SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

An Autonomous Institution
Approved by AICTE | Affiliated to Anna University
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade
Kovaipudur, Coimbatore – 641042, Tamilnadu, India.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

18MES02

ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

2019-2020
 SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institution
Approved by AICTE | Affiliated to Anna University
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade
Kovaipudur, Coimbatore – 641042, Tamilnadu, India.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

18MES02
ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

Prepared by Approved by
 VISION OF THE INSTITUTION

Sri Krishna College of Technology aspires to be recognized as one of the pioneers in

imparting world class technical education through technology enabled innovative teaching
learning processes with a focus on research activities to cater the societal needs.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION

1. To be recognized as Centre of excellence in science, engineering and technology through

effective teaching and learning processes by providing a conducive learning environment.
2. To foster research and development with creative and entrepreneurial skills by means of
innovative applications of technology.
3. Accomplish expectations of the society and industry by nurturing the students to be
competent professionals with integrity.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To provide high quality education in the challenging and changing fields of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, facilitating an atmosphere for research and innovation, forging faculty
and students into competent professionals with integrity.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To impart knowledge to the students participating in the program by providing

M1: Enlight students with technical knowledge and strong practical skills.
M2: Enrich curriculum, infrastructure and academic resources.
M3: Enhance student’s personality, producing skillful engineers.
 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

PO1-Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

PO2-Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3-Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the
specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4-Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5-Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,

resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6-The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual

knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice

PO7-Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8-Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
 PO9-Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10-Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11-Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s
own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

PO12-Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: Graduates are lifelong learners, competent with the changing technology in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PSO2: Graduates are resourceful to cater to the industrial needs of the nation in
the domain of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: To educate students to have sound Electrical and Electronics Engineering

fundamentals in the areas like Power Systems, Power Electronics and Drives, Applied
Electronics and Automation and Control Engineering.

PEO2: To prepare and train the students to analyze and interpret data, design and
conduct experiments, and effectively use the modern technology in problem solving and
research using appropriate mathematical and computational methodologies.

PEO3: To train the students to understand the necessities of professionalism and

ethical responsibilities and to equip them to function in multidisciplinary teams with good
communication and interpersonal skills.

PEO4: To prepare students to become lifelong learners, innovators and socially

responsible citizens, which would enable them to pursue higher studies and also to
acquire entrepreneurial skills.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Study and identification of electronic components with specification.

2. Testing of CRO and Electronic components using Multimeter.

3. Generation and measurement of signals using CRO.

4. Familiarization of digital basic gate IC’s.

5. Soldering practice-components devices and circuits- using general purpose PCB.

6. Demonstration of meters and electrical components.

7. Safety precautions with electrical components.

8. Residential house wiring.

 GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

➢ Be regular and be punctual to classes

➢ Come in proper uniform stipulated
➢ Ensure safety to your body organs and laboratory equipment
➢ Read in advance the contents of the instruction manual pertaining to the experiment due
and come prepared. Understand the related basic principles.
➢ Maintain separate observation and record note books for each laboratory portion of the
course wherever justified.
➢ Though you work in a batch to conduct experiment, equip yourself to do independently.
This will benefit you at the time of tests and university examinations.
➢ Independently do the calculations and sketching. If there is difficulty, consult your batch
mate, classmate, teacher(s) and Laboratory in-charge.
➢ Do not attempt to simply copy down from others. You may fulfill the formalities but you
stand to lose learning and understanding
➢ Obtain the signature of teacher (s) in the laboratory observation note book and record note
book then and there during class hours (within a week subsequent to experimentation).
➢ Help to maintain neatness in the laboratory.
➢ Students are advised to retain the bonafide record notebook till they successfully
complete the laboratory course.
 GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

➢ Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits

➢ Treat all electrical devices as if they are live or energized
➢ Disconnect the power source before servicing or repairing electrical equipment
➢ Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when working on electrical
devices. Never use metallic pencils or rulers, or wear rings or metal watchbands when
working with electrical equipment. This rule is very easy to forget, especially when you
are showing some electrical part pointing with metallic pencil.
➢ When it is necessary to handle equipment that is plugged in, be sure hands are dry and,
when possible, wear nonconductive gloves, protective clothes and shoes with insulated
soles.
➢ If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor, do not touch the
equipment, cord or person. Disconnect the power source from the circuit breaker or pull
out the p lug us ing a leather belt.
➢ Equipment producing a “tingle” should be disconnected and reported promptly for repair.
➢ Drain capacitors before working near them and keep the short circuit on the terminals
during the work to prevent electrical shock.
➢ Never touch another person’s equipment or electrical control devices unless instructed to
do so. Never handle electrical equipment when hands, feet, or body are wet or perspiring,
or when standing on a wet floor.
➢ Do not wear loose clothing or ties near electrical equipment.
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ON INSTRUMENT HANDLING

How to use a Regulated Power Supply?

Regulated power supply is an electronic circuit that is designed to provide a constant
dc voltage of predetermined value across load terminals irrespective of ac mains fluctuations or
load variations. The voltage produced by the power supply is controlled by the knobs labeled
voltage. One knob is provided for coarse Voltage adjustment and another one for fine Voltage
adjustment voltage can be varied between 0 to 30 volts. Similarly the current is limited by
adjusting the knob labeled current. One knob is used for coarse current adjustment and another
for fine current adjustment. As long as the circuit does not attempt to draw more current than the
value set by the current knob, the voltage will remain constant. Current limiting allows the power
supply to be set such that it will not generate more current than it is safe. This can be useful as a
safety feature, preventing electrocution due to accidental contact with terminals. In addition,
current limiting can prevent damage to equipment and parts which may be unable to hand le
excessive currents.

