HOUSING & SLUM

Planning Studio-II

By
B.Yogalakshmi
MT19UPL023
Introduction
Adequate housing must satisfy these following criteria.
The occupants must:
■ Have tenure security, which promises legal protection against forced
evictions and harassment;
■ Be able to access necessary services, materials, facilities and
infrastructure: for example, occupants must have clean and safe
drinking water and adequate sanitation.
The property must:
■ Be affordable - the cost cannot jeopardize the occupants’ enjoyment
of other human rights;
■ Be habitable - it must guarantee the occupants’ physical safety and
provide adequate space;
■ Be accessible for all, including the disadvantaged and marginalized;
■ Have access to amenities, and not be located in a
polluted/dangerous area;
■ Allow for the expression of cultural identity.
Classification of Houses
■ Detached House
■ Semi-Detached House
■ Group housing
■ Apartment and flats
■ Sky scrapers
■ Prefabricated house.

Categories of Houses
Builtup Area upto 25 sq.m. – Category-I
Builtup Area upto 25 - 40 sq.m.– Category-II
Builtup Area upto 40 - 80 sq.m.– Category-III
Builtup Area above 80 sq.m. – Category-IV
EWS - Economically Weaker Section
LIG - Lower Income Group
MIG - Middle Income Group
HIG - Higher Income Group
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
■ Pucca - Pucca house is the one of which predominant materials of
wall and roof are as given below :
Wall : Burnt bricks, G.I. Sheets or other metal sheets, stone,
cement, concrete etc.
Roof : Tiles, slate, corrugated iron, zinc or other metal sheets or
asbestos, cement sheets, burnt bricks, lime stone RBC/RCC etc,
■ Semi pucca - Houses which do not fall within the pucca/ kutcha
category, Generally such houses will have either the wall or roof of
pucca material.
■ Kucha - A house with mud, thatch walls and thatch roofs, i.e., walls
made of grass, leaves, reeds etc., and roof or similar materials.
Housing Problem in India

■ Poverty and Migration

■ Slums and squatters
■ Dearth of land
■ Lack of finance
■ Violation of building regulation
The Housing Standards In India
(Recommended by Environmental and Health Committee 1947)

SITE
– should be elevated from its surroundings
– The site independent access to a street.
– should be away from the breeding places of flies
– it should be away from nuisances such as smoke, smell,
excessive noise and traffic .
– it should pleasing surroundings
– the soil should be dry and safe should be well drained.
– Dumping refuse is very un satisfactory for building
purposes for at least 20 to 25 years.
– The subsoil water should be below 10 feet (3 meters).
Set back :
– For proper lighting and ventilation, there should be an open space all
round the house this is called "set back".
– In rural areas it is recommended that the built-up area should not
exceed one-third of the total area; in urban areas where land is costly,
the built up area may be up to two thirds.
– The set back should be such that there is no obstruction to lighting and
ventilation
Floor:
– Impermeable
– Free from cracks n smooth
– Damp proof
– Ht. of plinth 2-3 ft
Walls : should be
– reasonably strong
– should have a low heat capacity i.e., should not absorb heat and
conduct the same
– weather resistant unsuitable for harborage of rats and vermin
– not easily damaged and
– smooth.
These standards can be attained by 9-inch brick wall plastered smooth and
colored cream or white.
Roof :
– The height of the roof should not be less than 10 feet (3 m) in
the absence of air-conditioning.
– The roof should have a low heat transmittance coefficient.
Rooms :
– The number of living rooms should not be less than two, at
least one of which can be closed for security. The other may be
open on one side if that side is a private courtyard.
– The number and area of rooms should be increased according
to size of family.
Floor area :
– The floor area of a living room-120 sq. ft. (12 m2) for more
than one person
– 100 sq. ft. (10 sq. m.) for a single person
– The floor area in living rooms per person should not be less
than 50 sq.ft
Cubic Space :
– Unless mechanical replacement of air, the height of rooms
should be such as to give an air space of at least 500 c.ft. per
capita, preferably 1,000 c.ft.
Windows
■ Unless mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting , every living room should be
provided with at least 2 windows, and one of them should open directly on to an open
space
■ the windows should be placed at a height of not more than 3 feet (1 m) above the
ground in living rooms
■ window area should be 1/5th of the floor area
■ Doors and windows combined should have 2/5th the floor area.
Lighting : The daylight factor should exceed 1 per cent over half the floor area.
Kitchen : Every dwelling house must have a separate kitchen. The kitchen must be protected
against dust and smoke; adequately lighted; provided with arrangements for storing food,
fuel and with water supply
Privy : A sanitary privy is a MUST in every house belonging exclusively to it and readily
accessible, equipped with water carriage systems.
Garbage And Refuse : These should be removed at least daily and disposed
Bathing And Washing : The house should have facilities for bathing and washing and
providing proper privacy.
Water Supply : The house should have safe adequate water supply available at all times.
Indicators of housing

