STRAIGHT LINE

Preface

The concept of straight line is very important for the study of coordinate geometry.
This chapter deals with various forms of representing a straight line and several
associated properties. The concept of coordinates and basics of trigonometry are
required to study this chapter.

This book consists of theoretical and practical explanations of all the concepts involved
in the chapter. Each article is followed by a ladder of illustration. At the end of the
theory part, there are miscellaneous solved examples which involve the application of
multiple concepts of this chapter.

Students are advised to go through all these solved examples in order to develop better
understanding of the chapter and to have better grasping level in the class.

Total No. of questions in Straight Line are :

In Chapter Examples ...................................41

Solved Examples ........................................25

Total no. of questions .............................. 66

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1. EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE 4. DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE EQUATION OF
A relation between x and y which is satisfied by STRAIGHT LINE
co-ordinates of every point lying on a line is called 4.1 Slope - Intercept Form :
the equation of Straight Line. Every linear equation The equation of a line with slope m and making an
in two variable x and y always represents a straight intercept c on y–axis is y = mx + c. If the line
line. passes through the origin, then c = 0. Thus the
equation of a line with slope m and passing through
eg. 3x + 4y = 5, – 4x + 9y = 3 etc. the origin y = mx.
General form of straight line is given by Ex.1 Equation of a line which is making an angle of
ax + by + c = 0. 60º with the x axis and an intercept of 5 unit
length in negative direction of y axis is -
Sol. Let line is y = mx + c
2. EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL
TO AXES Here m = tan60º = 3 , c = – 5
(i) Equation of x axis Ÿ y = 0. equation is y = 3x–5 Ans.
Equation a line parallel to x axis (or Ex.2 Equation of a line which is passing through
perpendicular to y axis) at a distance ‘a’ from it  origin and making an angle of 45º with x-axis
is -
Ÿy = a.
Sol. Here m = tan45º = 1 so the equation is y = x or
(ii) Equation of y axis Ÿ x = 0. x–y=0 Ans.
Equation of a line parallel to y axis (or
perpendicular to x axis) at a distance ‘a’ from it 4.2 Slope Point Form :
Ÿ x = a. The equation of a line with slope m and passing
through a point (x1, y1) is
eg. Equation of a line which is parallel to
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
x-axis and at a distance of 4 units in the
Ex.3 Equation of a line which is passing through
negative direction is y = – 4. (3, – 4) and making an angle of 45º with
x-axis is
3. SLOPE OF A LINE Sol. y – (–4) = tan45º(x – 3)
If T is the angle made by a line with the positive   Ÿ y + 4 = x – 3Ÿ x – y – 7 = 0 Ans.
direction of x axis in anticlockwise sense, then the
value of tanT is called the Slope (also called 4.3 Two Point Form :
gradient) of the line and is denoted by m or slope The equation of a line passing through two given
points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is -
Ÿ m = tan T
y  y1
eg. A line which is making an angle of 45º with the y – y1 = 2 (x – x1)
x 2  x1
x-axis then its slope is m = tan 45º = 1.
Ex.4 Equation of a line passing through (3, –4) and
Note : (4, 3) is -
(i) Slope of x axis or a line parallel to x axis is 3 4
Sol. y+4= (x–3) or y = 7x – 25
tan 0º = 0. 43
(ii) Slope of y axis or a line parallel to y axis is Ans.
tan 90º = f. 4.4 Intercept Form :
(iii) The slope of a line joining two points (x1, y1) The equation of a line which makes intercept a and
x y
y 2  y1 b on the x axis and y axis respectively is  =1.
and (x2, y2) is given by m = . a b
x 2  x1 Here, the length of intercept between the
eg. Slope of a line joining two points (3, 5) and co-ordinates axis = a 2  b 2
95 4
(7, 9) is = = 1.
73 4

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 Y Co-ordinate of point P on this line is
(0, b)
B § r r ·
¨¨ 2  ,3  ¸¸
b © 2 2¹
(a, 0) if this point is on line x + y + 1 = 0 then
O a X
A § r · § r ·
¨¨ 2  ¸¸  ¨¨ 3  ¸¸ + 1 = 0
1 1
Area of 'OAB = OA. OB = a.b. © 2¹ © 2¹
2 2
Ÿ r = –3 2 Ÿ| r |= 3 2 Ans.
Ex.5 Equation of a line which makes intercepts 3 and
4 on x-axis and y-axis is 5. REDUCTION OF GENERAL FORM OF
x y EQUATIONS INTO STANDARD FORMS
Sol.  =1 Ÿ 4x + 3y = 12 Ans.
3 4 General Form of equation ax + by + c = 0 then its -
(i) Slope Intercept Form is
4.5 Normal (Perpendicular) Form of a Line :
If p is the length of perpendicular on a line from the a c a
y=– x – , here slope m = – , Intercept
origin and D is the inclination of perpendicular with b b b
x- axis then equation on this line is c
C=
xcosD + ysinD = p b
Ex.6 Equation of a line on which length of (ii) Intercept Form is
perpendicular from origin is 4 and inclination of x y
this perpendicular is 60º with the positive + = 1, here x intercept is
c/a c/b
direction of x- axis is
xcos 60º + ysin 60º = 4 = – c/a, y intercept is = – c/b
(iii) Normal Form is
x y 3
 =4 Ÿx+y 3=8 Ans. To change the general form of a line into
2 2 normal form, first take c to right hand side and
4.6 Parametric Form (Distance Form) : make it positive, then divide the whole
If T be the angle made by a straight line with equation by a 2  b 2 like
x-axis which is passing through the point (x1, y1) and
r be the distance of any point (x, y) on the line from ax by c
–  ,
the point (x1, y1 ) then its equation. a b
2 2
a b2 2
a  b2
2