Fig. a.: Real Time View of Regulated Power Supply

How to use an Ammeter?
The most common way to measure current in a circuit is to break the circuit open and
insert an “ammeter” in series (in-line) with the c ircuit so that all electrons flowing through the
circuit also have to go through the meter. Because measuring current in this manner requires the
meter be made part of the circuit, it is a more difficult type of measurement to make than either
voltage or resistance. When an ammeter is placed in series with a circuit, it ideally drops no
voltage as current goes through it. In other words, it acts very much like a piece of wire, with very
little resistance from one test probe to the other. Consequently, an ammeter will act as a short
circuit if p laced in parallel (across the terminals of) a substantial source of voltage. If this is done,
a surge in current will result, potentially damaging the meter:
Ammeters are generally protected from excessive current by means of a small fusecated
inside the meter housing. If the ammeter is accidently connected across a substantial voltage
source, the resultant surge in current will “blow” the fuse and render the meter incapable of
measuring current until the fuse is rep laced. Be very careful to avoid this scenario!

Fig. a.: Real Time View of Regulated Power Supply

How to use a Voltmeter?
A voltmeter is placed in parallel with a circuit element to measure the voltage drop
across it and is designed to draw very little current from the circuit so that it does not appreciably
change the circuit it is measuring. Always connect voltmeters in parallel. Always start with the
highest range of a voltmeter. De-energize and discharge the circuit completely before
connecting or disconnecting the voltmeter. In dc voltmeters, observe the proper circuit polarity to
prevent damage to the meter. Never use a dc voltmeter to measure ac voltage.

Fig. b.: Real Time View of Voltmeter

How to use a Multimeter?

A multimeter is has three parts:

1. Display
2. Selection Knob
3. Ports
The display usually has four digits and the ability to display a negative sign. A few
millimeters have illuminated displays for better viewing in low light situations. The selection knob
allows the user to set the multimeter to read different things such as milliamps (mA) of current,
voltage (V) and resistance (Ω).
 Two probes are plugged into two of the ports on the front of the unit. COM stands for
common and is almost always connected to Ground or “-ve” of a circuit. The COM probe is
conventionally b lack but there is no difference between the red probe and black probe other
than color. 10A is the special port used when measuring large currents (greater than
200mA). Ma/VΩ is the port that the red probe is conventionally p lugged in to. This port allows the
measurement of current (up to 200mA), voltage (V), and resistance (Ω). The probes have a
banana type connector on the end that p lugs into the multimeter. Any probe with a banana p lug
will work with this meter. This allo ws for different types of probes to be used.

How to use a Function Generator?

Function Generator is a device that is used to generate wide range of AC signals. A
function generator is also known as “signal generator” or “waveform generator”. A function
generator generates a variety of periodic and single shot waveforms of different periods and
amplitudes.
 In addition to a selection of the basic waveforms that are available, other controls on the
function generator may include:
Frequency: This control alters the bas ic frequency at which the waveform repeats. It is
independent of the waveform type.
Waveform type: This enables the different basic waveform types to be selected: Sine wave,
Square wave and Triangular wave
DC offset: This alters the average voltage of a signal relative to 0V or ground.
Duty cycle: This control on the function generator changes the ratio of high voltage to low
voltage time in a square wave signal, i.e. changing the waveform from a square wave with a 1:1
duty cycle to a pulse waveform, or a triangular waveform with equal rise and fall times to a saw
tooth.

How to use a CRO?

To understand the basic functioning of a CRO lets‟ pretend that a device ( may even be
a multi-meter) stores various measurement values at different instants of time of a particular s
ignal and then we put all the measured values in a single paper, then what we get is all those
measurement being trac ed over a certain period of time. This is what a CRO basically does ,
although there is a very complex mechanism behind the acquiring of these values from the
signal but we don‟t need to go further into that. Unlike an Oscilloscope, a multi-meter
provides a slit window or an instantaneous window for observing a signal. It is a LCD or CRT
display which consists of various horizontal and vertical lines in the way of matrix which covers
the whole d isplay. This LCD or CRT screen is responsible for the display of the captured
instants of the signal for further observation. The matrix included in the screen helps in
calculation of the range of the extremes of the signal under observation. The horizontal axis in
the display represents time scale or time base. The time base is divided in a bunch of boxes,
due to the matrix, these segments represents a small window of time which helps in analyzing
the signal. This scale can be adjusted accord ing to our needs with one of the knobs provided in
the control panel of the CRO.

The Probes: The connecting wires or the connection bridge between the signal
generating source and the CRO. A probe is a wire which have 2-clipper(one for each of the two
terminals of the signal generator, most often one of the clipper of this end is connected to
ground) at one end and one round connector at the another end (which goes into the
Oscilloscope). Most often there are two probes each one for the two channels available in the
CRO. The other end of the probe is connected to the signal tester available inside the CRO for
testing purpose.
EXP NO: DATE:

1 STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS WITH
SPECIFICATION

OBJECTIVE
The objective of the experiment is to identify the electronic components with specification

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected

1) To identify the electronic component

2) To understand the usage of electronic components in various application

THEORY

INDUCTOR:

An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component

which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as
a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored in a
magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-
varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in current that created it.
Inductors, also called coils, can be a bit harder to figure out their values. If they are color
coded, the resources listed for resistors can help, otherwise a good meter that can measure
inductance will be needed. They are typically marked with an “L” on a circuit board.

1
CAPACITOR:

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component

used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. By contrast, batteries store energy
via chemical reactions. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common
construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are
widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Capacitors are
also very commonly used. A lot have their values printed on them, some are marked with 3-
digit codes, and a few are color coded. The same resources listed above for resistors can also
help you identify capacitor values. They are typically marked with an “C” on a circuit board.

DIODE:

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance,

it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite)
resistance in the other. Semiconductors, such as Diodes (typically marked with an “D” on a
circuit board).

2
 FUSES:

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts
as a sacrificial device to provide over current protection, of either the load or source circuit.
Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows,
which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overloading, mismatched
loads or device failure are the prime reasons for excessive current. A fuse interrupts
excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or fire is prevented. Fuses
can be easy to identify, and typically have their voltage and amperage rating marked on
them.

