0
(iv) Axis ⇒ y = 0 or x– axis
(v) Equation of Latus Rectum ⇒ x = a
(vi) Length of L.R. ⇒ 4a
(vii) Ends of L.R. ⇒ (a, 2a), (a, – 2a)
(viii) The focal distance ⇒ sum of abscissa of
the point and distance between vertex and L.R.
(ix) If length of any double ordinate of parabola
y 2 = 4ax is 2 " then coordinates of end points
of this Double ordinate are
 "2   2 
 , "  and  " , − "  .
 4a   4a 
   
3.2 Other standard Parabola :
Y M
P1 Y

S Z M
Q1 P1
S A X
Z A
X X
Q1 Q1
Z M S P1

x2 = 4ay y2 = – 4 ax x2 = – 4ay

Equation of Vertex Axis Focus Directrix Equation of Length of

Parabola Latus rectum Latus rectum

y2 = 4ax (0, 0) y=0 (a, 0) x = –a x=a 4a

y2 = – 4ax (0, 0) y=0 (–a, 0) x=a x = –a 4a
x2 = 4ay (0, 0) x=0 (0, a) y= a y=a 4a
x2 = – 4ay (0, 0) x=0 (0, –a) y=a y = –a 4a

Examples
based on Standard form of an equation of Parabola

Ex.1 If focus of a parabola is (3,–4) and

directrix is x + y – 2 = 0, then its vertex is
(A) (4/15, – 4/13)
(B) (–13/4, –15/4)
(C) (15/2, – 13/2)
(D) (15/4, – 13/4)

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Sol. First we find the equation of axis of parabola, Thus the equation to the parabola is
which is perpendicular to directrix. So its equation (x + 1) 2 + y 2 =(x + 5)2
is x – y + k = 0. It passes through focus ⇒ y 2 = 8(x +3) Ans. [A]
S (3, –4) Ex.3 The equation of the directrix of the parabola
⇒ 3 – (–4) + k = 0 ⇒ k = –7 y 2 = 12x is-
Let Z is the point of intersection of axis and (A) x + 3 = 0 (B) y + 3 = 0
directrix. (C) x – 3 = 0 (D) y – 3 = 0
Solving equation x + y –2 = 0 and x –y–7=0 Sol. Here a = 3, so the equation of the directrix
gives Z (9/2, –5/2) is given by x = – a ⇒ x= – 3
Vertex A is the mid point of Z and S ⇒x+3=0
Ans. [A]
 
3+ 9 − 4− 5 
 15 13 
⇒ A 2 2  = A  ,− 
 2 ,   4 4 Ex.4 The equation of the latus rectum of the
 2 
  parabola x 2 = – 12y is-
Ans.[D]
(A) y = 3 (B) x = 3
Ex.2 The equation of the parabola whose vertex is
(–3, 0) and directrix is x + 5 = 0 is- (C) y = – 3 (D) x = –3
(A) y2 = 8(x + 3) Sol. Here a = 3 so the equation of the L.R. is
(B) y2 = – 8(x + 3) given by y = – a ⇒ y = – 3 Ans. [C]
(C) x2 = 8(y + 3)
(D) y2 = 8(x + 5) 4. REDUCTION TO STANDARD EQUATION
Sol. A line passing through the vertex (–3, 0) and If the equation of a parabola is not in standard form
perpendicular to directrix x + 5 = 0 is x-axis and if it contains second degree term either in y or
which is the axis of the parabola by definition. in x (but not in both) then it can be reduced into
Let focus of the parabola is (a, 0). Since standard form. For this we change the given equation
vertex, is the middle point of Z(–5, 0) and into the following forms-
focus S, therefore (y – k)2 = 4a (x – h) or (x – p) 2 = 4b (y – q)
(a − 5) And then we compare from the following table for the
−3 = ⇒ a = –1
2 results related to parabola.
∴ Focus = (–1,0)

Equation of Vertex Axis Focus Directrix Equation of L.R. Length of L.R.