x  x1 y  y1
= =r a b
cos T sin T here cosD = , sinD =
a b
2 2
a  b2
2
Ex.7 Equation of a line which passes through point
A(2,3) and makes an angle of 45º with c
and p =
x- axis. If this line meet the line x + y + 1 = 0 at a  b2
2
point P then distance AP is -
Ex.8 Standard forms of a line 3x + 4y = 5 are
Sol. Here x1 = 2, y1 = 3 and T= 45º
3 5
x2 y3 (i) Slope intercept form is y = – x+
hence = =r 4 4
cos 45º sin 45º
3 5
y Here m = – ,c=
4 4
r A(2, 3) x y
(ii) Intercept form + =1
P 5/3 5/ 4
xc 45º x
O Here a = 5/3, b = 5/4
(iii) Normal form
x+y+1=0 3x 4y 5
+ =
yc 3 4
2 2
3 4
2 2
3  42
2

from first two parts Ÿ x – 2 = y – 3  3x 4 y

Ÿ + =1
 Ÿx–y+1=0 5 5
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 §3· mid point of the intercept is (a/2, b/2)
Here p = 1, D = cos–1 ¨ ¸
©5¹  a/2 = 5, b/2 = 2 Ÿ a = 10, b = 4
hence required equation of the line is
Example Different forms of Equation of Straight Ÿ 2x + 5y = 20 Ans. [B]
based on
Line
Ex.9 Equation of a line which passes through Ex.13 Length of perpendicular from the origin to the
(1, –2) and makes equal intercept on axes is line 3x + 4y = 10 is -
(A) x – y – 3 = 0 (B) x + y + 2 = 0 (C) (A) 5 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
x+y–1=0 (D) x + y + 1 = 0 Sol. Converting the given equation into normal
form

Sol. Let the equation is

x y
 = 1, given a = b by dividing 32  4 2 = 5 is
a b 3x 4 y 10 3x 4 y
 Ÿ  2
 Line passes through (1, 2) 5 5 5 5 5
1 2 comparing with x cos D + y sin D = p
?  = 1 Ÿa = –1
a a Ÿp=2 Ans. [C]
x y

equation is =1
1 1 Ex.14 Coordinates of a point which is at # 3 distance
x+y+1=0 Ans. [D] from points (1, –3) of line 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is -
§ 9 6 ·
(A) ¨¨1  ,3  ¸¸
Ex.10 Slope of a Line which is made by joining the © 13 13 ¹
point (1, 0) and (–2, 3 ) is -
§ 9 6 ·
(A) 120º (B) 60º (C) 135º (D) 150º (B) ¨¨1  ,3  ¸¸
© 13 13 ¹
3 0 1
Sol. m= =– § 9 6 ·
 2 1 3 (C) ¨¨1  ,3  ¸¸
1 © 13 13 ¹
tanT = – Ÿ T = 150º Ans. [C]
3 § 9 6 ·
(D) ¨¨1  ,3  ¸¸
Ex.11 x and y intercepts of line 2x – 3y = 6 are - © 13 13 ¹
1 1 2
(A) , (B) 2, –3 Sol. Slope of given line is = –
2 3 3
1 1 2
(C) 3, –2 (D) , ? tanT = –
3 2 3
Sol. 2x – 3y = 6 Hence 90º < T < 180º
2 x 3y x y x y 2 3
 = 1Ÿ  = 1 Ÿ  =1 ?sinT = , cosT = –
6 6 3 2 3 2 13 13
a = 3, b = –2 Ans. [C] Distance from of line 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is
x 1 y3
Ex.12 If the intercept made by the line between the =r
§ 3 · § 2 ·
axes is bisected at the point (5, 2) then its ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
equation is - © 13 ¹ © 13 ¹
(A) 5x + 2y = 20 (B) 2x + 5y = 20 Putting r = 3 we get the co-ordinates of
(C) 2x – 5y = 20 (D) 5x – 2y = 20 desired point as
x y 9 6
Sol. Let the equation of the line be  = 1 then x–1=– , y +3 =
a b 13 13
the co–ordinates of point of intersection of
9 6
this line and x axis and y axis are (a, 0) and or x = 1 – , y = –3 +
(0, b) respectively (by putting x = 0 and 13 13
y = 0) hence Ans. [B]
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Ex.15 Normal form of line x + 3 y – 4 = 0 is - Note :
(i) If any one line is parallel to y axis then the
(A) x cosS/3 – y sin S/3 = 2
angle between two straight line is given by
(B) x cosS/6 – y sin S/6 = 2 1
(C) x cosS/3 + y sin S/3 = 2 tanT = r
m
(D) x cosS/6 + y sin S/6 = 2 Where m is the slope of other straight line
Sol. Given line x + 3 y = 4 (ii) If the equation of lines are a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then above formula
dividing both side by ( 3 ) 2  12 = 2
would be
x

3y a 1b 2  b1a 2
we get =2 tan T =
2 2 a 1a 2  b1b 2
or x cosS/3 + y sin S/3 = 2 Ans.[C] (iii) Here two angles between two lines, but
generally we consider the acute angle as the
6. POSITION OF A POINT RELATIVE TO A LINE angle between them, so in all the above
formula we take only positive value of tanT.
(i) The point (x1, y1) lies on the line ax + by + c = 0
if, ax1+ by1 + c = 0 7.1 Parallel Lines :
(ii) If P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) do not lie on the line Two lines are parallel, then angle between them is 0
ax + by + c = 0 then they are on the same side m1  m 2
Ÿ = tan0º = 0
of the line, if ax1+by1+ c and ax2 + by2 +c are of 1  m1m 2
the same sign and they lie on the opposite sides
Ÿ m1 = m2
of line if ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c are of
the opposite sign. Note : Lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
(iii) (x1, y1) is on origin or non origin sides of the a1 b1
are parallel œ
line ax + by + c = 0 if ax1 + by1 + c = 0 and a2 b2
c are of the same or opposite signs. 7.2 Perpendicular Lines :
Two lines are perpendicular, then angle between
Ex.16 Point (3, –4) lies in which side of line them is 90º
3x – 4y + 5 = 0. m  m2
Ÿ 1 = tan90º = f
Sol. Putting the given point in the equation 1  m1m 2
3 × 3 – 4(– 4) + 5 = 30
Ÿ m1m2 = –1
as c and ax1 + by1 + c both are positive, point is
Note : Lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
on origin side. Ans.
are perpendicular then a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
Ex.17 Point (3, 4) and (–9, 6) lies on the side of line 7.3 Coincident Lines :
7x + 5y – 9 = 0. Two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Sol. Putting both the points in the given equation a1 b1 c1
Ÿ 7 × 3 + 5 × 4 – 9 = 32 are coincident only and only if Ÿ
a2 b2 c2
and 7 × (–9) + 5(6) – 9 = – 42
as both are of opposite sign so they lies opposite
Example
side of the given line Ans. based on Angle between two Straight Lines

7. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES Ex.18 Angle between y = x+ 6 and y = 3 x + 7 is

The angle between two straight lines
Sol. Here m1 = 1 m2 = 3
y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 is given by
m1  m 2 1 3 1 3
tan T = tan T = Ÿ T = tan–1
1  m1m 2 1 3 1 3
= 15º Ans.

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 Example
Ex.19 Angle between x = 9 and x – 3 y + 7 = 0 based on Equation of Parallel & Perpendicular Lines
is here one line is parallel to y axis and
Ex.23 Equation of a line which passes through (4, 6)
1 and parallel to 3x – 7y + 2 = 0 is -
Sol. Slope of second line is .
3 Sol. Let the equation is 3x – 7y + k = 0 this line
1 passes through (4, 6)
Hence tan T = Ÿ T = 60º Ans. Hence 3(4) – 7(6) + k = 0 Ÿ k = 30
1
3 the required equation is 3x – 7y + 30 = 0
Ans.
Ex.20 If A(1, 2), B(–1, 3) and C(3, –5) be vertices of
a triangle then find ‘B Ex.24 Equation of a line which passes through
(–3, 2) and perpendicular to the 3x + 4y = 5
Sol. Slope of AB = m1 = – 1/2
is -
Slope of BC = m2 = –2 Sol. Let the equation is 4x – 3y + k = 0, this line
1/ 2  2 passes through (–3, 2)
?‘B = tan–1 = tan–1(3/4) Hence 4(–3) – 3(2) + k = 0 Ÿ k = 18
1  (1 / 2)(2)
equation is 4x – 3y + 18 = 0 Ans.
Ans.
Ex.21 If 3x + 4y –5 = 0 and 4x + ky – 8 = 0 are two
9. EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH
perpendicular lines then k is -
(A) 3 (B) 4 (X1,Y1)MAKING AN ANGLE D WITH y = mx + c
(C) – 3 (D) – 4
Y P(x1y1)
3 4
Sol. m1 = – m2 = – D
4 k
Two lines are perpendicular if m1m2 = –1
3 4 D
Ÿ (– ) × (– ) = –1Ÿk = –3
4 k
O x
Ans. [C]
y = mx + c

Ex.22 If 7x + 3y + 9 = 0 and y = kx + 7 are two m # tan D

parallel lines then k is - y – y1 = (x – x1)
1 r m tan D
(A) 3/7 (B) – 7/3 (C) 3 (D) 7 Ex.25 Equation of straight lines which passes
7 through (3,4) and making an angle of 45º
Sol. m1 = – m2 = k
3 with line x – y – 2 = 0 is -
Two lines are parallel if m1 = m2 Sol. Here m = 1 and tanD = tan45º = 1
k = – 7/3 Ans. [B] equation is y – 4 = (x – 3)
i.e y – 4 = 0, x – 3 = 0 Ans.
8. EQUATION OF PARALLEL & Ex.26 One vertex of an equilateral triangle is (2,3)
and the equation of line opposite to the
PERPENDICULAR LINES vertex is x + y =2, then equation of
remaining two sides are -
(i) Equation of a line which is parallel to (A) y – 3 = ± 2 ( x – 2)
ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0
(ii) Equation of a line which is perpendicular to (B) y – 3 = ( 3 r 1) (x – 2)
ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay + k = 0
(C) y – 3 = (2 r 3 ) (x – 2)
The value of k in both cases is obtained with the
(D) None of these
help of additional information given in the
Sol. Since the two sides make an angle of 60º each
problem.
with side x + y = 2. Therefore equations of
these sides will be