ELECTRONIC CHOKES AND ITS TESTING:

In electronics, a choke is an inductor used to block higher-frequency alternating current (AC)

in an electrical circuit, while passing lower- frequency or direct current (DC). A choke usually
consists of a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, although some consist of

3
a doughnut-shaped "bead" of ferrite material strung on a wire. The
choke's impedance increases with frequency. Its low electrical resistance passes both AC and
DC with little power loss, but its reactance limits the amount of AC passed.The name comes
from blocking—"choking"—high frequencies while passing low frequencies. It is a
functional name; the name "choke" is used if an inductor is used for blocking or decoupling
higher frequencies, but is simply called an "inductor" if used in electronic filters or tuned
circuits. Inductors designed for use as chokes are usually distinguished by not having the
low- loss construction (high Q factor) required in inductors used in tuned circuits and filtering
applications.

PREREQUISITES
1. What is the function of capacitor?
2. What is the function of a diode?
3. What is the purpose of fuse?
4. Differentiate fuse and diode.
5. What is a choke?
6. What is an inductor?

RESULT
Thus, the electronic components were identified with their specifications.

4
EX NO: DATE:

2 A

TESTING OF CRO

OBJECTIVE
To measure the following when a sinusoidal voltage is applied

1. Peak – Peak Magnitude of the Voltage,

2. RMS Value of the Voltage
3. Time Period

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

1) To operate and trouble shoot CRO

2) To understand and analyze the waveforms

THEORY

5
The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is an extremely useful and versatile as laboratory instrument for
studying wave shapes of alternating currents and voltages as well as for measurement of voltage,
current and frequency. It generates the electron a high velocity, deflects the beam to create the
image and contains a phosphor beam, to screen where the electron beam becomes visible. For
accomplishing these tasks various electrical signals and voltages are required, which are
provided by the power supply circuit of the oscilloscope. Low voltage supply is required for the
heater ofthe electron gun for generation of electron beam and high voltage is required for
cathode ray tube to accelerate the beam. Normal voltage supply is required for other control
circuits of the oscilloscope. Electron beam deflects in two directions horizontal on X axis and
vertical on Y axis. For measurement of direct voltage, firstly the spot is centered on the screen
without applying signal any voltage to the deflection plates. Then direst voltage to be measured
is applied between a pair of depletion plates and deflection of the spot is observed on the Screen.
The magnitude of the deflection multiplied is the deflection factor gives the value of direct
voltage applied. In case of measurement alternating voltage of sinusoidal waveform it is applied
between a pair of deflection plates and the length of the straight line is measured. Knowing be
determined the deflection sensitivity the peak to peak value of applied ac voltage can be
determined.

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

SCHEMATIC OF THE EXPERIMENT SETUP

The diagram above shows how the components are connected in the bread board.

6
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

S.NO EQUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 CRO Dual 30MHz 1

2 Function Generator 3 MHZ 1
3 connecting wires few
PROCEDURE
1. Turn on the Oscilloscope
2. Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace.
3. Use the X & Y knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically.
4. Connect the cable from Ch1 of the CRO to Function generator.
5. A signal will appear on the screen.
6. Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked clockwise.
7. Set the frequency of the generator to 100 Hz.
8. Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal
9. Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then calculate the peak to peak value
as:

Vp-p = No. vertical Div * Volt/Divs

10. Count the number of horizontal squares lying within the one Duty Cycle, then

calculate time value as:

7
 Time = No. Horizontal Div * Time/Divs

11. Calculate the Fre quency of signal by using the formula:

Freq = 1 /Time

MODEL GRAPH

8
OBSERVATION WITH SAMPLE CALCULATION
S.NO No. of No. of Voltage Time Peak Peak RMS Time Frequency
divisions divisions base base value to value Period (Hertz)
in in Y- reading reading (Volt) Peak (Volt) (m
X-axis of axis (Volt) (m Value Sec)
CRO of CRO Sec) (Volt)
monitor monitor

SAMPLE CALCULATION
Frequency =1/ time period
Vrms = 0.7 × Vpeak

PREREQUISITES
1) State some applications of CRO
2) Differentiate CRO and DSO
3) What type of waveforms can be analyzed in CRO?

RESULT

Thus, Peak, RMS, peak to peak values, period and frequency of a sinusoidal voltage
waveform are observed and measured by using CRO.
9
EX NO: DATE:

2 B

TESTING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

USING MULTIMETER
OBJECTIVE
To test the electronic components using multimeter.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

1) To measure resistance of any Resistor

THEORY
A resistor is a passive component. It introduces resistance in the circuit. Resistance is basic
property of conducting material and is given by
R = ρL/ A
Where,
ρ - Specified resistivity.
L - Length of the material.
A - Area of cross section of material.
We have a number of type of resistors such as carbon composition, metal film, carbon film wire
wound and variable resistors. In our laboratory carbon resistors are used. For resistance of the
order of mega ohms, we use powdered carbon mixed with a suitable building material in the
proper proportion. Carbon resistors are quite cheap, but the value of resistance may be easily
affected by atmospheric changes and is also susceptible to high tolerance.

SYMBOL:
k

RESISTOR
10
TYPES
Resistors are broadly classified in to two categories as
1) Fixed Resistors
2) Variable Resistors
Fixed Resistors:
Fixed resistors are those whose values cannot be changed after
manufacturing. Variable Resistors:
Variable resistors are those whose values can be changed after manufacturing.

(i) RESISTOR COLOUR CODING

Resistance is coded to indicate the value and the Tolerance. For axial type resistors, four color
bands are used as shown in figure.

The first three color bands indicate the resistance value and the fourth one indicates the
tolerance. The first colour band gives the first significant digit and second colour band gives the
second significant digit. Third colour band is the multiplier and gives the number of zeros that is
to be added to the numerical value obtained from the first two bands. The following table gives
the colour and its numerical value.

