International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)

II. PV SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Maximum Power Extraction in PV System
using Fuzzy Logic and Dual MPPT Control
Dr. R. Sankar1, Mr.S.Velladurai2, Mr. R. Rajarajan3, Mrs. J.Anitha Thulasi4,
Dean 1, Associate Professor2, Assistant Professor3,4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
SKR Engineering College123, DMI College of Engineering4, Chennai
Dean.eee@skrenggcollege.org1, velladuraiskreee@gmail.com2 , rajarajanvec@gmail.com3, anithathulasi.jana@gmail.com4

Abstract__ In this paper proposes a new digital control
scheme for a photovoltaic (PV) system using fuzzy-logic
and a dual (MPPT) controller. To obtain the maximum
electricity from the solar cells, the PV modules have two
MPPT controllers. The dc voltage and current are
controlled to track the maximum power point, where
the PV modules feed the maximum output power. A
MPPT technique is used to operate in the optimum
power condition .The first MPPT controller is an
astronomical two-axis sun tracker, which is designed to
track the sun over both the azimuth and elevation
angles and obtain maximum solar radiation at all times.
The second MPPT controller controls the power
converter between the PV panel and the load and also it
implements a new fuzzy-logic controller (FLC) based
perturb and observe (P&O) scheme to keep the system
power operating point at its maximum. The proposed
control scheme achieves stable operation in the entire
region of the PV panel and eliminates the resulting
oscillations around the maximum power operating
point.
Keywords—Digital signal processor, fuzzy logic
controller (FLC), maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), physical tracking, standalone photovoltaic
(PV) system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy is the energy which comes from
natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides
and geothermal heat. These resources are renewable
and can be naturally replenished. Therefore, for all
practical purposes, these resources can be considered
to be inexhaustible, unlike dwindling conventional
fossil fuels. The global energy crunch has provided a
renewed impetus to the growth and development of
Clean and Renewable Energy sources. Clean
Development Mechanisms (CDMs) are being
adopted by organizations all across the globe. Apart
from the rapidly decreasing reserves of fossil fuels in
the world, another major factor working against fossil
fuels is the pollution associated with their
combustion. Contrastingly, renewable energy sources
are known to be much cleaner and produce energy
without the harmful effects of pollution unlike their
conventional counterparts. A photovoltaic cell or
photoelectric cell is a semiconductor device that
converts light to electrical energy by photovoltaic
effect. If the energy of photon of light is greater than
the band gap then the electron is emitted and the flow
of electrons creates current. However a photovoltaic
cell is different from a photodiode. In a photodiode
light falls on n channel of the semiconductor junction
and gets converted into current or voltage signal but a
photovoltaic cell is always forward biased.
Usually a number of PV modules are arranged in
series and parallel to meet the energy requirements.
PV modules of different sizes are commercially
available (generally sized from 60W to 170W). For
example, a typical small scale desalination plant
requires a few thousand watts of power.
The tracking mechanisms can be classified into
three types, namely, passive method, optical method,
and the astronomical method. The general features
that characterize an efficient tracking mechanism are:
ability to cover a wide range of space, robustness
against wind disturbances, and low-power
consumption.
Passive tracking is based on the heating properties
of gas matters such as Freon. The tracker is
composed of two cylindrical tubes fitted on the edges
of the panel; these tubes are filled with a fluid under
partial pressure. Sun heat will increase the sun side.
This type of system is relatively cheap and needs
little maintenance. However, it has lower efficiency
compared to other types of trackers, especially at low
temperatures, moreover they have not yet been
widely accepted by consumers.
The second method of tracking is the optical or
electro-optic trackers. This method uses feedback
sensors such as photo-sensors, current, voltage
sensors, and auxiliary cells to determine the panel
reference position .A closed-loop position control
system based on fuzzy logic or PID is used to
produce the actuators control commands. The