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 1 r tan 60º Sol. Let required point be (x1, y1), then
y–3= (x – 2)
1 # (1) tan 60º x1 + y1 = 4
...(1)
1r 3
= (x – 2) 4 x1  3y1  10
1r 3 Also as given r =1
16  9
Ÿ y – 3 = (2 ± 3 )(x – 2) Ans. [C]
Ÿ 4x1 + 3y1 = 15
...(2)
10. LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR and 4x1 + 3y1 = 5
The length P of the perpendicular from the point ...(3)
(x1, y1) on the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by Now (1) and (2) give x1 = 3, y1 = 1
ax1  by1  c (1) and (3) gives x1 = –7, y1 = 11
P=
a b
2 2 ? required points are (3,1) , (–7,11)
Note : Ans. [C]
(i) Length of perpendicular from origin on the
Ex.30 Distance between 3x + 2y + 7 = 0 and
line ax + by + c = 0 is c / a 2  b 2
6x + 4y + 3 = 0 is -
(ii) Length of perpendicular from the point 11 11
(x1, y1) on the line x cos D + y sin D = p is - (A) (B)
13 2 13
x1cos D + y1 sin D = p
11
Ex.27 Length of the perpendicular from the point (C) 11 3 (D)
2
(3,4) on the line 7x + 9y + 6 = 0 is -
7u3  9u 4  6 3 11
63 7
= = 2 11
7 2  92 130 Sol. = 2 =
3 2
2 2 13 2 13
10.1 Distance between Two Parallel Lines :
The distance between two parallel lines Ans. [B]
ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is
11. CONDITION OF CONCURRENCY
c1  c 2
Three lines a1x + b1y + c1= 0, a2x + b2y + c2= 0 and
a 2  b2
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 are said to be concurrent, if they
Note : passes through a same point. The condition for their
(i) Distance between two parallel lines concurrency is
ax + by + c1 = 0 and kax + kby + c2 = 0 is
a1 b1 c1
c a2 b2 c2 = 0
c1  2
k a3 b3 c3
a 2  b2 Again, to test the concurrency of three lines, first
(ii) Distance between two non parallel lines is find out the point of intersection of any two of the
always zero. three lines. If this point lies on the remaining lines
Ex.28 Distance between 3x + 4y + 7 = 0 and then the three lines are concurrent.
3x + 4y + 22 = 0 is - Note : If P = 0, Q = 0, R = 0 the equation of any three
22  7 15 line and P + Q + R = 0 the line are concurrent. But
= = =3 Ans. its converse is not true i.e. if the line are concurrent
3 4
2 2 5 then it is not necessary that P + Q + R = 0
Example Ex.31 If three lines 2x + y = 4, 3x + 2y = 3 and
based on Length of Perpendicular ax + 3y = 2 are concurrent then a is -
Ex.29 The points on the line x + y = 4 which lie at 2 1 4
a unit distance from the line 4x + 3y = 10 are -
3 2 3 = 0 Ÿ a = 4
(A) (–3,1), (–7,11) (B) (3.1), (7,11)
a 3 2
(C) (3,1), (–7,11) (D) (1,3), (–7,11)

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12. BISECTOR OF ANGLE BETWEEN TWO
STRAIGHT LINES
(i) Equation of the bisector of angles between
the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
are
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b2 y  c2
=r
a 12  b12 a 22  b 22
(ii) To discriminate between the acute angle
bisector and the obtuse angle bisector : If T be
the angle between one of the lines and one of the
bisector, find tanT. If |tanT| < 1 then 2T < 90º so
that this bisector is the acute angle bisector, If
|tanT| > 1, then we get the bisector to be the
obtuse angle bisector.
(iii) First write the equation of the lines so that
the constant terms are positive. Then
(a) If a1a2 + b1b2 > 0 then on taking positive sign
in the above bisectors equation we shall get
the obtuse angle bisector and on taking
negative sign we shall get the acute angle
bisector.
(b) If a1a2 + b1b2 < 0, the positive sign give the
acute angle and negative sign gives the obtuse
angle bisector.
(c) On taking positive sign we shall get equation of
the bisector of the angle which contains the
origin and negative sign gives the equation of
the bisector which does not contain origin.
Example
based on
Angle Bisector
Ex.32 Find the equation of the bisector of the acute
angle between the lines 3x – 4y + 7 = 0 and
12x + 5y – 2 = 0
Sol. The given equation can be written as
3x – 4y + 7 = 0 and – 12x – 5y + 2 = 0
Here a1a2 + b1b2 = 3(–12) – 4(–5) < 0, so
positive sign gives the acute angle bisector
which is
3x  4 y  7 12 x  5 y  2
=
5 13
Ÿ 99x – 27y + 81 = 0
Ÿ 11x – 3y + 9 = 0 Ans.
Note : This is also the bisector of the angle in which
origin lies (since c1, c2 are positive and it has
been obtained by taking positive sign)
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13. LINES PASSING THROUGH THE POINT OF
INTERSECTION OF TWO LINES
If equation of two lines P = a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and
Q = a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, then the equation of the
lines passing through the point of intersection of
these lines is P + OQ = 0 or (a1x + b1y + c = 0) +
O(a2x + b2y + c2 = 0) = 0; Value of O is obtained
with the help of the additional information given in
the problem.
Ex.33 Equation of a line passing through the point of
intersection of x + y – 3 = 0 and 2x – y + 1 = 0
and a point (2, –3) is -
(x + y – 3) + O(2x – y + 1) = 0
as this line also passes through (2, –3)
Hence (2 – 3 – 3) +O( 2 × 2 –(–3) + 1) = 0
– 4 + 8O = 0
  O = 1/2
equation is (x + y –3) +1/2(2x – y + 1) = 0
4x + y –5 = 0 Ans.
NOT IN AIEEE SYLLABUS:
14. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
A Homogeneous equation of degree two of the
type ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 always represents a pair
of straight lines passing through the origin and if
(i) h2 > ab Ÿ Lines are real and distinct
(ii) h2 = ab Ÿ Lines are real and coincident
(iii) h2 < ab Ÿ Lines are imaginary with real point
of intersection i.e. (0, 0)
Note :
(i) If y = m1x and y = m2x be the two equation
represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then
m1 + m2 = – 2h/bm1m2 = a/b
(ii) If T is the acute angle between the pair of
straight lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0,
then
2 h 2  ab
tan T = and if
ab
(a) a + b = 0 ŸLines are perpendicular
(b) h = 0 Ÿ Lines are equally inclined to
the axis
(iii) The equation of the straight lines bisecting
the angles between the straight lines,
x 2  y 2 xy
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
ab h
STRAIGHT LINE 20
Ex.34 Lines represented by 2x2 – 7xy + 3y2 = 0 are § y  mx ·
2