Parabola

(y– k)2 = 4a (x–h) (h,k) y=k (h + a, k) x+a–h=0 x=a+h 4a

(x–p) 2 = 4b ( y–q) (p, q) x=p (p,b+ q) y+b–q=0 y=b+q 4b

Examples
based on Reduction to Standard eqn. of a Parabola

Ex.5 The axis of the parabola

9y 2 –16x –12y –57 = 0 is
(A) 3y = 2 (B) 2x = 3
(C) x +3y = 3 (D) y = 3

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Sol. 9y 2 –12y = 16x + 57 5. GENERAL EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
⇒ (3y – 2) 2 = 16x + 57
If (h,k) be the locus of a parabola and the equation
2
 2 16  61  of directrix is ax + by + c = 0, then its equation is
⇒  y−  = x +  given by
 3 9 16 
Which shows that equation of the axis is ax + by + c
y –2/3 = 0 or 3y = 2 ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k) 2 = which
Ans. [A] a 2 + b2
Ex.6 Vertex, focus, latus rectum, length of the gives (bx– ay)2 + 2gx + 2fy + d = 0 where g, f, d are the
latus rectum and equation of directrix of the constants.
parabola y2 = 4x +4y are Note:
(A) (1, 2), (0, 2), y = 0, 4,x = – 2 (i) It is a second degree equation in x and y and the
terms of second degree forms a perfect square and it
(B) (–1, 2), (0, 2), x = 0, 4, x = –2
contains at least one linear term.
(C) (–1, 2), (1, 2), x = 0, 4, x = 2
(ii) The general equation of second degree
(D) (–1, 2) (0, 2), y = 0, 2 , y = – 2 ax 2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a
Sol. Given parabola y 2 = 4x + 4y parabola, if
or (y – 2) 2 =4(x +1) (a) h2 = ab
or Y2 = 4X (b) ∆ = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 ≠ 0
Here X = x +1, Y= y – 2 6. EQUATION OF PARABOLA WHEN ITS VERTEX
vertex = (X = 0, Y = 0) AND FOCUS ARE GIVEN
or (x + 1 = 0, y – 2 = 0) ⇒ (–1, 2) 6.1 If both lie on either of the coordinate axis :
Focus (X = 1, Y = 0) In this case first find distance 'a' between these
points and taking vertex as the origin suppose the
or (x + 1 = 1, y – 2 = 0) ⇒ (0, 2)
equation as y 2 = 4ax or x2 = 4ay. Then shift the origin
Latus rectum ⇒ X = 1 ⇒ x = 0 to the vertex.
Length of Latus rectum = 4 6.2 When both do not lie on any coordinate axes
equation of the directrix is In this case first find the coordinates of Z and
X = –1 ⇒ x +1 = –1 ⇒ x = –2 equation of the directrix, then write the equation of
the parabola by the definition.
Ans. [B]
Ex.7 The vertex of the parabola x2 – 8y – x + 19 = 0 is- Examples Equation of Parabola when its vertex and
based on focus are given
 75 1   1 75 
(A)  ,  (B)  , 
 32 2   2 32 
1 75  Ex.8 If (0,4) and (0,2) are vertex and focus of
(C)  , −  (D) None of these parabola respectively, then its equation is-
2 32 
(A) y2 + 8x = 32 (B) y 2 – 8x = 32
Sol. The given equation of Parabola can be written 2
(C) x + 8y = 32 (D) x2 – 8y = 32
as Sol. Since vertex and focus are on y-axis, so
2 y-axis is the axis of the parabola.
 1 1
 x −  – 8y + 19 – =0 Distance between vertex and focus = 'a' = 2.
 2 4 So on taking vertex as origin, the equation of
2
 1 76 − 1 the parabola is x 2 = – 4ay
 x −  = 8y – (negative because vertex lies above the
 2 4
focus)
2
 1  75  or x2 = – 8y.
⇒  x −  = 8  y − 32 
 2   Now shifting the origin to its original position,
the required equation will be
 1 75 
∴ vertex =  2 , 32  x2 = –8(y – 4)
  ⇒ x2 + 8y = 32
Ans.[B] Ans. [C]
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7. PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF PARABOLA Note :
(i) If 't 1' and 't 2' are the Parameters of the ends
The parametric equation of Parabola y2 = 4ax are
of a focal chord of the Parabola y2 = 4ax, then
x = at 2, y = 2at
t1t2 = – 1
Hence any point on this parabola is (at2, 2 at) which (ii) If one end of focal chord of parabola is
is called as 't' point. (at2, 2at) , then other end will be (a/t2, – 2a/t)
Note: and length of focal chord = a (t + 1/t)2.
(i) Parametric equation of the Parabola x 2 = 4ay is (iii) The length of the chord joining two points 't1'
x = 2at, y = at 2 and 't 2' on the parabola y2 =4ax is
(ii) Any point on Parabola y2 = 4ax may also be written
a (t1 – t2) (t 1 + t 2 ) 2 + 4
as (a/t 2, 2 a/t)
(iii) The ends of a double ordinate of a parabola can be 4
8.2 Length of intercept = a (1 + m 2 )( a − mc )
taken as (at2 , 2 at) and (at2, – 2at) m2
(iv) Parametric equations of the parabola
(y – h)2 = 4a (x – k)2 is x – k = at2 and y – h= 2 at y = mx+c

Examples A
based on Parametric equation of Parabola

Ex.9 The parametric equation of the curve y2 = 8x are-

(A) x = 2t, y = 4t2 (B) x = 2t2, y = 4t
(C) x = t2 , y = 2t (D) None of these
Sol. Here a = 2; y = 2at ⇒ y = 2.2.t = 4t
x = at2 ⇒ x = 2t2 Ans. [B]
Ex.10 The parametric equation of the curve
(y– 2) 2 = 12 (x – 4) are-
(A) 6t, 3t 2 (B) 2 + 3t, 4 + t2 B
2
(C) 4 + 3t ,2 + 6t (D) None of these
Sol. Here a = 3 Examples
Chord
based on
y – 2 = 2at ⇒ y = 2 + 2.3t = 2 + 6t
x – 4 = at2 ⇒ x = 4 + 3.t2 = 4 + 3t2
Ex.12 If one extremity of the focal chord of the
Ans. [C]
parabola y 2 = 16x is (1,–4) then find other
Ex.11 Parameter t of a point (4,–6) of the parabola
extremity.
y2 = 9x is-
Sol. Here 2at = – 4 and a = 4
(A) 4/3 (B) – 4/3 (C) – 3/4 (D) – 4/5
Sol. Parametric coordinates of any point on −4 1
parabola y2 = 4 ax are (at2, 2 at) ⇒ t = 2.4 = – other extremity is
2
Here 4 a = 9 ⇒ a = 9/4
 4 − 2.4 
∴ y coordinate 2 at = – 6  ,  = (16,16) Ans.
 1 / 4 −1 / 2 
∴ 2 (9/4) t= – 6 ⇒ t = – 4/3 Ans. [B]
Ex.13 Find the length of a chord of a parabola
8. CHORD y 2 = 4x which passes through vertex and
makes an angle of 45º with x- axis.
8.1 Equation of chord joining any two points of a parabola
Sol. Let the equation of chord is y = mx + c
Let the points are (at1 2, 2 at1) and (at22 , 2 at2) then
equation of chord is- Here m = tan 45º = 1
2at 2 − 2at1 as it passes through vertex (0,0) c = 0
(y– 2at1) = (x – at 12) Hence the equation is y = x and a = 1
at 22 − at12
2 " = 4 1 (1 + 1)(1 − 0) = 4 2 Ans.
⇒ y – 2at1 = t + t (x – at 12)
1 2 Ex.14 Length of intercept by the line 4y = 3x – 48
⇒ (t1 + t2) y = 2x + 2at1 t2 on the parabola y 2 = 64x is-