11
 COLOUR NUMBER MULTIPLIER
BLACK 0 0
10
BROWN 1 1
10
RED 2 2
10
ORANGE 3 3
10
YELLOW 4 4
10
GREEN 5 5
10
BLUE 6 6
10
VIOLET 7 7
10
GREY 8 8
10
WHITE 9 9
10

TOLERANCE COD E
BROWN +1%
RED + 2%
GOLD +5%
SILVER + 10 %

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Resistor 1
2 Multimeter 1

OBSERVATION WITH SAMPLE CALCULATION

S.No. Resistance Value by Colour Resistance Value
Coding (Ω) by Multimeter (Ω)

PREREQUISITES
1) What is the function of the resistor?
2) What is the relationship between resistance and temperature?
3) What are active and passive elements?

RESULT

Thus, the electronic components using multimeter was tested.

12
EXP NO: DATE:

3
GENERATION OF SIGNALS
OBJECTIVE

To generate signals using the Function generator

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

a) To generate clock signals with different frequency

b) To effectively use function generator

THEORY

A function generator is electronic test equipment used to generate different types of waveforms
over a wide range of frequencies. Function generators are capable of producing a variety of
repetitive waveforms, generally from the list below

Sine wave: A function generator will normally have the capability to produce a standard sine
wave output. This is the standard waveform that oscillates between two levels with a standard
sinusoidal shape.

13
Square wave: A square wave is normally relatively easy for a function generator to produce. It
consists of a signal moving directly between high and low levels.

Pulse: A pulse waveform is another type that can be produced by a function generator. It is
effectively the same as a square wave, but with the mark space ratio very different to 1:1.

Triangular wave: This form of signal produced by the function generator linearly moves
between a high and low point.

Saw tooth wave: Again, this is a triangular waveform, but with the rise edge of the waveform
faster or slower than the fall, making a form of shape similar to a saw tooth.

These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot Function generators are used in the
development, test and repair of electronic equipment.

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 CRO Dual 30MHz 1

2 Function Generator 3 MHZ 1
3 connecting wires few

14
PROCEDURE

1. Turn on the oscilloscope

2. Connect the function generator to one vertical channel of the oscilloscope using
Connector
3. Select the type of wave form by pressing Function control button.
4. Set the waveform at desired frequency by adjusting Frequency variable control button.
5. Now adjust the amplitude control of the function generator to establish a 4 V peak-to-peak
(p- p) sinusoidal waveform on the screen.

TABULATION

Set sine wave Hz and display in CRO

Set Square wave Hz and display in CRO

Set Triangular wave Hz and display in CRO

Description Sine Wave Square Wave Triangular Wave

Measurement of
voltage
Measurement of Time
Calculated frequency

CALCULATION

Frequency =1/ time period

PREREQUESITES

1. What is function generator?

2. Difference between periodic and non-periodic waveform
3. Difference between function generator and signal generator

RESULT

Thus, the signals are generated using function generator

15
EXP NO: DATE:

4 FAMILIARIZATION OF DIGITAL
BASIC GATE IC’S
OBJECTIVE
To study and verify AND, O R, NOT & EX-OR logic gates.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected

1) To operate an IC TrainerK it

2) To understand different types of Logicgates

THEORY
A gate is an electronic circuit which operates on one or more input signals to produce an output
signal (logic1or logic0).
When logic decisions are taken, only two levels exit. They are
▪ High level (High state or truestateor „1‟s tate or „ON‟s tate)
▪ Low level (Low stateor false stateor „0‟s tate or „OFF‟s tate)
AND gate – IC 7408:
An AND gate is the physical realization of logical multiplication operation. It is an
electronic circuit which generates an output signal of „1‟ only if all the input signals are „1‟.

SYMBOL:

16
OR gate – IC 7432
An OR gate is the physical realization of the logical addition operation. It is an electronic circuit
which generates an output signal of „1‟ if any of the input signal is „1‟.

SYMBOL

NOT gate – IC 7404

A NOT gate is the physical realization of the complementation operation. It is an electronic circuit
which generates an output signal which is the reverse of the input signal. A NOT gate is also
known as an inverter because it inverts the input.

SYMBOL

EX-OR gate – IC 7432:

An Ex-OR gate performs the following Boolean function,
A B = ( A . B‟) + ( A‟ . B )
It is similar to OR gate but excludes the combination of both A and B being equal to one. The
exclusive OR is a function that gives an output signal „0‟ when the two input signals are equal
either „0‟ or „1‟.

SYMBOL

17
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
SCHEMATIC OF THE EXPERIMENT SETUP

18
The diagram above shows how the components are connected in the IC Trainer Kit.

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

7404, 7408, 7432, Each 1
1 IC
7486

2 Fixed powers supply 5V 1

3 IC 14 pin base board 1
4 Input/output indicator board 1
5 Connecting wires - As Required

PROCEDURE
1. Insert the appropriate IC in the 14 pin baseboard.
2. The connections are given as per the Pin diagram using patchchords.
3. The input and output pins are given to the I/O indicatorboard.
4. The truth tables are verified by giving variousinputs.

19
 OBSERVATION

ANDGATE ORGATE

A B Y A B Y
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

NOTGATE EX-ORGATE
A Y A B Y
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

PREREQUISITES:
1) What are the applications of LogicGates?
2) What do you mean by universalgate?
3) Give the name of universalgate?
4) Why is they called UniversalGates?

RESULT

Thus, the truth tables of various logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, & EX – OR) were executed successfully
and results are verified.

20
EXP NO: DATE:

5
SOLDERING PRACTICE – COMPONENTS
DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

OBJECTIVE
1. To study soldering techniques and soldering practice measures
2. To assemble electronic components on a Printed Circuit Board for the given circuit.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to solder the circuits
of any kind in order to obtain the necessary task.

THEORY

Soldering is defined as “The joining of metals by a fusion of allo ys which have

relatively low melting points. In other words, a metal that has a low melting point to adhere the
surface to be soldered together. Consider that soldering is more like gluing with molten metal,
unlike welding where the base metals are actually melted and combined. Soldering is also a must
have skill for all sorts of electrical and electronics work. It is also a skill that must be taught
correctly and developed with practice.
Printed Circuit Board is the base plate over which all components are mounted and
soldered. The interconnection between the components is made by the metallic tracks. Etching
process in PCB removes all the excess copper from the base lamination. After this only the
printed pattern is left behind .A solution of 75 degree Celsius heated tap water and ferric chloride
is used to remove the excess copper. The above said solution thoroughly surrounded and to speed
up the process few drops of HCL may be added.