2x2 – 7xy + 3y2 = 0 = (2x –y) (x – 3y) x2 + y2 = a2 ¨ ¸

© c ¹
? x – 2y = 0, x – 3y = 0 Ans.
Ÿ x2 (c2 –a2m2 ) + y2(c2 – a2) –2ma2xy = 0
Ex.35 Angle between the lines 2x2 – 7xy + 3y2 = 0 are
Ans.
2 (7 / 2) 2  2 u 3 Homogeneous Equation and second
tan T = Ÿ tanT = 1 Example
23 based on degree Equation
Ÿ T = 45º Ans.
Ex.38 If the lines (p–q)x2 + 2(p+q)xy + (q –p)y2 = 0
are perpendicular to each other then -
15.GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE
(A) p = q
An equation of the form ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx
+ 2fy + c = 0 is called the general equation of (B) q = 0
second degree in x and y it represent a pair of two (C) p = 0
Straight lines if (D) p & q can take any value
a h g Sol The condition of perpendicularity for two lines
represented by homogeneous equation of
'= h b f =0
second degree is
g f c
coeff. of x2 +coeff. of y2 = 0 
or Ÿ abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0   Ÿp–q+q–p=0
Note : The angle T between the two lines representing ? p and q can take any value. Ans.
by a general equation is the same as that between the [D]
lines represented by its Homogeneous part only i.e.
2 h 2  ab Ex.39 For what value of k, the equation
tan T =
ab kx2 – 10xy + 12y2 + 5x – 16y – 3 = 0
represents a pair of straight lines
Ex.36 If Ox2 – 10xy + 12y2 + 5x – 16y –3 = 0
represents two lines then O is Sol. Here a = k, b = 12, c = –3, h = –5, g = 5/2, f = –
8
here a = O, b = 12, c = –3, h = – 5,
?' = k(12)(–3) + 2(–8)(5/2)(–5) – k(–8)2 –
g = 5/2, f = – 8 12(5/2)2 – (–3)(–5)2 = 0
' = O.12(–3) + 2(–8)(5/2)(–5) – O(–8)2 –12(5/2)2 Ÿk=2 Ans.
– (–3)(–5)2 = 0
ŸO = 2 Ans. Ex.40 Find angle and equation of bisectors of angle
16. EQUATION OF LINES JOINING THE between the lines represented by the equation
INTERSECTION POINTS OF A LINE & A 2x2 – 7xy + 3y2 = 0
CURVE TO THE ORIGIN Sol.  2x2 – 7xy + 3y2 = (2x – y)(x–3y)
Let "x + my + n = 0 ...(1) ? given lines are 2x – y = 0 and x – 3y = 0
and the second degree curve since a = 2, h = –7/2, b = 3. Therefore angle
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 between lines given by
then their joint equation is 2 (7 / 2) 2  6
tan = = 1 ŸT = 45º
§ lx  my · § lx  my · 23
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx ¨ ¸ +2fy ¨ ¸
©  n ¹ © n ¹ Again equations of bisectors are given by
2 x 2  y2 xy
§ lx  my · = Ÿ 7x2 – 2xy – 7y2 = 0
+ c¨ ¸ =0 23 7/2
© n ¹
Ans.
i.e. making the equation (2) homogeneous using
equation (1) Ex.41 Find the combined equation of lines joining
origin and points of intersection of circle
x2 + y2 = 4 and 2x + 3y – 4 = 0
Ex.37 Equation of pair of straight lines which are
Sol. Making equation x2 + y2 = 4 homogeneous
formed by joining the origin and the points of with the help 2x + 3y – 4 = 0
intersection of a circle x2 + y2 = a2 and a line
y = mx + c is -

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 2
§ 2 x  3y ·
x2 + y2 = 4 ¨ ¸ 
© 4 ¹
  Ÿ 4x2 + 4y2 = 4x2 + 9y2 + 12xy 
  Ÿ 5y2 + 12xy = 0 Ans.

17. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS

(i) A line passes through (x1, y1) if intercept
between the axes divides in the ratio m : n at this
point then the equation is –
nx my
+ =m+n
x1 y1

n
P(x1,y1)
m

(ii) A line of radiant m is equally inclined with

the two lines of gradient m1 and m2 then
m1  m m m
=– 2
1  m1m 1  m2m
(iii) If a + b + c = 0 then line ax + by + c = 0
passes through (1, 1)
(iv) If y = m1x + c1, y = m1x + c2, y = m2x + d1 and
y = m2x + d2 are the sides of a parallelogram
then its area is
(c1  c 2 )(d1  d 2 )
sq. unit.
m1  m 2

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 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The equation of the line which passes through
the point (3, 4) and the sum of its intercept on
the axes is 14, is - Ex.3 If the intercept made by the line between the
(A) 4x – 3y = 24, x – y = 7 axes is bisected at the point (x1, y1), then its
(B) 4x + 3y = 24, x + y = 7 equation is -
(C) 4x + 3y + 24 = 0, x + y + 7 = 0 x y x y
(D) 4x – 3y + 24 = 0, x – y + 7 = 0 (A) + =2 (B) + =1
x1 y1 x1 y1
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the line be  =1 ...(1) x y 1
a b (C) + = (D) None of these
x1 y1 2
This passes through (3, 4), therefore
3 4 x y
 =1 ...(2) Sol. Let the equations of the line be + = 1, then
a b
a b
the coordinates of point of intersection of this
It is given that a + b = 14 Ÿ b = 14 – a. Putting
line and x-axis and y-axis are respectively (a, 0).
b = 14 – a in (2), we get
(0, b). Hence mid point of the intercept is
3 4
+ =1 Ÿ a2 – 13a + 42 = 0 (a/2, b/2).
a b  ? a/2 = x1 Ÿ a = 2x1 and b/2 = y1 
 Ÿ (a – 7) (a – 6) = 0 Ÿ a = 7, 6    Ÿ b = 2y1
For a = 7, b = 14 – 7 = 7 and for a = 6,
b = 14 – 6 = 8. Hence required equation of the line is
Putting the values of a and b in (1), we get the x y
+ =1
equations of the lines 2 x 1 2 y1
x y x y x y
+ = 1 and + =1  Ÿ + =2 Ans. [A]
7 7 6 8 x1 y1
or x + y = 7 and 4x + 3y = 24 Ans. [B]
Ex.4 The distance of the point (2, 3) from the
Ex.2 The length of the perpendicular from the origin line 2x –3y + 9 = 0 measured along a line
to a line is 7 and the line makes an angle of x – y + 1 = 0, is -
150º with the positive direction of y-axis. The
equation of the line is – (A) 2 (B) 4 2