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 9 1600 Examples
(A) (B) based on
Condition of tangency
1600 9
160 Ex.16 The line y = mx + 1 is a tangent to the
(C) (D) None of these
9 parabola y2 = 4x if
Sol. 4y = 3x – 48 ⇒ m = 3/4, c = –12 (A) m = 1 (B) m = 4
y 2 = 64x ⇒ a = 16 (C) m = 2 (D) m = 3
4 Sol. Here a = 1, c = 1, m = m. Now applying
Length of intercept = a (1 + m 2 ) (a − mc) condition of tangency c = a/m, we have
m2
1 = 1/m ⇒ m = 1
4  9  3
= ×16 16 1 +  16 + 12 ×  = 1600 Ans. [A]
9  16   4 9 Ex.17 If the line 2x – 3y = k touches the parabola
Ans. [B] y2 = 6x, then the value of k is
(A) 27/4 (B) –81/4
9. POSITION OF A POINT AND A LINE WITH
(C) – 7 (D) – 27/4
RESPECT TO A PARABOLA 3y + k
Sol. Given x = ...(1)
9.1 Position of a point with respect to a parabola 2
A point (x 1, y1) lies inside, on or outside of the region and y2 = 6x ...(2)
of the parabola y 2 = 4ax according as y 12 – 4ax 1 <  3y + k 
⇒ y = 6
2

= or > 0  2 
9.2 Line and Parabola : ⇒ y2 = 3(3y + k)
The line y = mx + c will intersect a parabola ⇒ y2 – 9y – 3k = 0 ...(3)
y 2 = 4ax in two real and different, coincident or If line (1) touches parabola (2) then roots of
imaginary point, according as a – mc >, = < 0 quadratic equation (3) is equal
Ex.15 For the parabola y2 = 8x point (2, 5) is 27
∴ (– 9) 2 = 4 × 1 × (– 3k) ⇒ k = −
(A) Inside the parabola 4
(B) Focus Ans. [D]
(C) Outside the parabola 10.2Equation of Tangent
(D) On the parabola 10.2.1 Point Form : The equation of tangent to the
parabola y 2 = 4ax at the point (x 1 , y 1 ) is
Sol. (y2 – 8x)x = 2, y = 5 = (5)2 – 8 × 2 = 9 > 0
yy1 = 2a(x + x1) or T = 0
⇒ Point (2, 5) is outside parabola y 2 = 8x
10.2.2 Parametric Form : The equation of the
Ans. [C]
tangent to the parabola at t i.e. (at2, 2at) is
ty = x + at2
10. TANGENT TO THE PARABOLA
10.2.3 Slope Form : The equation of the tangent of the
parabola y2 = 4ax is
10.1 Condition of Tangency : If the line y = mx + c touches a
a parabola y2 = 4ax then c = a/m y = mx +
m
Note: 2
(at ,2at)
(i) The line y = mx + c touches parabola x 2 = 4ay
if c = – am2
(ii) The line x cos α + y sin α = p touches the parabola
y 2 = 4ax if a sin2 α + p cos α = 0
(iii) If the equation of parabola is not in standard form, Note :
then for condition of tangency, first eliminate one
(i) y = mx + a/m is a tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax
variable quantity (x or y) between equations of for all value of m and its point of contact is (a/m2, 2a/m).
straight line and parabola and then apply the condition
(ii) y = mx – am2 is a tangent to the parabola x2 = 4ay
B 2 = 4AC for the quadratic equation so obtained. for all value of m and its point of contact is
(2am, am2)
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(iii) Point of intersection of tangents at points t1 and t2 Ex.21 If a tangent to the parabola y 2 = ax makes
of parabola is [at1t2, a(t1 +t2)] an angle of 45º with x- axis, then its point of
(iv) Two perpendicular tangents of a parabola meet on its contact is-
directrix. So the director circle of a parabola is its a a a a
directrix or tangents drawn from any point on the (A)  ,  (B)  , 
4 2 2 2
directrix are always perpendicular.
(v) The tangents drawn at the end points of a focal  a a  a a
chord of a parabola are perpendicular and they meet (C)  − ,  (D)  − , 
 2 4  4 2
at the directrix.
Sol. The slope of the tangent = tan 45º = 1
Examples
based on Equation of tangent ∴ m = 1 and a ≡ a/4
 a / 4 2 .a / 4   a a 
Ex.18 The equation of the tangent to the parabola ∴ Point of contact =  2 , 1  =  4 , 2 
 1   
y2 = 4ax at the points (3, 2) is
Ans. [A]
(A) 3y + x +3 = 0 (B) 3x + y +3 = 0
(C) 3x = y +3 (D) 3y = x +3 Ex.22 Find the common tangent of the parabola
Sol. Since (3, 2) lies on the parabola y 2 = 4ax, so x2 =4ay and y2 = 4ax(m > 0).
4 = 12a ⇒ a = 1/3 Sol. Equation of tangent for x2 = 4ay is y = mx – am2
Now using T = 0, the equation of the tangent as this line also touches y2 = 4ax
at (3, 2) is ∴ – am2 = a/m (c = a/m)
y(2) = 2a(x + 3) ⇒m =–1
3
1
⇒ y = (x + 3) ⇒m=–1
3
∴ equation of tangent ⇒ x + y + a = 0
⇒ 3y = x + 3
Ans.
Ans. [D]
Ex.19 The equation of the tangent to the parabola
11. NORMAL TO THE PARABOLA
y2 = 12x drawn at the upper end of its latus
rectum is 11.1 Equation of Normal :
(A) y = x + 3 (B) x + y = 3
11.1.1 Point Form : The equation to the normal at the
(C) y = x – 3 (D) None of these
Sol. Here a = 3, so the upper end of LR = (3, 6). point (x1, y 1) of the parabola y2 = 4ax is given by
Hence the equation of the tangent at this − y1
point is y(6) = 6(x + 3) y – y1 = (x – x1 )
2a
⇒y=x+3 Ans. [A] 11.1.2 Parametric Form : The equation to the normal
Ex.20 The slope of tangent lines drawn from (3, 8)
at the point (at2,2at) is y + tx = 2at + at3
to the parabola y2 = –12x are
(A) –3, –1/3 (B) 3, 1/3 11.1.3 Slope Form : Equation of normal in terms of
(C) 3, –1/3 (D) –3, 1/3 slope m is y = mx – 2am – am3.
Sol. Since 82 + 12 × 3 ≠ 0, therefore the point Note :
(3, 8) is not on the parabola
(i) the foot of the normal is (am2, –2am)
Now equation of any tangent to the parabola
y2 = –12x is written as (ii) Condition for normal : The line y = mx + c
3 is a normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax if
y = mx –   c = –2am – am3 and x2 = 4ay
m
Since this line passes through (3, 8) a
if c = 2a +
3 m2
∴ 8 = 3m –   ⇒ 3m2 – 8m – 3 = 0 (iii) Normal Chord : If the normal at 't1' meets
m
1 the parabola y2 = 4ax again at the point ' t2'
Solving this equation, we get m = 3, – then this is called as normal chord. Again for
3
Ans. [C] 2
normal chord t2 = – t1 –
t1
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 Sol. Equation of Normal y = mx – 2 am – am3
Here a = 1 and it passes through (3,0)
0 = 3m – 2m – m3
⇒ m3 – m = 0
⇒ m = 0, ± 1
for m = 0 ⇒ y = 0
m = 1 ⇒ y = x – 3
m = –1 ⇒ y = – x + 3
(iv) If two normal drawn at point ' t1' and ' t 2'
Ans.
meet on the parabola then t 1t2 =2
Ex.27 If the normal of the parabola y 2 = 4ax drawn
Examples
based on Equation and properties of Normal at (a, 2a) meets the parabola again at the
point (at 2, 2at) then t is equal to-
Ex.23 The equation of normal at the point (a/m2 , 2a/m) (A) 3 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) –3
on the parabola y2 = 4ax is- Sol. If t' be the parameter of the given point, then
(A) m3 y = m2x – 2am 2 – a 2at' = 2a ⇒ t' = 1
(B) y = mx – 2am – am3 2
(C) m3y = 2am2 – m2x + a Now t= – t' –
t′
(D) None of these 2
Sol. The equation of the normal at (at2 , 2at) of the ⇒ t = –1 – = – 3
1
parabola y 2 = 4ax is written as Ans. [D]
y + tx = 2at + at3
Ex.28 Find the point where the normal at (4,4)
For the given point t = 1/m, therefore equation
meets the parabola y2 = 4x
of required normal is written as
Sol. Here a = 1 and
3
1 1 1  at12 = 4 ⇒ t 1 = 2
y +   x = 2a   + a  
 