21
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
SCHEMATIC OF THE EXPERIMENT SETUP

FRONT VIEW BACK VIEW

Careful placement of the components will make production of circuit boards easier and less error
prone. Determine the location and direction of the components so that a pick-and –place machine can
easily assemble a circuit board without manual intervention. (Logical and consistent orientation helps
even if assembly is manual.) Allow plenty of clearance around mechanical supports; it is
embarrassing and costly to find a trace shorted to an enclosure post or a component jammed against
the card cage. If possible, leave room around large and complex components for sockets on the
prototype boards to speed testing and development.

22
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUAN TIT Y

1. Soldering rod, soldering lead,
Flux 1
2. Resistor 1
3. Capacitor
1
4. Dotted Board 1

PROCEDURE
1) Study the given electronic circuit.
2) The circuit is constructed using resistors and capacitors
3) A soldering gun is heated using power supply till if attains the required temperature.
4) Using the heated soldering gun, the tinned joint is soldered.
5) Thoroughly coat the tip in the solder
6) Clean the soldering tip

Soldering a Printed Circuit Board

Soldering a PCB ia probably the most common soldering task an electronics hobbyist will perform.
The basic techniques are fairly easy to grasp but it is a skill that will take a little practice to master. The
best way to practice is to buy a simple electronics kit or assemble a simple circuit (such as an LED
chaser) on a perf-board. Don’t buy that expensive kit into a huge project after only soldering a few
joints.

1. Prepare a clean surface.

2. Place the component on the board. In the image below, a resistor is ready to solder and is held in
placed by slightly bent leads.

23
 3. Apply a very small amount of solder to the tip of the iron. Now heat the joint. Once the area
under the pad starts bubble, stop heating then gradually cool it.

4. Once the component lead and solder pads have been heated up, apply the solder.

5. Finally inspect the joint and clean up.

PREREQUISITES:
1. Define soldering?
2. Define Solder?
3. Define Flux?
4. Solder the mixture of which elements and in what proportion?
5. What is desoldering technique?
6. Name some tools used in soldering.

RESULT
Thus, the electronic components via resistor and capacitor were joined through soldering and the
continuity is checked successfully.

24
EX NO: DATE:

6
DEMONSTRATION OF METERS AND
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to identify different types of electrical components and usage for
AC and DC meters.

LEANRING OUTCOMES
After the completion of the experiment students are able to
1. Understand types of fuses, features and its applications.

2. Summarize types of circuit breakers and its ratings.

3. Understand the different types of meters.

THEORY

AMMETER:

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric
currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Smaller values of current can be measured
using a milliammeter or a microammeter. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments only which
relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments
were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in
electric power systems.

Ammeter
25
VOLTMETER:

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference between two
points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the
voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to
digital converter. Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted
in a panel are used to monitor generators or other fixed apparatus. Portable instruments, usually
equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form of a multimeter, are standard test
instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any measurement that can be converted to a
voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature,
flow or level in a chemical process plant. General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy
of a few per cent of full scale, and are used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several
thousand volts. Digital meters can be made with high accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially
calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of
measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using amplifiers can measure tiny
voltages of micro volts or less. Part of the problem of making an accurate voltmeter is that of
calibration to check its accuracy. In laboratories, the Weston Cell is used as a standard voltage for
precision work. Precision voltage references are available based on electronic circuits.

Voltmeter

WATTMETER:

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical
energy) in watts of any given circuit. An instrument which measures electrical energy in watt hou rs
(electricity meter or energy analyser) is essentially a wattmeter which accumulates or averages
readings; many such instruments measure and can display many parameters and can be used where
a wattmeter is needed: volts, current, in amperes, apparent instantaneous power, actual power,
power factor, energy in [k]Wh over a period of time, and cost of electricity consumed.

Wattmeter

26
MULTIMETER:

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring

instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may
include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use
analog or digital circuits—analog multimeters (AMM) and digital multimeters (often abbreviated
DMM or DVOM.) Analog instruments are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves
over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made; digital instruments
usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being
measured. A multimeter can be a hand- held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used
to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as
electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Multimeter

FUSE AND TYPES OF FUSES

FUSE
A fuse is a short piece of metal, inserted in the circuit, which melts when excessive current flows
through it and thus breaks the circuit.
The fuse is an electronic device, which is used to protect circuits from over current, overload
and make sure the protection of the circuit. There are many types of fuses available in the market,
but function of all these fuses is same.
Fuse consists of a low resistance metallic wire enclosed in a non-combustible material.
Whenever a short circuit, over current or mis matched load connection occurs, then the thin wire
inside the fuse melts because of the heat generated by the heavy current flowing through it.
Therefore, it disconnects the power supply from the connected system. In normal operation of the
circuit, fuse wire is just a very low resistance component and does not affect the normal operation
of the system connected to the power supply.

27
Types of Fuses
There are different types of fuses available in the market and they can be categories on the
basis of Different aspects. Good to know: Fuses are used in AC as well as DC circuits.

Fuses can be divided into two main categories according to the type of input supply voltage.
1. AC fuses
2. DC fuses
AC and DC Fuses
There is a little difference between AC and DC Fuses used in the AC and DC Systems.
In a DC system, when the metallic wire Melts because of the heat generated by the over current,
then Arc is produced and it is very difficult to extinct this arc because of DC constant value. So in
order to minimize the fuse arcing, DC fuse are little bigger than an AC fuse which increase the
distance between the electrodes to reduce the arc in the Fuse. On the other hand, i.e. in the AC
system, voltage with 60Hz or 50Hz frequency changes it amplitude from zero to 60 times eve ry
second, so arc can be extinct easily as compared to DC. Therefore, AC fuses are little bit small in
sizes as compared to DC fuses.
Fuses can also be categorized based on one time or multiple Operations.
1) One time use only Fuse
2) Resettable Fuses
One time use only Fuse
One time use fuses contain a metallic wire, which burns out, when an over current, over load or
mismatched load connect event occur, user has to manually replace these fuses, switch fuses are
cheap and widely used in almost all the electronics and electrical systems.
Such types of fuses can be categories on the following basis.
• Current carrying Capacity of Fuse
• Breaking capacity
• I2t value of Fuse
• Response Characteristic
• Rated voltage of Fuse
• Packaging Size

28
Fuse Current Carrying Capacity
Current carrying capacity is the amount of current which a fuse can easily conduct without
interrupting the circuit.
Breaking capacity
The value of maximum current that can safely be interrupted by the Fuse is called Breaking
Capacity and should be higher than the prospective short circuit current.