978-1-5386-1887-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

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 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)

drawback for such a system is that it is very sensitive
to atmospheric conditions (clouds shading) and might
not be able to continue tracking the sun in a cloudy
day.
The third tracking method is the astronomical
method, which employs the longitude and latitude
data of a given location to determine the sun current
position. The main advantage of this method over the
optical method is that it involves simpler
programming, reduced implementation cost, and
lower power consumption as the need for additional
sensors is eliminated. This method also provides high
degree of accuracy and is not sensitive to
atmospheric conditions.
II. PV SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The proposed standalone photovoltaic system
consists of four main blocks: PV panel, solar tracker,
DC/DC converter (charger), and the MPPT
controller. The following sections will describe the
modeling of each component.
A.PV Panel Model
The PV panel model used in our analysis is the
single-diode model. This model represents the
illuminated solar cell in its simplest form as a PN
junction, as shown in Fig. 1
Vcell=vD-IcellRs (1)
Icell= Iph-ID=Iph-Io(eKpv(Vpv+IpvRs)-1 (2)

Iph is the photocurrent given

Iph=(Isc+Ki(T-Tr))

Fig. 1. PV system circuit model.

The literature is rich with various MPPT

techniques varying in implementation complexity,
cost, adjustability to different PV systems, and
overall produced efficiency.
This paper proposes a new DSP controlled dual-
MPPT scheme based on fuzzy logic control (FLC).
Fig. 2. PV panel characteristics.
The first MPPT controller is an astronomical two-
axis sun tracker that keeps maximum radiation on the
panel throughout the day. The second controller
implements a new fuzzy-based MPPT technique to
adaptively change the P&O perturbation step size
depending on the PV system operating point and the
current step size. The proposed control scheme
achieves stable operation in the entire region of the
PV panel and eliminates therefore the resulting
oscillations around the maximum power operating
point. The small signal analysis model of the power
converter is presented along with a Lyapunov-based
stability analysis of the PV system.

Fig. 3. Block diagram of the control system

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 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)

Fig 4. The proposed DSP-based standalone solar energy system.

B. Solar Tracker to provide the angular position and speed information

to the DSP to implement the control algorithm.
In order to track the sun trajectory, a two-axis
tracker with a 150-Watt PV panel was manufactured, C.Power Converter Model
as illustrated in Fig. 4. The tracker base has a rotary
table mechanism with a DC motor and a worm gear The developed standalone PV system uses a buck
drive that rotates the panel about the vertical axis. converter as a power processing unit. The buck
The rotary table includes in addition a thrust bearing converter circuit consists of a MOSFET switch and a
that is able to support the load caused by the weight diode, in addition to a filter circuit based on a
of the structure. The panel is held using a frame, capacitor and an inductor as shown in Fig. 5. The
which is mounted on top of the rotary table. circuit is controlled through a PWM signal generated
The panel is tilted around the horizontal axis using by the MPPT controller.
another DC motor connected to the panel through a
gear with a ratio 240:1. The tracker is controlled
using an astronomical angular trajectory generation.
Given the date, time, latitude, and longitude of the
current location of the system, the DSP controller
calculates the sun reference azimuth and elevation
angles using pre implemented equations. The panel
azimuth and elevation angles are next controlled to
follow their reference values using digital closed loop
position control, as shown in Fig. Incremental optical Fig 5 buck boost circuit diagram
encoders are connected to the motor shafts

