Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1642: Blaise Pascal builds the first numerical calculating machine, in Paris, that
can add, subtract
1805: Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents perforated card for use on his loom.
1833: Charles Babbage designs the Analytical Machine that follows instructions
from punched-cards. It is the first general purpose computer.
1842: Lady Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron, the poet,
documents Babbage's work and writes programs for Babbage.
1854: Irishman George Boole publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic using
the binary system now known as Boolean algebra.
1884: Dr. Herman Hollerith applies for patents for automatic punch-card
tabulating machine.
1888: New York-based Eastman registered the made-up brand name "Kodak" and
offered the first branded camera, a handheld box-shaped model sold with the
promise, "You press the button - we do the rest."
1900: the Kodak "BROWNIE" was introduced. This cardboard camera sold for $1,
with film at 15 cents a roll. The BROWNIE is credited with the democratization of
photography -- bringing the medium into the financial reach of everyone. Kodak
continued to produce BROWNIES until the late 1960s, selling millions of models
across the globe.
1901: The first radio message is sent across the Atlantic Ocean in Morse code.
1903: Nikola Tesla, a Yugoslavian who worked for Thomas Edison, patents
electrical logic circuits called gates or switches. This invention helps create and
transmit AC power
1921: Czech word robot is used to describe mechanical workers in the play R.U.R.
(Rossum's Universal Robots) by Karel Capek.
1928: A Russian immigrant, Vladimir Zworykin, invents the cathode ray tube
(CRT).
1937: George Stibitz builds the first binary calculator at Bell Telephone
Laboratories.
1940: At Bell Labs, George Stibitz demonstrates the Complex Number Calculator,
which may be the first digital computer.
1945: John von Neumann paper describes stored-program concept for EDVAC, The
Von Neumann Architecture is introduced
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1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), with 18,000
vacuum tubes, is dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania. It was 8 by 100 feet
and weighed 80 tons. It could do 5,000 additions and 360 multiplications per second.
The first general-purpose electronic digital calculator begins to be constructed.
This computer by most is considered to be the first electronic computer. It was
created to help with the war efforts against German forces.
1946: Term bit for binary digit is used for first time by John Tukey.
1949: Claude Shannon of MIT builds the first chess playing machine.
1953: First magnetic tape device, the IBM 726, is introduced with 100 character-
per-inch density and 75 inches-per-second speed.
1953: IBM ships its first stored-program computer, the 701. It is a vacuum tube,
or first generation, computer.
1954: FORTRAN is created by John Backus at IBM. Harlan Herrick runs the first
successful FORTRAN program.
1954: Gene Amdahl develops the first operating system, used on IBM 704.
1958: LISP is developed on the IBM 704 at MIT under John McCarthy.
1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments makes the first integrated circuit.
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1960: DEC ships the first small computer, the PDP-1.
1962 Steve Russell creates "SpaceWar!" and releases it in February 1962. This game
is considered the first game intended for computers.
1965: IBM ships the first System 360, its first integrated circuit-based or third
generation, computer.
1968: Integrated Electronics (Intel) Corp. is founded by Gordon Moore and Robert
Noyce.
1969 Control Data Corporation led by Seymour Cray, release the CDC 7600,
considered by most to be the first supercomputer.
1969 Windows concept is developped at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
1969 Gary Starkweather, while working with Xerox invents the laser printer.
1969 The U.S. Department of Defense sets up the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET ) this network was the first building blocks to what
the Internet is today.
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1969 AMD is founded.
1970: IBM ships its first System 370, a fourth generation, computer.
1971: Intel Corporation announces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004
1972: PL/1, the first programming language for the Intel 4004 microprocessor.
1973 Dr. Martin Cooper makes the first cell phone call at Motorola.
1973: R2E markets Andre Truong Trong Thi’s MICRAL, the first microcomputer
in France.
1974: Intel introduces the 8080, an 8 bit microprocessor that will be used in
numerous personal computers.
1975: MITS introduces the Altair personal computer, named after a Star Trek
episode, A Voyage to Altair. The kit cost $397 for a 256 byte computer. The I/O
consisted of switches and lights. It was designed by Ed Roberts and Bill Yates.
1975: Microsoft is founded after Bill Gates and Paul Allen adapt and sell BASIC to
MITS for the Altair PC.
1976 Steve Wozniak designs the first Apple, the Apple I ($666). Apple Computer is
founded with Steve Jobbs.
1977: Apple Computer becomes Inc. January 4; introduces the Apple II PC; first PC
completely assembled in a plastic case, incorporated sound, graphical capabilities,
first Floppy Disk drive for personal computers ($1.300) – the VW of PC’s.
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1977: Datapoint introduces ARC system, the first local area network.