m  
m m 2
t2 = – 2 – = – 3
⇒ m y = 2am – m x + a
3 2 2
2
Ans. [C] Point is (at 22, 2 at2) = {(–3)2,2.1.(–3)}= (9,– 6)
Ex.24 Find the equation of a normal at the parabola Ans.
y2 = 4x which is parallel to the line y = 3x + 4. Ex.29 If two of the normal of the parabola y 2 = 4x,
Sol. Let the equation is y = 3x + c that pass through (15, 12) are 4x + y = 72,
This is normal to the parabola y2 = 4x then and 3x – y = 33, then the third normal is
c = – 2 am – am3 (A) y = x – 3 (B) x + y = 3
= – 2.3 – 33 ( a = 1) (C) y = x + 3 (D) None of these
= – 33 Sol. Here, If m 1, m2, m3 are slopes of normal, then
Hence equation is y = 3x – 33
m1+m2+m3=0 and m1m2m3 = y1
Ans. a
Ex.25 If the line x + y = 1 is a normal to the parabola a = 1 here m 1 = –4, m2 = 3
y2 = kx, then the value of k is ∴ – 4 + 3 + m3 = 0 ⇒ m3 = 1
Sol. As line y = –x + 1 is the normal to the 12
Also (–4) (3) (1) = – is satisfied.
parabola y2 = kx then 1
1 = – 2(a)(– 1) – a(– 1)3 But (15, 12) satisfies y = x – 3
⇒ a = 1/3 Hence (A) is correct answer
⇒ 4a = k ⇒ k = 4/3 Ans. [A]
Ans. Note: As seen value of m3 is not sufficient to locate
Ex.26 Find the equation of a normal at the parabola the correct answer. The answer should be
y2 = 4x which passes through (3,0). confirmed before it is reported.