I2t value of Fuse

The I2t terms related to fuse normally used in short circuit condition. it is the amount of energy
which carry the fuse element when the electrical fault is cleared by fuse element.
Response Characteristic
The speed at which fuse blows, depend on the amount of current flowing through its wire. The
higher the current flowing through the wire, faster will be the response time.
Response characteristic shows the response time for over curre nt event. Fuses which respond
rapidly to the over current situation is called ultra- fast fuses or Fast fuses. They are used in Many
semiconductor devices because semiconductor devices damaged by over current very rapidly.
There is another fuse which Is called Slow burn fuse, switch fuses do not respond rapidly to the
over current event, but blow after several seconds of over current occurrence. Such fuses found
their application in motor control electronics systems because motor takes a lot more current at
starting than running.
Rated Voltage of Fuse
Each fuse has maximum allowed voltage rating, for example, if a fuse is designed for 32 volts it
cannot be used with 220 volts, different amount of isolation is required in different fuses working
on different voltage levels.
Packaging size
As we have mentioned above that AC and DC fuses, have a little bit different packaging type, in the
same way different application requires different packages to be used accurately in the circuit.
other factors and parameters are marking, temperature derating, voltage drop and speed etc.
Other Types of Fuses
Cartridge fuses
Cartridge fuses are used to protect electrical appliances such as motors air-conditions, refrigerator,
pumps etc, where high voltage rating and currents req uired. They are available up to 600A and
600V AC and widely used in industries, commercial as well as home distribution panels.
There are two types of Cartridge fuses. 1. General purpose fuse with no time delay and 2. Heavy-
duty cartridge fuses with time delay. Both are available in 250V AC to 600V AC and its rating can
be found on the end cap or knife blade.

29
Blade Type fuses
This type of fuses (also known as spade or plug- in fuses) comes in plastic body and two
metal caps to fit in the socket. Mostly, they used in automobiles for wiring and short circuit
protection.
Resettable Fuses

Resettable fuse is a device, which can be used as multiple times without replacing it. They
open the circuit, when an over current event occurs and after some specific time they connect the
circuit again. Polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC, commonly known as a
resettable fuse, poly-switch or poly- fuse) is a passive electronic component used to protect against
short current faults in electronic circuits.

Application of such fuses is overcome where manually replacing of fuses is difficult or almost
impossible, e.g. fuse in the nuclear system or in aerospace system.

30
Typical Uses and Applications of fuses
Electronic Fuses can be used in all types of electrical and electronic applications including:

• Motors
• Air-conditions
• Home distribution boards
• General electrical appliances and devices
• Laptops
• Cell phones
• Game systems
• Printers
• Digital cameras
• DVD players
• Portable Electronics
• LCD monitors
• Scanners
• Battery packs
• Hard disk drives
• Power convertors

MCBS- MINIATUR E CIRCUIT BREAKERS

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS are electromechanical devices which protect an
electrical circuit from an overcurrent. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short
circuit, overload or faulty design. An MCB is a better alternative to a Fuse since it does not require
replacement once an overload is detected. Unlike fuse, an MCB can be easily reset and thus offers
improved operational safety and greater convenience without incurring large operating cost.

The principal of operation is simple. An MCB functions by interrupting the continuity of

electrical flow through the circuit once a fault is detected. In simple terms MCB is a switch which
automatically turns off when the current flowing through it passes the maximum allowable limit.
31
Generally MCB are designed to protect against over current and over temperature faults (over
heating).

There are two contacts one is fixed and the other moveable. When the current exceeds the
predefined limit a solenoid forces the moveable contact to open (i.e., disconnect from the fixed
contact) and the MCB turns off thereby stopping the current to flow in the circuit. In order to restart
the flow of current the MCB is manually turned on. This mechanism is used to protect from the
faults arising due to over current or over load.

To protect against fault arising due to over heating or increase in temperature a bi- metallic
strip is used. MCBs are generally designed to trip within 2.5 millisecond when an over current fault
arises. In case of temperature rise or over heating it may tak e 2 seconds to 2 minutes for the MCB to
trip.

32
RATINGS
• Rated current under 100 amps.
• Interrupting rating of under 18,000 amps
• trip characteristics may not be adjusted
• Suitable for low current circuits (low energy requirement), i.e. home wiring.
• Generally, used where normal current is less than 100 Amps.

ELCB- EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER

If any current leaks from any electrical installation, there must-be any insulation failure in
the electrical circuit, it must be properly detected and prevented otherwise there may be a high
chance of electrical shock if-anyone touches the installation. An earth leakage circuit breaker does it
efficiently. Means it detects the earth leakage current and makes the power supply off by opening
the associated circuit breaker.
The working principle of voltage ELCB is quite simple. One terminal of the relay coil is
connected to the metal body of the equipment to be protected against earth leakage and other
terminal is connected to the earth directly. If any insulation failure occurs or live phase wire touches
the metal body, of the equipment, there must be a voltage difference appears across the terminal of
the coil connected to the equipment body and earth.
This voltage difference produces a current to flow the relay coil.

If the voltage difference crosses, a predetermined limit, the current through the relay
becomes sufficient to actuate the relay for tripping the associated circuit breaker to disconnect the
power supply to the equipment. The typicality of this device is, it can detect and protect only that
equipment or installation with which it is attached. It cannot detect any leakage of insulation in
other installation of the system.