1978: Dan Bricklin creates, in Apple Basic on an Apple 2, VisiCalc - the first
spreadsheet type program to be developed
1978 The first spam e-mail was sent by Gary Thuerk in 1978 an employee at Digital
who was advertising DECSYSTEM-2020, 2020T, 2060, AND 2060T on ARPAnet
1979 Oracle is founded and introduces the first commercial version of SQL
1980 IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system for a new
PC. The pair buys the rights to a simple operating system (Quick and Dirty OS) and
uses it as a template, selling the DOS for $50.000 to IBM, which allows the two to
keep the marketing rights to the operating system.
1980 IBM hires Microsoft to develop versions of BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, and
Pascal for the PC being developed by IBM.
1986 Apple is listed on the New York Stock Exchange selling shares to the public at
$22 each. They were sold in a few minutes.
1980: Total computers in use in the U.S. exceed one million units.
1981 IBM joins the computer race by introducing IBM PC, which runs the new MS-
DOS operating system, creating a de facto standard
1981 Xerox introduces the graphical Star workstation. This computer greatly
influences the development of Apple’s future computer models, Lisa and Macintosh,
as well as Microsoft’s Windows.
1981: Osborne Computer introduces the Osborne 1, the first portable computer,
which weighs 25 pounds.
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1982: Sun Microsystems is founded, with four employees.
1982: Time Magazine names the computer its Man of the Year, the first non-
human ever nominated.
1982 Apple Computer is the first personal computer manufacturer to hit the
$1 billion mark for annual sales
1982 Rich Skrenta a 15-year old high school student creates the first known
computer virus which spread to other computers by monitoring the floppy drive and
copying itself to any floppy diskette that was inserted into the computer
1983: Compaq is the first company to introduce a clone of the IBM PC (the first
100% IBM compatible computer) and become IBM’s biggest challenger in the
corporate market. Compaq ships its first computer in January and sells $111M, the
greatest first-year sales in the history of American business.
1983: Total computers in use in the U.S. exceed ten million units.
1983: Apple introduces Mac predecessor, Lisa. Great fiasco due to his price
(10.000$)
1984: Apple introduces the Macintosh computer 128Kb RAM, first 3.5-inch floppy
diskette and mouse (2.495$), a computer with graphical user interface instead of
needing to type in commands. In six months sales of the computer reach 100,000.
“Cult of Mac” surges.
1984 The 3.5-inch floppy diskette is introduced and later becomes an industry standard.
1985: Aldus introduces PageMaker for the Macintosh, a program that lets users mix
text and graphics on the same page. The combination of this software and the new
Apple LaserWriter printer starts the desktop publishing era.
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1985 The computer company Gateway 2000 is founded in Sioux City, Iowa.
1985 Intel introduces the 80386, a 16 MHz processor that incorporates 275,000
transistor and capable of accessing up to four megabytes of memory. The processor
sells for $299.
1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 is introduced in November and is sold for $100.
1985 Steve Wozniak leaves Apple. Jobs leaves, founding NeXT Computing.
1986 Microsoft is listed on the New York Stock Exchange selling shares to the
public at $21 each, making Bill Gates (owning 43% of total shares) the world’s
youngest billionaire.
1987: Microsoft purchases the company that developed the presentation software
PowerPoint.
1988: Creative Labs introduces the SoundBlaster, a sound card for the PC
1989: Intel announces the 80486 microprocessor with over one million transistors.
1989: Grid introduces a laptop computer with a touch sensitive pad that recognizes
handwriting – the GridPad, the first pen-based computer.
1990: Microsoft's fiscal year revenue ending 6/30/90 exceeds $1B and becomes
the first company to do so.
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1990 GSM standard is defined
1991 The World Wide Web is launched to the public August 6, 1991. Tim Berners-
Lee, a scientist at the European Partial Physics Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva
1992: Intel says its next microprocessor will be called Pentium instead of 586.
1993: Fifty World Wide Web servers are known to exist as of January.
1993 President Bill Clinton puts the United States White House online with a
World Wide Web page and E-mail address for the President, Vice President and first
lady.
1993 Mosaic is released, the first widely used graphical World Wide Web browser.
1993: Intel releases the Pentium Processor. The processor is a 60 MHz processor,
incorporates 3.2 million transistors and sells for $878.00.
1993: Apple launches MessagePad, first PDA; market not ready for it, SF stuff
1993 Developed by IBM, Motorola and Apple the PowerPC processor for the Apple
Power Mac is introduced and later included in the Power Mac.
1993 The PC game DOOM by IdSoftware was released in December. Today DOOM
is thought of as a turning point for first person shooters and for games in general.