a.Physical: These are based on floor space, cubic space, room

height, persons per room, rooms per dwelling, environmental
quality (e.g. air, light, water, noise, sewage disposal, etc.)

b.Economic indicators: These are cost of the building, rental levels,

taxes, expenditure on housing, etc.

c.Social indicators: include - Indicators related to prevention of

illness :

•Frequency of illness due to inadequate sewage and

garbage collection.
•Frequency of illness associated with contaminated
water source.
•Frequency of insect borne diseases
•Frequency of illness due to overcrowding
•Frequency of illness due to accidents.
•Frequency of illness due to proximity to animals.
•Access to medical facility.
Indicators of housing

d. Indicators related to comfort

• Thermal comfort
• Acoustic comfort
• Visual comfort
• Spatial comfort

e. Indicators related to mental health and social well-being:

• Frequency of suicides in the neighborhood
• Neglected and abandoned youth in the neighborhood
• Drug abuse (including alcohol) in the neighborhood
Housing Supply and Demand
■ Supply and demand is a framework we use to explain and predict
the equilibrium price and quantity of a good. A point on the market
supply curve shows the quantity that suppliers are willing to sell for a
given price. A point on the market demand curve shows the quantity
that demanders are willing to buy for a given price. The intersection
of supply and demand determines the equilibrium price and quantity
that will prevail in the market.
■ The primary factor influencing demand for housing is the price of
housing. By the law of demand, as price decreases, the quantity of
housing demanded increases. The demand for housing also
depends on the wealth of households, their current income, and
interest rates.
■ The primary factor influencing supply of housing is the price of
housing. As price increases, the quantity supplied also increases.
The supply of housing is shifted by changes in the price of inputs
and changes in technology.
■ The quantity and price of housing traded is determined by the
equilibrium of the housing market.
The Market Demand for Houses The Market Supply for Houses