(A) 3 x + y = 14 (B) 3 x – y = 14 (C) 8 (D) 3 2

Sol. The slope of the line x – y + 1 = 0 is 1. So it
(C) 3 x + y + 14 = 0 (D) 3 x – y + 14 = 0 makes an angle of 45º with x-axis.
Sol. Here p = 7 and D = 30º The equation of a line passing through (2, 3)
y and making an angle of 45º is
150º
x2 y 3
30º = =r
cos 45º sin 45º
Q
60º ª x  x1 y  y1 º
30º « Using cos T sin T
r»
xc O A x ¬ ¼
yc co-ordinats of any point on this line are
? Equation of the required line is § r r ·
x cos30º + y sin 30º = 7 (2 + rcos45º, 3 + r sin45º) or ¨¨ 2  ,3  ¸¸
© 2 2¹
3 1
or x +y× =7 If this point lies on the line 2x – 3y + 9 = 0,
2 2
3r
or 3 x + y = 14 Ans. [A] then 4 + r 2 – 9 – +9=0
2
  Ÿr=4 2 .
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 So the required distance = 4 2 . Ans. [B] 1
Let m1 = – , m2 = –1, m3 = –3
3
1
 1
If x + 2y = 3 is a line and A(–1, 3); §1·
Ex.5 ? tan A = 3 Ÿ A = tan–1 ¨ ¸
B(2, –3); C(4, 9) are three points, then - 1
1  .1 ©2¹
(A) A is on one side and B, C are on other 3
side of the line 1  3 §1·
(B) A, B are on one side and C is on other tan B = Ÿ B = tan–1 ¨ ¸
1  1.3 ©2¹
side of the line
1
(C) A, C on one side and B is no other side  1
§ 4·
of the line and tan C = 3 Ÿ C = tan–1 ¨  ¸
(D) All three points are on one side of the line 1  3.
1 © 3¹
Sol. Substituting the coordinates of points A, B and 3
C in the expression x + 2y – 3, we get  ‘A = ‘B, Hence triangle is isosceles
The value of expression for A is triangle. Ans.[C]
= –1 + 6 – 3 = 2 > 0
The value of expression for B is Ex.8 If A(–2,1), B(2,3) and C(–2,–4) are three points,
=2–6–3=–7<0 then the angle between BA and BC is -
The value of expression for C is §3· §2·
= 4 + 18 – 3 = 19 > 0 (A) tan–1 ¨ ¸ (B) tan–1 ¨ ¸
©2¹ ©3¹
  Signs of expressions for A, C are same
while for B, the sign of expression is different §7·
(C) tan–1 ¨ ¸ (D) None of these
? A, C are on one side and B is on other side ©4¹
of the line Ans. [C] Sol. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of BA and BC
respectively. Then
Ex.6 The equation of two equal sides of an isosceles
triangle are 7x – y + 3 = 0 and x + y – 3 = 0 and 3 1 2 1 4  3 7
m1 = = = and m2 = =
its third side is passes through the point 2  (2) 4 2 22 4
(1, –10). The equation of the third side is Let T be the angle between BA and BC. Then
(A) x – 3y – 31 = 0 but not 3x + y + 7 = 0
7 1 10
(B) neither 3x + y + 7 = 0 nor x – 3y – 31 = 0 
m 2  m1 2
(C) 3x = y + 7 = 0 or x – 3y – 31 = 0 tan T = = 4 2 = 8 =±
(D) 3x + y + 7 = 0 but not x – 3y – 31 = 0 1  m1m 2 1 u
7 1 15 3
Sol. Third side passes through (1, –10) so let its 4 2 8
equation be y + 10 = m(x –1) §2·
ŸT = tan–1 ¨ ¸ Ans. [B]
If it makes equal angle, say T with given two ©3¹
sides, then
m  7 m  (1)
tan T = = Ÿ m = –3 or 1/3 Ex.9 The area of the parallelogram formed by the
1  7 m 1  m(1) lines 4y – 3x = 1, 4y – 3x – 3 = 0, 3y – 4x + 1 = 0,
Hence possible equations of third side are 3y – 4x + 2 = 0 is -
1 (A) 3/8 (B) 2/7
y + 10 = –3(x–1) and y + 10 = (x – 1)
3 (C) 1/6 (D) None of these
or 3x + y + 7 = 0 and x – 3y – 31 = 0 Sol. Let the equation of sides AB, BC, CD and DA
Ans.[C] of parallelogram ABCD are respectively
3 1 3 3
y= x+ ...(1); y= x+ ...(2)
Ex.7 Triangle formed by lines x + y = 0, 3x + y = 4 4 4 4 4
and x + 3y = 4 is - 4 1 4 2
(A) equilateral (B) right angled y= x– ...(3); y= x– ...(4)
3 3 3 3
(C) isoscales (D) None of these
1 3 4 1 3
Sol. Slope of the given lines are –1, –3, – Here m = , n = , a = , b = ,
3 4 3 4 4
respectively 1 2
c=– ,d=–
3 3
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  ? Area of parallelogram ABCD 5x + y + 12 = 0 respectively, then the angle
between the diagonals AC and BD is -
§ 1 3 ·§ 1 2 ·
¨  ¸¨   ¸ (A) 60º (B) 45º
(a  b)(c  d) © 4 4 ¹© 3 3 ¹
= = (C) 90º (D) None of these
mn 3 4
 Sol. Solving for A,
4 3
x + 2y – 3 = 0
1 1 5x + y + 12 = 0
 u
2
= 2 3 = Ans. [B] Ÿ
x
=
y
=
1
7 7  24  3  15  12  9