33
RATINGS

• The safest limit of Current which Human Body can withstand is 30ma sec.
• Suppose Human Body Resistance is 500Ω and Voltage to ground is 230 Volt.
• The Body current will be 500/230=460mA.
• Hence ELCB must be operated in 30maSec/460mA = 0.65msec

MCCB - MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Moulded Case Circuit Breakers which carries current-carrying parts, mechanisms and trip
devices are all completely contained within a moulded case of insulating material. MCCBs are
available in various frame sizes with various interrupting ratings for each frame size. MCCBs are
one of the two basic low voltage classes of circuit breakers. Moulded Case Circuit Breakers are
designed to provide circuit protection for low voltage distribution systems. They will protect
connected devices against both overloads and short circuits. They are most-commonly- used in panel
boards and switchboards where they are fixed mounted, though some of the larger MCCBs
available may be available in a draw out mount design. MCCBs are available with special features
which make them suitable for the protection of motor circuits when used in conjunction with a
separate overload protection device. When used in such applications, they are often referred to as
motor circuit protectors (MCPs).

RATINGS

• Rated current in the range of 10-2500 amps.

• Thermal operated for overload and & Magnetic operation for instant trip in SC (Short circuit
conditions)
• Interrupting rating can be around 10k – 200k amps.
• Suitable for high power rating and high energy i.e. commercial and industrial use.
• Generally, used where normal current is more than 100 Amps.

SWITCHES:
34
An electrical switch is a device used to interrupt the flow of electrons in a circuit. Switches are
essentially binary devices i.e., they are either completely on (―closed‖) or completely off (―open‖). So
switches are the part of a control system and without it, control operation cannot be achieved. There
are many different types of switches,
• Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST)
• Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT)
• Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST)
• Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT)
• Push Button Switch.
• Toggle Switch.
• Limit Switch.
• Float Switches
• Flow
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Joystick
• Rotary

Types of switches

LIGHT BULB:

An electric light is a device that produces visible light from electric current. It is the most common
form of artificial lighting and is essential to provide interior lighting for buildings and exterior light
for evening and nighttime activities. In technical usage, a replaceable component that produces light
from electricity is called a lamp. Lamps are commonly called light bulb. Lamps usually have a base
made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a light fixture. The
electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two
metal caps or a bayonet cap. The various types of bulbs are:

• Incandescent Bulbs
• Fluorescent
• Halogen Bulbs
• CFL
• LED
35
PREREQUISITES:

1. Why ELCB can't work if N input of ELCB does not connect to ground?
2. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?

RESULT
Thus different types of fuses, fuse carriers, MCB, ELCB, MCCB with ratings and usage for
AC and DC meters were identified and studied.

36
EX NO: DATE:

7 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WITH

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

OBJECTIVE

To study about the necessary precautions safety rule and guide lines for using
electrical components.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected

To understand the rules and guidelines for using electrical components.

THEORY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

The direct impact of electrical current to the human body can cause serious injuries and
even death. The strength of injury depends on the amount of current flow, the frequency, the way
the current takes through the body and the kind of current (AC or DC). Up to about 0.5mA
current flow in the body is imperceptible. Above this a slight tickle is noticeable. Over 10mA
there will be muscle contractions in the part of the body, which is flown through by the current.
Also respiration problems take place. The ha nds will not be able to release things. In case of
good health this is still not hazardous. For higher currents up to 200mA the duration of the
current flow is important. If the current is switched off early enough there is still no effect on
health. Rising probability currents over 200mA cause fibrillation, cardiac arrest …etc. Over
500mA the body is also poisoned by chemical effects, which also can cause death even after

37
some days. In general, DC current is less dangerous but also shows all the described effect at
higher values! In practice it's necessary to know the maximum touch voltage, which is surely
innocuous. There is no absolute value definable, because the resistance of the human body
differs between 600 and about 6000 Ohm. It is dependent upon the wetness of the skin, the
individual person and the voltage. With higher voltage the resistance lowers!

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits.

2. Assume all electrical device is live and energized.
3. Disconnect the power source before servicing or repairing electrical equipment.
4. Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when working on electrical
devices.
5. Never handle electrical equipment when hands, feet, or body are wet or perspiring, or
when standing on a wet floor.
6. Minimize the use of electrical equipment in cold rooms or in the areas where
condensation is likely. If equipment must be used in such areas, mount the equipment on
a wall or vertical panel.
7. Enclose all electric contacts and conductors so that no one can accidently come in contact
with them.
8. Do not store highly flammable liquids near electrical equipment.
9. Use wires of suitable length for their appropriate applications. Long wires or connections
can cause clutter on a bench, and very short wires or connections can be too tight and
may be easily disconnected.
10. Separate higher power equipment and connections from lower power equipment, such as
microcontrollers, to avoid both interference and electr ical interconnections between
sensitive electronic devices and higher power devices.
11. Make sure that all DC power supplies, AC sources, and other power sources start from a
zero voltage and zero current output or as directed in an experiment. Starting from a non-
zero voltage is possible in certain applications where a voltage source should have a
specific initial condition.
12. Turn off all equipment once the work is completed.

RESULT

Thus, the safety measures to handle electrical component is studied.

38
EX NO: DATE:

8A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the experiment is to make the house wiring with the help of switches, fuse,
indicator, lamp and energy meter.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

1. Use electricity hand and power tools competently.

2. Interpret schematic wiring diagrams.

3. Install residential wiring circuits according to given specification and plan.

THEORY
A network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of elec trical energy from
the supplier’s meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices such as lamps,
fans and other domestic appliances through controlling and safety devices is known as wiring
system. The supplier’s service cable feeding an installation terminates in what is usually called
the service fuses. In an ordinary house the service fuse is called as service cutout. Such cutouts
including service meters remain the property of the supplier and represent the furthest point of
the supplier responsibility. The point at which the consumer's wiring is connected into cutout is
known as point of commencement of supply or consumer's terminals. From consumer terminals
onwards the supply cables are entirely under the control of consumer's and so laid out as per his
selection.