Market Equilibrium
Houselisting and Housing Census
Schedule.
‘Houselisting Block’ means a specific area allotted to a specific
Enumerator for the purpose of carrying out of Census Operations relating
to House Numbering and Houselisting.
Premises means building along with the land and/or common places in
case of apartments/flats/multi-storey buildings attached to it.
A 'building' is generally a single structure on the ground. Sometimes it is
made up of more than one component unit which are used or likely to be
used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shops,
business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, schools,
places of entertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores, etc.
A 'Census House' is a building or part of a building used or recognized as
a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from the
road or common courtyard or staircase etc. It may be occupied or vacant.
It may be used for a residential or non-residential purpose or both.
Location particulars DATA COLLECTION
Col. 1 : Line number
Col. 2 : Building number (Municipal or local authority or census number)
Col. 3 : Census house number
Col. 4 : Material of Floor
Col. 5 : Material of Wall
Col. 6 : Material of Roof
Col. 7 : Ascertain use of census house
Col. 8 : Condition of the census house
Col. 9 : Household number
Col. 10, 11 and 12 : Total number of persons normally residing in this household
Col. 13 : Name of the head of the household
Col. 14 : Sex of the head of the household
Col. 15 : Status of the head of the household
Col. 16 : Ownership status of this house
Col. 17 : Number of dwelling rooms
Col. 18 : Number of married couple(s)
Amenities available to the household Assets possessed by the household
Col. 19 : Main source of drinking water Col. 28 : Radio/Transistor
Col. 20 : Availability of drinking water source Col. 29 : Television
Col. 21 : Main source of lighting Col. 30 : Computer/Laptop
Col. 22 : Latrine within the premises Col. 31 : Telephone/Mobile phone
Col. 23 : Type of latrine facility Col. 32 : Bicycle
Col. 24 : Waste water outlet connected to Col. 33 : Scooter/Motor Cycle/Moped
Col. 25 : Bathing facility available within the premises Col. 34 : Car/Jeep/Van
Col. 26 : Availability of Kitchen Col. 35 : Availing Banking Services
Col. 27 : Fuel used for cooking
Classification
of
Materials
8 Condition of the census house
Good ……………………… 1
Livable …………………… 2
Dilapidated …………….. 3
21 Main Source of lighting
Electricity… ... 1
Kerosene…….. 2
Solar… … … 3
Other oil … … ... 4
Any other… ... .. 5
No lighting ... … 6
Housing Shortage

■ A household consists of one or more people who live in the

same dwelling and share meals. It may also consist of a single family or
another group of people. There are three types of households namely,
i) Normal households - a group of persons who normally live
together and take their meals from a common kitchen.
ii) Institutional households - a group of unrelated persons who live
in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen.
iii) Houseless households - Households which do not live in
buildings or Census houses but live in the open or
roadside, pavements, etc.
■ Housing stock is the total number of houses, flats, etc, in an area
■ Housing shortage follows the economic principles of supply and demand.
When housing production falls behind demand there is a housing
shortage.
Components of Housing Shortage
Households residing in unacceptable conditions
Obsolescence Factor (i.e Qualitative Shortage)
■ Non Serviceable Units or Katcha (temporary) Houses
■ All bad houses excluding those less than 40 years old
■ 80 years old houses(Old structurally week)
Congestion Factor (Unacceptable as per social norms) (i.e Quantitative Shortage)
■ The ratio of households that are residing in unacceptably ‘congested
conditions’ from physical and socio cultural view point (viz married
couples sharing the room with other adults etc)
Houseless people
■ Households living without any house(open, pavements)
Methodology
Quantitative Shortage
A. No. of Households
B. No. of Occupied Dwellings
C. Shortage (A-B)…………… (Overcrowding)
D. Households without Houses
Total Shortage = (C+D)
Qualitative Shortage

E. Houses below acceptable standards (Kuchha (I & II) i.e. Qualitative

Total Shortage = (C+D+E)
(Quantitative + Qualitative)
Housing Scenario in Urban India
■ The housing shortage in India has been continuously on the rise with
the rising population as well as migration of people to urban areas,
which resulted in slums and sputtered settlements.
■ According to the technical study on Urban Housing Shortage
conducted by MHUPA, there were 23.3 million who were homeless
across the country of which 96% pertains to EWS and LIG segments.
Slum
■ A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly
of closely packed, decrepit housing units in a situation of
deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure, inhabited primarily by
impoverished persons. It is a part of the city where the housing
quality is bad and living conditions are poor.
■ Bustee, refugee, homeless, squatter settlement are the types of
slum settlements.
The main characteristics of slum population are listed below:
(i) High rate of poverty;
(ii) High incidence of unemployment;
(iii) Huge extent of urban decay;
(iv) Breeding grounds for social problems like crime, drug addiction, alcoholism etc.;
(v) High rates of mental illness and suicide etc.;
(vi) Low level of economic status of its residents;
(vii) Inadequate infrastructural facilities;
(viii) Acute problem of malnutrition
(ix) Lack of drinking water;
(x) Lack of basic healthcare;
(xi) Unsanitary and unary environment;
(xii) Low standard of living or poor quality of life
Case Example: Karaikal
■ Karaikal is a town of
the Indian Union
Territory of Puducher
ry, with a population
of 222,589 and an
area of 30 km2.
AIM:
■ To explore development potential of the town and to develop
Karaikal town into a Tourist Centre and slum free town.