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Ex.30 If two normal drawn from any point to the Ex.31 The equation of pair of tangents drawn from
parabola y2 = 4ax makes angle α and β with the (1,4) to the parabola y 2 =12x is-
axis such that tan α.tan β = 2, then locus of this (A) 3x 2 + y2 – 10 x + 4y – 3 = 0
point is- (B) 3x2 + y2 – 10 x + 4xy + 4y – 3 = 0
(A) y2 = 4ax (B) x2 = 4ay (C) 3x2 + y2 + 10 x – 4xy – 4y + 3 = 0
(C) y2 = – 4ax (D) x2 = –4ay (D) x2 + 3y2 + 10 x + 4xy – 4y – 3 = 0
Sol. Let the point is (h, k). The equation of any Sol. From formula SS 1 = T2
normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax is (y2 – 12x). 4 = (4y – 6x – 6)2
y = mx – 2am – am3 ⇒ 3x2 + y 2 +10x – 4xy – 4y + 3 = 0
passes through (h, k) Ans. [C]
k = mk – 2am – am3 Ex.32 Find the locus of perpendicular tangents of
am3 + m(2a – h) + k = 0 ...(i) the parabola x 2 – 4x + 2y + 3 = 0
m1, m2, m3 are roots of the equation Sol. The given equation of parabola can be
k written as
then m1.m2 . m3 = – x 2 – 4x + 4– 4 + 2y + 3 = 0
a
k ⇒ (x–2)2 + 2y – 1 = 0
but m1m2 = 2, m3 = –
2a ⇒ (x–2)2 = – 2 (y – 1/2)⇒ 4a = 2
m3 is root of (i) ⇒ a =1/2
3 Directrix ⇒ y – 1/2 = 1/2 ⇒ y = 1
a  −
k  k
 – (2a – h) + k = 0 ⇒ k 2 = 4ah is the equation of locus.
 2a  2a
Ans.
Thus locus is y2 = 4ax
13. CHORD OF CONTACT
Ans. [A]
The equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn
12. PAIR OF TANGENTS
from a point (x1 , y1) to the parabola y2 = 4ax is
If the point (x1, y1 ) is outside the parabola, then two
tangents can be drawn. The equation of pair of
tangents drawn to the parabola y2 = 4ax is given by
SS1 = T2

yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
This equation is same as equation of the tangents
at the point (x1, y 1).
Note :
i.e. (y2 – 4ax) (y 12 – 4ax 1) = [yy1 – 2a(x + x 1)]2
(i) The chord of contact joining the point of contact of
12.1Locus of point of Intersection of tangents two perpendicular tangents always passes through
focus.
The locus of point of intersection of tangent to the
parabola y2 = 4ax which are having an angle θ between (ii) Lengths of the chord of contact is
them is given by y2 – 4ax = (a+x)2 tan2 θ 1
a ( y1 − 4ax 1 )( y 1 + 4 a )
2 2 2
Note :
(i) If θ = 0º or π then locus is (y2 –4 ax) = 0 (iii) Area of triangle formed by tangents drawn from
which is the given parabola. (x 1 , y1 ) and their chord of contact is
(ii) If θ = 90º, then locus is x + a = 0 which is 1
( y12 − 4ax 1 ) 3 / 2
the directrix of the parabola. 2a

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Examples 15. DIAMETER OF THE PARABOLA
based on Chord of contact
The locus of the mid points of a system of parallel
Ex.33 The chord of contact drawn from (2,4) to the chords of a parabola is called a diameter of the
parabola y 2 = 4x is- parabola. Y
(A) 2y = x – 2 (B) y = 2x + 2
(C) y = 2x – 1 (D) 2y = x + 2
Sol. Here a = 1 equation of chord of contact is
Diameter
yy1= 2a (x + x1)
O
4y = 2 (x + 2) ⇒ 2y = x + 2 Ans.[D] X

Ex.34 The area of triangle made by the chord of

contact and tangents drawn from point (4,6) The equation of a system of parallel chord
to the parabola y 2 = 8x is- y = mx + c with respect to the parabola y2 = 4ax is
1 2a
(A) (B) 2 given by y =
2 m
1
(C) 3 (D) None of these Ex.37 The equation of system of parallel chords of the
2
1 2
Sol. Area = (y 2 – 4ax1)3/2 parabola y 2 = x is y + 2x + 1 = 0 then find its
2a 1 3
Here a = 2, (x1, y 1) = (4,6) diameter.
1
∴ Area of triangle = (36– 32)3/2 2 1
2.2 Sol. Here 4a = ⇒ a = and m = – 2
3 6
(4)3 / 2 2a
= =2
4 Diameter is y =
m
Ans. [B]
Ex.35 The length of chord of contact of tangents 1
2. 1
drawn from point (–2, –1) to the parabola ⇒y= 6 ⇒y =–
6
y2 = 4x is- −2
(A) 2 2 (B) 3 5 This is the required equation of diameter. Ans.
(C) 8 (D) None of these 15.1 Properties of Diameter :
Sol. Here a = 1, (x 1, y1) (–2, –1) (i) Every diameter of a parabola is parallel to its
Hence length of chord of contact axis.
1
= (y 12 − 4ax1 )(y1 2 + 4a 2 ) (ii) The tangents at the end point of a diameter
a is parallel to corresponding system of parallel
= (1 + 4)(1 − 4.1.( −2)) = 5 . 9 = 3 5 chords.
Ans. [B]
(iii) The tangents at the ends of any chord meet
14. EQUATION OF THE CHORD WITH GIVEN on the diameter which bisects the chord.
MIDPOINT 16.GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
The equation of the chord at the parabola PARABOLA
y2 = 4ax bisected at the point (x1, y1 ) is given by
T = S1 i.e. yy 1 – 2a(x + x1) = y 12 – 4ax1 (i) The sub tangent at any point on the parabola
is twice the abscissa or proportional to
Ex.36 Find the equation of a chord of the parabola
square of the ordinate of the point.
y2 = 6x if mid point of the chord is (– 1,1).
Sol. Here a = 3/2 (ii) The sub normal is constant for all points on
3 the parabola and is equal to its semi latus
y = – 2 (x –1) = 1 – 6 (–1) rectum 2a.
2
⇒ y – 3x + 3 = 7 ⇒y–3x=4
Ans.
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 (iii) The semi latus rectum of a parabola is the (ix) The abscissa of point of intersection R of tangents
H.M. between the segments of any focal at P(x1 , y1) and Q(x 2, y2 ) on the parabola is G.M. of
chord of a parabola i.e. if PQR is a focal abscissa of P and Q and ordinate of R is A.M. of
2 PQ .QR  x1 + x 2 
chord, then 2a = ordinate of P and Q thus R  x1 x 2 , 
PQ + QR
 2 
(iv) The tangents at the extremities of any focal (x) If vertex and focus of a parabola are on the
chord of a parabola intersect at right angles and x-axis and at distance a and a' from origin respectively
their point of intersection lies on directrix i.e. the
then equation of parabola
locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular
y2 = 4(a' – a) (x – a)
tangents is directrix.
(xi) The area of triangle formed by three points on a
(v) If the tangent and normal at any point P of
parabola is twice the area of the triangle formed by
parabola meet the axes in T and G respectively,
the tangents at these points.
then
(a) ST = SG = SP Examples
based on
Geometrical properties of a parabola
(b) ∠ PSK is a right angle, where K is the point
where the tangent at P meets the directrix. Ex.38 The latus rectum of a parabola whose focal
(c) The tangent at P is equally inclined to the chord is PSQ such that SP=3 and SQ= 2 is
axis and the focal distance. given by-