39
ONE WAY SWITCH
This type of switch consists of two terminals which can be easily seen from the back side of the
switch as well, without removing the cover. The switch is always connect* din series with the
point (lamp, fan or socket-outlet) to be controlled.

LAMP HOLDER

As the name indicates the function of lamp holder is to support the lamp and also to connect it
electrically. These are designed for quick removal and replacement of the lamp. Lamp holders
are of many types. Lamp-holders may be either of brass or bakelite type with porcelain interior.
Brass holders are more durable but may give shock if connections are poor. Though bakelite
holders are not durable, but do not give shock.

BATTEN HOLDERS

Such lamp holders are used where the lamp is to be fitted to the roof or to the wall i.e. it is
directly fitted either to batten or to wooden boards. Such lamp holders are bayonet type i.e. in
such a lamp holder the lamp is forced in. turned slightly and left in position

VARIOUS TYPES OF WIRES:

The various types of wires are vulcanized Insulation Rubber (VIR) wires, Cab Type Sheathed
(CTS), Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) wires, flexible Wires, etc…out of these for house hold
applications PVC wires are used.

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

SCHEMATIC OF THE EXPERIMENT SETUP

40
The diagram above shows how the components are connected in the lab.

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

TOOLS REQUIRED

S.NO TOOLS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 Screw driver 150mm,200mm 1
2 Hammer ¾ kg 1
3 Poker 10 cm 1
4 Line Tester 300 V 1
5 Steel rule 1‟ 1
6 Wire Stripper 1
7 Cutting Pliers 1
8 Electrician K nife 1
9 Screws

MATERIAL REQUIRED

S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Lamps 40W,230V 2
2 Lamp Holder 2
3 Switches 230V,5A 2
4 Plug 230V,5A 1
5 Indicator 230V,5A 1
6 Fuse 5A 1
7 Energy meter 230V,5A 1
8 Connecting wires

41
 PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. When the Switch is Close, the Lamp will glow and the metering is running.
3. The corresponding readings are noted from energy meter by observing number of
cycles of the disc for a particular time period.

TROUBLE SHOOTING

If the lamps are not glowing,

1. Check if the wires are properly connected and use tester to ensure circuit continuity
2. Check if the connections are firmly tightened.

PREREQUISITES:
1. What are the types of switches used in electrical engineering?
2. What are the types of power supply?
3. Can 3 phase supply be converted into single phase supply? If so, how?
4. What is the purpose of fuse and how its rating is fixed?
5. What is the purpose of indicator?

RESULT

Thus, the house wiring was made and tested.

42
EX NO: DATE:

8B
WIRING OF LIGHT CIRCUIT USING TWO WAY
SWITCHES (STAIRCASE WIRING)

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the experiment is to make and test the stair case wiring
LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

1. Use electricity hand and power tools competently.

2. Interpret schematic wiring diagrams

THEORY
In this wiring, a single lamp is controlled from two places. For this purpose two numbers
of two way switches are used. It is that wiring which makes use of 2 switches to operate bulb at
the beginning of the stair lights and the bulb gives off by pushing the button in the end. One of
the terminals of the bulb is connected to the main line whose power line is connected to middle
slot of two-way switch. Remaining first of these slots is connected in parallel as in crossed node.
This is the staircase wiring circuit diagram. Here we can control a bulb from two different
places by using two, 2-way switches. Now consider this circuit diagram. In this case you can see
that circuit is complete and bulb is ON. Suppose you want to OFF bulb from the upper switch at
top of stair, simply Switch OFF the switch then circuit will break and the bulb will be OFF. You
can switch ON the bulb again to switch ON this Switch. In other words you can OFF and ON bulb
from upper switch at the top of stair. Obviously; you can do same from the upper and bottom
switch, so let’s see how we can do that from that switch at the bottom of stair.
In this case you can see that circuit is complete and bulb is ON. Suppose you want to OFF
the bulb from the lower switch at bottom of stair. Simply OFF the switch, then again circuit will
43
break and the bulb will be OFF. You can switch ON the bulb again to switch ON this Switch
 TWO WAY SWITCH

The switch of this type consists of four terminals, two of them being short-circuited inside
the switch. The switch of this type is usually used for the stair-case wiring or circuits where one
point is to be controlled from two different places.

TWO-WAY CENTRE OFF SWITCH

The switch of this type is just like a two-way switch but having three operations. In the
centre it becomes off. Such switches are used when two lamps are to be operated alternately.

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

SCHEMATIC OF THE EXPERIMENT SETUP

44
TOOLS REQUIRED

S.NO TOOLS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 Screw driver 150mm,200mm 1
2 Hammer ¾ kg 1
3 Poker 10 cm 1
4 Line Tester 300 V 1
5 Steel rule 1‟ 1
6 Wire Stripper 1
7 Cutting Pliers 1
8 Electrician Knife 1
9 Screws

MATERIALS REQUIRED

S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Lamps 40W,230V 1
2 Lamp Holder 1
3 Two way Switches 230V,5A 2
4 Plug 230V,5A 1
5 Connecting wires

45
 PROCEDURE

1. Mark switch and bulb location points and draw lines for wiring on the wooden Board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the two-way switches and bulb holder in the marked position on the wooden Board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.
6. The output table is verified by switching ON the switches.

OBSERVATION

Position of Switch S1 Position of Switch 2 Condition of Lamp L

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

PREREQUISITES

1. What are the difference between one way and two way switch?
2. Why Earth pin of the 3 pin plug is long compared to the phase and neutral pins?
3. Can 3 phase supply be converted into single phase supply? If so, how?
4. What is the purpose of fuse and how its rating is fixed?
5. Name some places where staircase wiring is applied

RESULT

Thus the stair case wiring was made and tested by which we can control a bulb from
two different places. We can switch OFF and Switch ON the bulb from both switches at the
same time. in other words we can control (OFF or ON) the bulb from upper and lower
switches.

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