12  ? A (–3, 3)
Similarly B(1,1), C(1, –1), D( –2, –2)
Ex.10 The equation of a line parallel to ax + by + cc = 0 Now m1 = slope of AC = – 1
and passing through the point (c, d) is -
m2 = slope of BD = 1
(A) a(x + c) – b(y + d) = 0
(B) a(x + c) + b(y + d) = 0 m1m2 = –1 ? the angle required is 90º
(C) a(x – c) + b(y – d) = 0 Ans. [C]
(D) None of these
Sol. Equation of a line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is Ex.13 If the lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0 and
written as cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent, then -
ax + by + k = 0 ...(1) (A) a – b – c = 0 (B) a + b + c = 0
f it passes through (c, d), then (C) b + c – a = 0 (D) a + b – c = 0
ac + bd + k = 0 ...(2) a b c
Subtracting (2) and (1), we get Sol. If the lines are concurrent, then b c a = 0
a(x – c) + b(y – d) = 0
c a b
Which is the required equation of the line.
Ans.[C] Ÿ 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3 = 0
 Ÿ (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) = 0
Ex.11 A straight line L perpendicular to the line Ÿ (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 0
5x – y = 1. The area of the triangle formed by  Ÿ a+b+c=0
the line L and co-ordinates axes is 5, then the [? (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 z 0] Ans. [B]
equation of line, is -
(A) x + 5y = ± 5 (B) x + 5y = ± 2 Ex.14 The vertices of 'OBC are respectively (0, 0),
(–3, –1) and (–1, –3). The equation of line
(C) x + 5y = ± 5 2 (D) None of these parallel to BC and at a distance 1/2 from
Sol. Let the line L cut the axes at A and B say. O which intersects OB and OC is -
OA = a, OB = b (A) 2x + 2y + 2 = 0 (B) 2x – 2y + 2 = 0
1
 ? Area ' OAB = ab = 5 ...(1) (C) 2x + 2y – 2 = 0 (D) None of these
2
Now equation of line perpendicular to lines 3  1
Sol. Slope of BC = =–1
5x – y = 1 is x + 5y = k 1 3
Putting x = 0, y = = b, y = 0, x = k = a Now equation of line parallel to BC is
1 y=–x+kŸy+x=k
 ? k. k/5 = 5 from ... (1) Now length of perpendicular from O on this line
2
k2 = 50 Ÿ k = 5 2 k 1 2
=+ = Ÿk=–
2 2 2
Hence the required line is x + 5y = ± 5 2
Ans.[C] ? Equation of required line is
Note : Trace the line approximately and try to make 2x + 2y + 2 = 0 Ans. [A]
use of given material as per the question. Ex.15 The equation of a line through the point of
intersection of the lines x – 3y + 1 = 0 and
Ex.12 The sides AB, BC, CD and DA of a quadrilateral 2x + 5y – 9 = 0 and whose distance from the
have the equations x + 2y = 3, x = 1, x – 3y = 4, origin is 5 , is -

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 (A) 2x + y – 5 = 0 (B) 2x – y + 5 = 0 11x – 3y + 9 = 0 Ans.[C]
(C) 2x + y – 10 = 0 (D) 2x – y – 10 = 0
Sol. Let the required line by method P + OQ = 0 be Ex.18 The equation of two straight lines through (7, 9)
(x – 3y + 1) + O( 2x + 5y – 9) = 0 and making an angle of 60º with the line
? perpendicular from (0, 0) = 5 gives x – 3 y – 2 3 = 0 is -
1  9O (A) x = 7, x + 3y=7+9 3
= 5,
(1  2O)  (5  3O)
2 2
(B) x = 3 , x + 3 y = 7 + 9 3
squaring and simplifying (8O – =07)2 (C) x = 7, x – 3 y = 7 + 9 3
 