(vi) The locus of the point of intersection of the (A) 24/5 (B) 6/5
tangent at P and perpendicular from the focus on (C) 12/5 (D) None of these
this tangent is the tangent at the vertex of the Sol. Since the semi-latus rectum of a parabola is
parabola. the HM of segments of a focal chord.
(vii) If a circle intersect a parabola in four points, ∴ Semi-latus rectum =
then the sum of their ordinates is zero.
2SP . SQ 12 24
(viii) The area of triangle formed inside the parabola
SP + SQ = 5 ⇒ Latus rectum = 5
y2 = 4ax is
Ans. [A]
1
(y – y2)(y2 – y 3) (y3 – y 1) where y1,y2, y 3
8a 1
are ordinate of vertices of the triangle.

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 Review Chart for Standard Parabolas

y2 = 4ax x2 = 4ay

L1
S
L2 L1
Diagram Z A S A

L2 Z

Vertex (A) (0, 0) (0, 0)

Focus (S) (a, 0) (0,a)
Axis y=0 x=0
Directrix x+a=0 y+a=0
Equation of LR x–a=0 y–a=0
Length of LR 4a 4a
Extremities of LR(L1, L2) (a, 2a); (a, –2a) (2a, a) ; (–2a, a)
Focal distance of (x, y) x+a y+a
Parametric equations x = at2 , y = 2at x = 2at, y = at 2
Parametric points (at2, 2at) (2at, at2 )
Condition of tangency c = a/m c = –am 2
(for y = mx + c)
Tangent at (x1, y1) yy1 = 2a (x + x1) xx 1 = 2a (y + y1 )
Tangent in slope form y = mx + a/m y = mx – am2
point of contact of above (a/m2, 2a/m) (2am, am2)
Tangent at ' t' point ty = x + at2 tx = y + at2
Slope of tangent at ' t ' 1/t t

y1 2a
Normal at (x1, y1) y – y1 =– (x – x1) y – y 1 = − x (x – x1)
2a 1

Normal in slope form y = mx – 2am – am3 y = mx + 2a + a/m2

Foot of above normal (am2, –2am) (–2a/m, a/m2)
Normal at ' t ' point y + tx = 2at + at3 ty + x = 2at + at3
Slope of normal at 't' –t – 1/t
Condition of normal c = – 2am – am3 c = 2a + a/m 2
(for y = mx + c)
Director circle x+a=0 y+a=0
Diameter w.r.t. (y = mx + α) y = 2a/m x = 2am

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 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The vertex of the parabola y2 +6x – 2y +13 =0 is Sol. Here 4y2 – 4y = 6x + 5
(A) (1 , –1) (B) (–2, 1) 2
 1
(C) (3/2, 1) (D) (– 7/2,1) ⇒ 4 y −  = 6 (x + 1)
 2
Sol. We have : y2 + 6x – 2y + 13 = 0 1
⇒ y2 – 2y = –6x – 13 Put y – = Y, x + 1 = X
2
⇒ (y – 1)2 = – 6(x + 2) 3
The equation in standard form Y2 = X
Clearly, the vertex of this parabola is (–2, 1) 2
Ans. [B] 3 3
4a = ⇒a=
Ex.2 If vertex of parabola is (2, 0) and directrix is y- 2 8
axis, then its focus is- Y

(A) (2, 0) (B) (–2, 0)

(C) (–4, 0) (D) (4, 0)
Sol. Since the axis of the parabola is the line which (–3/8, 0) O X
(3/8, 0)
passes through vertex and perpendicular to the
directrix, therefore x-axis is the axis of the
parabola.
Directrix, X+a=0
Obviously Z ≡ (0, 0).
3
Let focus of the parabola is S (a, 0). Since vertex ⇒ x +1+ = 0 ⇒8x + 11 = 0
8
(2,0) is mid point of ZS, therefore
1
a+0 Axis is Y = 0 ⇒ y – = 0 ⇒ 2y – 1 = 0
= 2 ⇒ a = 4. 2
2 Ans. [C]
∴ Focus is (4, 0)
Ex.5 The angle subtended by double ordinate of
Ans. [D]
length 8a at the vertex of the parabola
Ex.3 If the focus of a parabola is (1, 0) and its directrix y2 = 4ax is-
is x + y = 5, then its vertex is-
(A) 45º (B) 90º (C) 60º (D) 30º
(A) (0, 1) (B) (0, –1)
(C) (2, 1) (D) (3, 2) Sol. Let (x 1, y 1) be any point on the parabola
y2 = 4ax, then length of double ordinate
Sol. Since axis is a line perpendicular to directrix, so
it will be x – y = k. It also passes from focus, 2y1 = 8a ⇒ y1 = 4a
therefore k = 1. y12 = 4ax1 ⇒ x 1 = 4a
So equation of axis is x – y = 1. ∴ vertices of double ordinate are
Solving it with x + y = 5, we get P(4a, 4a); Q(4a, –4a)
Z ≡ (3, 2). If A is the vertex(0, 0), then
If vertex is (a, b), then a = 2, b = 1.
Slope of AP = 1 = m1
Hence vertex is (2, 1).
Slope of AQ = –1 = m2
Ans. [C]
Ex.4 The directrix and axis of the parabola ∴ m1m2 = –1 ⇒ ∠ PAQ = 90º Ans. [B]
4y 2 – 6x – 4y = 5 are respectively. Ex.6 The length of latus rectum of a parabola, whose
focus is (2, 3) and directrix is the line
(A) 8x + 11 = 0; y – 1 = 0
x – 4y + 3 = 0 is-
(B) 8x – 11 = 0, 2y – 1 = 0
7 14 7 14
(C) 8x + 11 = 0; 2y – 1 = 0 (A) (B) (C) (D)
(D) None of these 17 21 21 17