OBJECTIVES :
■ Improving the Transport Network system for faster and better
communication.
■ Providing better physical and social infrastructure - safe drinking
water, improved sanitation, standard education, health, recreation
and cultural facilities.
■ Transforming the region into a tourism centre by preserving and
promoting culture and heritage and providing world class recreation
facilities.
■ Providing basic infrastructure in all slum areas and pucca houses to
slum dwellers
Existing Condition
■ The existing residential area of
the town is 714.54 ha which
constitute about 17.51% of the
total area of the town.
■ The Municipal area is divided
into 18 wards. Among these
wards, ward no. 10,11,12,16
are densely populated.
■ The total number of houses in
the town is 24,210. Most of
the houses are in pucca
condition
OWNERSHIP OF HOUSING

Housing ownership rate is 57% which is higher than the rented houses
of about 37%. About 6% of houses were provided by government.
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
About 62% of houses are pucca, 29% are semi pucca and about 9%
are of kucha.
CONDITION OF HOUSING UNITS

■ About 78% of houses are good, 21% are average and 1% is

poor.
SLUM
■ As per 2001 census,
Slum population
constitutes nearly 26,687
which are about 27% of
the total population. The
total extent of slum area
in Karaikal is 71 ha and
the density is 375
persons per hectare.
Total number of Notified
slum is 48 and Identified
slum is 44.
Schemes
■ Slum up gradation Programme is a Plan scheme implemented by
the Puducherry Slum Clearance Board for upgrading the slum
areas in the U.T. of Puducherry by providing basic amenities like
roads, side drains, water supply, toilets, etc. Under this scheme
tenements are also constructed and allotted to the slum dwellers
on rental basis. So far, 138 Nos. of tenements are constructed in
Kovilpathu, Karaikal.
■ Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Centenary Housing Schemes (PKCHS)
is a Plan Scheme implemented by the Puducheery Slum
Clearance Board. Under this scheme, a financial assistance of
Rs.1.00 lakh is provided to each beneficiary for construction of a
pucca house. So far, financial assistance has been extended to
250 slum dwellers in Karaikal for construction of pucca houses.
Out of this, 200 slum dwellers have constructed their houses.
Calculation

Rate of growth = present – past

past

r = 98181-74438 = .318/decade
74438
= .318/12 = .027

P= 98181 x e.027x22
= 185000
Housing demand in 2033
■ Household size = 5
■ Population Projection = 185000
■ Total no. of household = 37000
■ Housing stock = 23,367
■ Future demand = 13633
■ No. of Temporary house = 2048 ( including homeless)
■ Congestion Factor (6.5%) = 1520
■ Obsolescence (4.5%) = 1050
■ Total Demand = 18251
 Conclusion
■ Projected population of the town is 1, 85,000 and housing need is 18,000
dwelling units.
■ The present gross density, gross residential density and net residential density
are 28 pph., 73pph and 138pph respectively.
■ For the projected population of the town, the total residential area required to
be developed has been worked out to be 1480 ha. Deducting the existing
residential area, the additional area required is 630 ha.
■ . Considering the growth of development in the town, the future residential
development can be located in northern side and in the western side.
Accordingly, Northern and Western parts of the Town have been proposed for
residential use.
■ It is proposed to develop Karaikal as a Slum Free District. Therefore, all the
slums of the Karaikal have to be provided with all basic amenities and all slum
dwellers have to be provided with pucca houses.
 Case example
Singapore Public Housing Planning