ŸO = 7/ 8
(D) x = 3 , x – 3 y = 7+ 9 3
Hence the line required is
(x – 3y + 1) + 7/8 (2x + 5y – 9) = 0 Sol. We know that the equations of two straight lines
which pass through a point (x1, y1) and make
or 22x + 11y – 55 = 0 Ÿ 2x + y – 5 = 0
a given angle D with the given straight line
Ans.[A]
y = mx + c are
Note: Here to find the point of intersection is not
m r tan D
necessary. y – y1 = (x – x1)
1 # m tan D
Ex.16 A variable line passes through the fixed point P. Here x1 = 7, y1 = 9, D = 60º and m = slope of
If the algebraic sum of perpendicular distances the line x – 3 y – 2 3 = 0
of the points (2, 0); (0, 2) and (1, 1) from the
line is zero, then P is - 1
So, m =
(A) (1,1) (B) (1, –1) 3
(C) (2, 2) (D) None of these So, the equation of the required lines are
Sol. Let equation of variable line is 1
 tan 60º
ax + by + c = 0 ...(1) 3
y–9= (x – 7)
Now sum of perpendicular distance 1
1 tan 60º
2a  c 2b  c abc 3
+ + =0
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a 2  b2 1
 tan 60º
 Ÿ a+b+c=0 … (2) and y – 9 =
3
(x – 7)
on subtracting (2) from (1), we get 1
1 tan 60º
a(x – 1) + b(y – 1) = 0 3
Which obviously passes through a fixed point or
P(1, 1). Ans. [A] § · § 1 ·
1
(y – 9) ¨¨1  tan 60º ¸¸ = ¨¨  tan 60º ¸¸ (x – 7)
Ex.17 The bisector of the acute angle between the © 3 ¹ © 3 ¹
lines 3x – 4y + 7 = 0 and 12x + 5y – 2 = 0, is and
(A) 11x + 3y – 9 = 0 § 1 · § 1 ·
(B) 21x + 77y – 101 = 0 (y –9) ¨¨1  tan 60º ¸¸ = ¨¨  tan 60º ¸¸ (x – 7)
© 3 ¹ © 3 ¹
(C) 11x – 3y + 9 = 0
(D) None of these § 1 ·
or 0 = ¨¨  3 ¸¸ (x –7) Ÿ x – 7 = 0
Sol. Here equation of bisectors © 3 ¹
3x  4 y  7 12x  5y  2 § 1 ·
=±
5 13 and (y – 9)2 = ¨¨  3 ¸¸ (x – 7) Ÿ x + 3 y
© 3 ¹
Which give, 11x – 3y + 9 = 0 and
21x + 77y – 101 = 0 =7+9 3
Now angle between the line 3x – 4y + 7 = 0 and Hence the required lines are x = 7 and x + 3 y
one bisector 11x – 3y + 9 = 0 is
=7+9 3 Ans. [A]
 9  44 35
|tan T| = = <1 Ex.19 If the lines x + 2ay + a = 0, x + 3by + b = 0 and
33  12 45
x + 4cy + c = 0 are concurrent, then
Hence the bisector is the required. a, b and c are in
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 (A) A.P. (B) G.P. (2  3)  (2  3 )
(C) H.P. (D) None of these = =2 Ans.[C]
1 2
Sol. Given lines will be concurrent if
1 2a a Ex.22 If sum and product of the slopes of lines
represented by 4x2 + 2hxy – 7y2 = 0 is equal
1 3b b = 0 Ÿ –bc + 2ac – ab = 0  then h is equal to-
1 4c c (A) – 6 (B) – 2
2ac (C) – 4 (D) 4
  Ÿb= Sol. Let the equations are y = m1x,
ac
Ÿ a,b,c are in H.P. Ans.[C] and y = m2x
? 4x2 + 2hxy – 7y2 = (y – m1x)(y – m2x)
Ex.20 Find the angle between the lines represented by 4 2h
the equation x2 – 2pxy + y2 = 0 -  ? m1m2 = , m1 + m2 =
7 7
(A) sec–1 (p) (B) tan–1 (p)
–1
given m1 + m2 = m1m2
(C) cos (p) (D) None of these
Let T be the angle between the lines represented 2h 4
Sol.  Ÿ = Ÿ h = –2 Ans.[B]
by x2 – 2pxy + y2 = 0. 7 7
Comparing the given equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get a = 1, b = 1 and Ex.23 If the sides of triangle are x + y – 5 = 0,
2h = –2p. x – y + 1 = 0 and y – 1 = 0, then its circumcentre
is -
2 h 2  ab 2 p2 1
 ? tanT = Ÿ tanT = (A) (2, 1) (B) (2, –2)
ac 11 (C) (1, 2) (D) (1, –2)
= p 12 Sol. Here the sides x + y – 5 = 0 and x – y + 1 are
perpendicular to each other, therefore y = 1 will
Ÿ tan2T = p2 – 1 Ÿ p2 = 1 + tan2T  be hypotenuse of the triangle. Now its middle
  Ÿ p2 = sec2T point will be the circumcentre.
 Ÿ secT = ± p Ÿ T = sec–1 (± p) Now solving the pair of equations
Hence, the required acute angle is sec–1(p) x + y – 5 = 0, y – 1 = 0
Ans.[A] and x – y + 1 = 0, y – 1 = 0, we get
P { (4, 1), Q { (0, 1)
Ex.21 The distance between the lines represented by Mid point of PQ or circumcentre = (2, 1)
the equation, Ans. [A]
x2+2 2 xy +2y2 + 4x + 4 2 y +1=0 is -
4 Ex.24 Find the condition that the pair of straight lines
(A) (B) 4 joining the origin to the intersections of the line
3 y = mx + c and the circle x2 + y2 = a2 may be at
(C) 2 (D) 2 3 right angles.
Sol. The given equation can be written as Sol. The equation of the given straight line and the given
curve are :
x2 + 2( 2 y + 2)x + (2y2 + 4 2 y + 1) = 0 y  mx
y = mx + c Ÿ =1 ...(1)
 2( 2 y  2) r 4( 2 y  2) 2  4( 2 y 2  4 2 y  1) c
?x=
2 and x2 + y2 = a2 ...(2)
= – ( 2 y + 2) ± 3 . The combined equation of the straight lines
joining the origin to the point of intersection of
Therefore given lines are (1) and (2) is
x+ 2 y+2+ 3=0 2
§ y  mx · 2
x2 + y2 = ¨ ¸ .a
and x + 2 y + 2 – 3 = 0 which are parallel © c ¹
lines.  Ÿ x2(c2 – a2m2) + 2a2 mxy + y2(c2 –a2) = 0 ...(3)
Therefore distance between them The lines given by (3) are at right angles,
if coeff. of x2 + coeff. of y2 = 0

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 Ÿ (c2 – a2m2) + (c2 –a2) = 0 Ans.[A]
 Ÿ 2c2 = a2(1 + m2), which is the required
condition. Ans.
Ex.25 If P1 and P2 be perpendicular from the origin
upon the straight lines xsecT + ycosecT = a and
xcosT – ysinT = acos2T respectively, then the
value of 4P12 + P22 is -
(A) a2 (B) 2a2
(C) 3a 2 (D) 4a2
Sol. We have P1 = length of perpendicular from
(0, 0) on x sec T + y cosec T = a
a
i.e. P1 = = a sinT cosT
sec T  cos ec 2 D
2

a
= sin 2T or 2P1 = a sin 2T
2
P2 = Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) on
x cos T – y sin T = a cos 2T
a cos 2T
P2 = = a cos 2T
cos 2 T  sin 2 T
4P12 + P22 = a2 sin2 2T + a2 cos2 2T = a2

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