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Sol. The length of latus rectum Sol. Let A be the vertex and AP be a chord of
= 2 × perp. from focus to the directrix x2 = 4ay such that slope of AP is tan α. Let the
coordinates of P be(2at, at2) Then,
2 − 4 (3 ) + 3 −14
=2× = at 2 t
2
(1) + (4) 2 17 Slope of AP = =
2 at 2
14
The numerical length = t
17 ⇒ tanα = ⇒ t = 2 tanα
2
Ans. [D]
Now, AP =
Note:- The negative sign of the latus rectum may only
be ignored if its length is asked. For other (2 at − 0) 2 + (at 2 − 0) 2 = at 4 + t2
calculations it should be used.
= 2a tan α 4 + 4 tan 2 a = 4a tan α sec α
Ex.7 The coordinates of an endpoint of the latus
rectum of the parabola (y – 1) 2 = 4(x + 1) are Ans. [B]
(A) (0,–3)(B) (0,–1) Ex.10 The point on y 2 = 4ax nearest to the focus has
its abscissa equal to
(C) (0,1) (D) (1, 3)
(A) –a (B) a (C) a/2 (D) 0
Sol. Shifting the origin at (–1, 1) we have
2
Sol. Let P(at , 2at) be a point on the parabola
x = X − 1
 ...(i) y2 = 4ax and S be the focus of the parabola.
y = Y + 1
Then, SP = a + at2
Using (i), the given parabola becomes. [ focal distance = x + a]
Y2 = 4X Clearly, SP is least for t = 0.
The coordinates of the endpoints of latus rectum Hence, the abscissa of P is at2 = a × 0 = 0
are
Ans. [D]
(X = 1, Y = 2) and (X =1, Y= –2) Ex.11 Tangents are drawn to the points of intersection
Using (i), the coordinates of the end point of the of the line 7y – 4x = 10 and parabola y2 = 4x,.then
latus rectum are (0,3) and (0, –1) the point of intersection of these tangents is
Ans. [B] 7 5 5 7
Ex.8 The locus of the middle points of all focal chords (A)  ,  (B)  , 
 5 2  2 2
of the parabola y2 = 4ax is-
 −5 7  7 −5 
(A) y2 = 2a(x + a) (B) y2 = 2ax (C) (C)  2 , −  (D) − , 
 2  2 2 
y2 = 2a (x – a) (D) None of these
Sol. Here let the point be (x1, y 1)
Sol. Let the middle point be (h, k), then equation of
∴ chord of contact yy1 = 2 (x + x1)
the chord is given by
compare with the given line
k2 – 4ah = yk – 2a(x + h)
2x 1 − y1 2
Since it passes through (a, 0), = =
− 10 7 −4
∴ k2 – 4ah = – 2a(h + a) ⇒ x 1 = 5/2, y1 = 7/2
⇒ k2 = 2a(h – a) 5 7
Hence required locus is ∴ Point reqd.  2 , 2  Ans. [B]
 