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1995 Microsoft Releases Windows 95, within four days the software sells more than
1 million copies.
1995 Amazon.com, one of the largest and well known e-commerce sites today
officially opens its website for the first time.
1996 IBM computer Deep Blue beats chess master Garry Kasparov in two chess
matches.
1996 Apple Stock sinks to a 10-year low of less than $18.00 a share.
1996 Apple buys NeXT Software Inc. for $400 million and acquires Steve Jobs,
Apple’s cofounder, as a consultant.
1997 IBM’s Deep Blue computer defeats world champion chess player Garry
Kasparov in their second six-game showdown, winning the tie-breaking game in
only 62 minutes.
1997 Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple Computers Inc. and agrees to continue
creating software for Apple computers; in agreement Apple makes Microsoft
Internet Explorer its browser of choice for Macintosh computers.
1997 The Li-Ion battery begins being used for commercial uses.
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1998 During the demonstration of a pre-release copy of Windows 98 at Comdex Bill
Gates and an assistant demonstrate how to install a scanner. During the
demonstration Windows 98 caused an error message.
1998 Apple introduces the iMac operated through MacOS (Unix based); the iMac
helps bring Apple back on the computer map as a very easy and friendly computer,
which integrates the hardware in the monitor; the best sold computers in the first
year. ‘I’ prefix appears.
1999 On December 1, 1999 the most expensive Internet domain was sold by Marc
Ostrofsky for $7.5 Million.
2000 Microsoft Bill Gates relinquishes his title as CEO to MS President Steve
Ballmer on January 13.
2000 On March 10, 2000 NASDAQ hits its record high and marks the turning
point of the dot-com boom.
2001 The man who practically invented the Silicon Valley success story, Hewlett-
Packard Co. co-founder William Hewlett, dies at his home, he was 87.
2001 Airlines begin to implement methods of gaining Internet access while flying.
2001 Apple introduces the Mac OS X and iPod (10 models till now). 1st Apple retail
store (345 in 2011), greater number of visitors than all the 4 Disneylands (70 versus
60M in one trimester)
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2001 Microsoft Windows XP home and professional editions released October 25th.
2002 Approximately 1 billion PCs have been shipped worldwide since the mid-
'70s, according to a study released by consulting firm Gartner.
2003 Apple launches Power MacIntosh G5, first PC on 64 bits processing; silent
cooler, silver case, 8GB RAM.
2003 iTunes, Apple’s online music store (5 mil. Songs, 400 movies, 350 shows). Sold over
15B songs, over 10M movies, 200 registered users in 2011
2004 Facebook is created
2004 Google announces Gmail on April 1.
2004 IBM sells its computing division to Lenovo Group for $1.75 billion.
2005 YouTube is founded.
2005 eBay acquired Skype for approximately $2.6billion.
2006 Mac offers capability of installing Windows on Mac.
2006 On January 5, 2006 Intel introduces the Core Duo.
2006 Facebook opens to public
2006 Social networking and microblogging serviceTwitter appears
2006 Sony e-reader is launched
2006 On July 27, 2006 Intel introduces the Core 2 Duo processors.
2006 The Intel Core 2 Extreme is first released on July 29, 2006.
2006 On November 14, 2006 Microsoft released its portable Zune media player.
2007 Apple announces in January 1, 2007 that it will drop computer from its name as it
becomes a company who deals with more than computers.
2007 Apple introduces the iPhone to the public at the January Macworld Conference &
Expo (released to the public, June 29).
2007 Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista and Office 2007 to the general public
January 30.
2007 Amazon.com releases the first Kindle in the United States November 19.
2007 Google releases Android in November.
2007 Apple introduces Mac OS X 10.5 code named Leopard, October 26.
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2007 The HD player war comes to an end when HD DVD calls it quit, making Blu-ray the
victor.
2008 Apple introduces Mac OS X 10.6 code named Snow Leopard on June 9.
2008 Apple introduces its latest line of Apple iMac computers on August 28.
2009 Intel releases the Core2 Duo Processor E7600 (3M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB)
May 31.
2009 Microsoft releases Windows 7 on October 22.
2009 Microsoft releases MSE (Microsoft Security Essentials), a free antivirus and
malware protection utility, on September 30, 2009
2010 Apple introduces the iPad on January 27.
2010 Apple introduces the iPhone 4 on June 24.
2011 Apple introduces the iPad 2 in March
2011 RIM launches PlayBook - the BlackBerry tablet on April 19th.
2011 Apple introduces the iPhone 4S on October 4th
2011 Steve Jobs dies October 5th
2011 Amazon Kindle Fire tablet 7”, November 15th ($199)
2011 Amazon Kindle Touch 6”, November 21th ($99)
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