1960s Today
Singapore in ‘60s – A City is Dire Straits !
Massive Overcrowding
■ 7 in 10 households were in badly
overcrowded conditions
■ 1/3rd of its people lived in squatter
areas on the city’s edges
■ 600,000 homes were needed
Lack of public services
■ Mortality rates were rising rapidly
■ Increasing pressure in migration from
Malaysia and surrounding region
High Unemployment
■ 14% Unemployment rate
■ GDP were less than S$2,700
■ Half the population were illiterate
Population growth
Singapore’s Profile
Phases of housing policies in
post-war period in singapore:
Success Formula for Singapore
Public Housing Programme
Government Support

Land Acquisition Act

■ In 1967, the government legislated the Land Acquisition Act which
empowered it to acquire land at low cost for public use.
■ In 1965, the state owned only 49% of all land.
■ Today, 90% of Singapore land is owned by the Government & its
Statutory Boards
■ This Act, together with sensitive resettlement policies, enabled HDB to
clear squatters and slum areas smoothly and, and in their place, build
new HDB flats.
Housing & Development Act
■ The Housing & Development Act (1960) gave the Housing and
Development Board (HDB) legal authority on public housing matters.
Responsibilities of HDB
■ Sole Public Housing Developer & Agency formed in 1964
■ Focus on Affordable, Quality Homes in Vibrant Townships
■ Community Building through Housing Programme
■ Funding of Home Purchases
■ Partnership with Central Provident Fund (CPF) in 1968
■ Singapore tops in home ownership – 84%
Funding Strategy for HDB
Mechanics of CPF System
Comprehensive National Planning &
New Town Developments

■ Close to 1 million homes completed in 26 world class townships

■ In the 80s – one apartment unit completed every 8 minutes !
seamless development integration between
■ Residential
■ Industrial
■ Commercial
■ Institutional
■ Recreational
■ Infrastructure
A Holistic Approach to a Sustainable
Housing Programme
Home Owner Schemes

The Primary Objectives of the Home Ownership Schemes are to

1. Help all Singaporeans Own their own homes
2. Redistribute the country’s wealth to its citizens through heavily
subsidised public housing as part of the Government’s long-term
asset enhancement strategy
3. Forge Asian Family Values by encouraging the formation of
cohesive family nucleus
4. Cater to an aging population
1968 – Government allowed the use of
compulsory savings from CPF to buy HDB
flats
Estates Management
Precinct Development Case Studies
Punggol / Sengkang Township
Application
Integrated precincts
Seamless connection between
blocks, drop-off porches, car
parks, amenities and transport
facilities and adjacent
neighbourhood.

Nodes ( Drop-off porches,

commercial plaza, common
green spaces) serves as
dispersal point and
orientation.

Creation of safe and

meaningful spaces and
amenities that are well
distributed, easily accessible
and convenient to use.

Well integrated semi basement

car parks free up valuable
ground spaces for landscaping
and segregate vehicular traffic
from play area.
Hierarchy of connectivity
Clear transition and hierarchy of spaces from
public to private zone for sense of clarity,
identification and orientation.

Public zone – Commercial Plaza defined by

public transport entrances and commercial
facilities

Semi public zone – Linear Green Spine

linking residential to amenities.

Semi private zone – Roof Garden and

Landscape Decks with trellis and seats.

Private zone – Defined Entrance Lobbies with

air wells and planters leading to the units
Flexible & Functional Design For
Standard Unit Layouts
Adapting new town planning
principles to the context of
developing countries
Conclusion
Housing Focused City Planning

i. Making a Sustainable Public Housing Programme as

part of a long term city master plan’s vision & goals

ii. Anticipating urbanization pressures and depleting

government land bank & resources

iii. Creating job opportunities near home

Reference

■ Health Hygiene & Sanitation -

ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=20543
■ DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN (2012-2033)
■ http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/Data_sheet/Andh
ra_Pradesh/Houselisting_and_Housing_Census-A.P.pdf
■ http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3404_PART_B_
DCHB_KARAIKAL.pdf
■ https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/urba
n-housing-shortage.pdf
■ Housing and Development Board, Oct 2008 Singapore