y2 = 2a(x – a) which is parabola. Ex.12 If the line x + my + am2 = 0 touches the parabola
Ans. [C] y2 = 4ax, then the point of contact is
Ex.9 The length of the chord of parabola x2 = 4ay
 a − 2a 
passing through the vertex and having slope tan (A) (am 2, – 2am) (B)  2 , 
m m 
α is-
(C) (–am2, – 2am)
(A) 4a cosec α cot α (B) 4a tan α sec α ( C )
(D) The line does not touch.
4a cos α cot α (D) 4a sin α tan α
Sol. Here x = –my – am2
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 Putting in y2 = 4ax, we get 1 3 1 9
(A) , (B) ,
2
y = 4a (–my – am ) 2 4 4 4 4
or y2 + 4amy + 4a2m2 = 0 1 1
(C) , (D) None of these
4 3
or (y + 2am)2 = 0
Sol. The equation of a tangent of slope m to the
Which is a perfect square, hence the line is a parabola y2 = 9x is
tangent ∴ y = –2am, also x = am2
9
the point reqd. is (am2, –2am) Ans. [A] y = mx +
4m
Note:- For condition of tangency, solve the equation of If it passes through (4,10), then
line and curve and put B2 –4AC = 0 for the 9
10 = 4m + ⇒ 16m2 – 40m + 9 = 0
quadratic equation obtained by the two, 4m
(the line and curve equation) 1 9
⇒ (4m –1)(4m –9) = 0 ⇒ m = ,
Ex.13 The common tangent of the parabola 4 4
y2 = 8ax and the circle x 2 + y2 = 2a 2 is Ans. [B]
(A) y = x + a (B) y = x – a Ex.16 Tangents are drawn from the point (–2, –1) to the
(C) y = x –2a (D) y = x + 2a parabola y 2 = 4x. If α is the angle between these
tangents then tan α equals
Sol. Any tangent to parabola is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/2
2a 2
y = mx + Sol. Any tangent to y = 4x is
m
y = mx + 1/m
Solving with the circle
If it is drawn from (–2, –1), then
2a 2
x2 + (mx + ) = 2a 2 –1 = –2m + 1/m
m
⇒ 2m2 – m – 1 = 0
B2 – 4AC = 0 gives m = ± 1
If m = m1, m2 then m1 + m2 =1/2,
Otherwise
m1m2 =–1/2
Perp. from (0, 0) = radius a 2
m1 − m 2 ( m1 + m 2 ) 2 − 4m1m 2
 2a  ∴ tan a = =
  1 + m1 m 2 1 + m 1m 2
∴   =a 2 ⇒m=±1
m
1+ m2 1/ 4 + 2
=3 Ans. [A]
1 − 1/ 2
Tangent y = ± x ± 2a
Ex.17 If the straight line x + y = 1 is a normal to the
∴ y = x + 2a is correct option.
parabola x2 = ay, then the value of a is
Ans. [D]
(A) 4/3 (B) 1/2 (D) 3/4 (D) 1/4
Ex.14 If two parabolas y2 = 4x and x2 = 32y intersect in Sol. We know that equation of normal to the parabola
the point (16, 8) at an angle θ, then θ is equals- x2 = ay is
(A) tan–1 (3/5) (B) π 2a a
y =mx + +
(C) tan–1 (4/5) (D) π/2 4 4m 2
Sol. The slope of tangent at the point (16, 8) to the Given that x + y = 1 or y = –x + 1 is normal to
the parabola therefore
2a 1
parabola y2 = 4x is y = and slope of tangent a a
1 4 +
m = –1 and =1
to the parabola x 2 = 32y is 1. 2 4m 2
a a 3a 4
1 − (1 / 4) 3 ∴ + = 1⇒ = 1⇒ a =
∴ tanθ = 1 + (1 / 4) = Ans. [A] 2 4 4 3
5 Ans. [A]
Ex.15 The slope of tangents drawn from a point
(4, 10) to the parabola y2 = 9x are-
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Ex.18 If line y = 2x + k is normal to the parabola y2 = Ex.21 If a normal chord of the parabola y 2 =4ax subtend
4x at the point (t2, 2t), then- a right angle at the vertex, its slope is-
(A) k = –12, t = –2 (A) ± 1 (B) ± 2
(B) k = 12, t = –2 (C) ± 3 (D) None of these
(C) k = 12, t = 2
Sol. If P(at 12, 2at1) be one end of the normal, the other
(D) None of these say Q(at22, 2at2)
Sol. Since normal to the parabola y2 = 4x at (t2, 2t) is y +
2
tx = 2t + t3. then t 2 = – t1 – ...(1)
t1
Comparing it with y = 2x + k, we get
Again slope of
t = –2, k = 2t + t3 = –12
2at 1 2
Ans. [A] OP = 2 =t
at1 1
Ex.19 Which of the following lines, is a normal to the
parabola y2 = 16x 2 2 2
Slope of OQ = ∴ × = –1
(A) y = x – 11 cosθ – 3 cos 3θ t2 t1 t2
(B) y = x – 11 cosθ – cos 3θ ⇒ t1 t2 = –4 ...(2)
(C) y = (x – 11) cosθ + cos 3θ From (1) and (2)
(D) y = (x – 11) cosθ – cos 3θ 4 2
Sol. Here a = 4 – t = –t1 –
1 t1
condition of normality c = –2am – am3 2
⇒+ = t1
(1) and (2) are not clearly the answer as t1
m = 1 for (3), (4) m = cosθ ⇒ t12 = 2 ⇒ t1 = ± 2 Ans. [B]
c = –2(4) cosθ – 4 cos3θ Note:- Slope of the normal at P is (–t 1)
= – 8 cosθ – (3 cosθ + cos 3θ) Ex.22 If the tangents at P and Q on a parabola (whose
= –11 cosθ – cos 3θ focus is S) meet in the point T, then SP, ST and
Hence (D) is correct SQ are in-
Ans. [D] (A) H.P. (B) G.P.
Ex.20 A normal is drawn to the parabola y2 = 4ax at the (C) A.P. (D) None of these
point (2a, –2 2 a) then the length of the normal Sol. Let P (at 12, 2at 1) and Q (at22, 2at2 ) be any two
chord, is points on the parabola y2 = 4ax, then point of
(A) 4 2 a (B) 6 2 a intersection of tangents at P and Q will be
T ≡ [at1t2,a(t1+ t2)]
(C) 4 3 a (D) 6 3 a
Now SP= a(t12 + 1)
Sol. Here comparing (2a,–2 2 a) with
2
SQ = a(t 22 + 1)
(am , –2am) we get m = 2
Now length of normal chord ST =a ( t12 + 1)( t 22 + 1)
Y ∴ ST 2 = SP.SQ
4a 2 3/2
4a P
= (1 +m ) = ∴ SP, ST and SQ are in G.P.
m2 2
Ans. [B]
(1 + 2)3/2= 2a 3 3
90° Ex.23 If the distance of 2 points P and Q from the
O X
=6 3a focus of a parabola y 2 = 4ax are 4and 9
Ans. [D] respectively, then the distance of the point of
intersection of tangents at P and Q from the
Q
focus is
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 13

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Sol. If S is the focus of the parabola and T is the Sol. Here chord of contact y(2) = 2(1) (x –1)
point of intersection of tangents at P and Q, then or y = x – 1
ST 2 = SP × SQ ⇒ ST 2 = 4 × 9 ⇒ ST = 6 4
Ans. [B] Length of the chord = 1 (1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 8
12
Ex.24 From the point (–1, 2) tangents are drawn to 1
parabola y2 =4x, then the area of the triangle Area required = ×8×
2
formed by the chord of contact and the tangent (perpendicular from (–1, 2) to chord)
is-
2 +1 +1
(A) 2 2 (B) 3 2 =4× =8 2
1+1
(C) 4 2 (D) 8 2 Ans. [D]
Note:- Direct formula may be used.

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