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 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)
III. DUAL-MPPT SYSTEM
The proposed DSP-based standalone photovoltaic
system consists of two main subsystems; an
astronomical two-axis tracker combined with an
MPPT-based buck converter
A.FLC-Based MPPT
The proposed MPPT controller builds upon the
simplicity of the P&O technique but eliminates the
resulting steady state oscillations by adaptively
modifying the reference voltage perturbation step-
size C using a fuzzy logic controller. The PV panel
power is computed from the panel voltage and
current and then the absolute value of the power
slope Sa=dPPv/dVPV is computed and fed to the FLC
along with the old step value Cold.
B. P&O Algorithm
The principle of P&O is to perturbation by acting
decrease or increase on the PWM duty cycle of boost
converter and then observing the direction of change
of PV output power, If at any instant j the output PV
power P (j) & voltage V (j) is greater than the
previous computed power P (j−1) & V (j-1), then the
direction of perturbation is maintained otherwise it is
reversed [10, 11]. The flow chart of algorithm has 4
cases as shown
When ΔP <0 & V(j)>V(j-1), this yields to D (j+1) =
D (j) – SD
When ΔP <0 & V(j)<V(j-1), this yields to D (j+1) =
D (j) + SD
When ΔP >0 & V(j)<V(j-1), this yields to D (j+1) =
D (j) - SD
When ΔP >0 & V(j)<V(j-1), this yields to D (j+1) =
D (j) + SD
Where SD is chosen value by trial and error in
simulation. A simulation of the P&O algorithm has
been implemented by using MATLAB.
Defuzzification of the inference engine, which
evaluates the rules based on a set of control actions
for a given fuzzy inputs set. This operation converts
the inferred fuzzy control action into a numerical
value at the output by forming the union of the
outputs resulting from each rule. The centre of Area
(COA) algorithm is used for defuzzification of output
duty control parameter. i.e. If E is NB and CE is ZO
then crisp D is PB, it means that if the operating point
is far away from the MPP by the right side, and the
variation of the slope of the curve is almost Zero;
then increase the duty cycle
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C. Fuzzy Logic Controller
Fuzzy logic is one of the most powerful control
methods. It is known by multi-rules-based resolution
and multivariable consideration. Fuzzy MPPT is
popular for over last decade. Fuzzy logic controllers
(FLC) have the advantages of working with
imprecise inputs, no need to have accurate
mathematical model, and it can handle the
nonlinearity. The FLC consists of two inputs and
ooutput. The two FLC input variables are the error
(E) and change of error (CE) that expressed by
equation
E(j)=Ppv(j)-Ppv(j-1)/Vpv(j-1) (3)
CE(j)=E(j)-E(j-1) (4)
The fuzzification is the process of converting the
system actual inputs values E and CE into linguistic
fuzzy sets using fuzzy membership function. These
variables are expressed in terms of five linguistic
variables (such as ZE (zero), PB (positive big), PS
(positive small), NB (negative big), NS (negative
small)) using basic fuzzy subsets.
Fuzzy rule base is a collection of if-then rules that
contain all the information for the controlled
parameters. It is set according to professional
Table I FLC rules base
D. PID Controller
A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID
controller) is a generic control loop feedback
mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial
control systems – a PID is the most commonly used
feedback controller. A PID controller calculates an
"error" value as the difference between a measured
process variable and a desired set point.
 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)
The controller attempts to minimize the error by
adjusting the process control inputs.
Kp, Ki, Kd are the tuning knobs, are adjusted to
obtain the desired output. The following speed
control example is used to demonstrate the effect of
increase/decrease the gain, Kp, Ki, Kd
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The experiment is completed with MATLAB
simulation. The experimental waveform of duty
cycle, PV power and output power were shown
below. PV power is 54 V and by using MPPT got the
power as 68V
Fig 6 Output voltage of PV (V)
Fig 7 Output power of PV
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Fig 8 Output curves for duty cycle
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a new digital control scheme
for a standalone photovoltaic system using fuzzy-
logic and a dual-MPPT controller. The MPPT
controller is combined with a dual-axis panel tracking
controller to improve the efficiency of the overall
system. The proposed control scheme takes the
power slope of the PV panel curve and the old
voltage perturbation step as its inputs and outputs the
change in the new P&O step size. The FLC output is
gradually updated in order to avoid exceeding the
MPP in the opposite direction leading to oscillations.
The PID controller and FLC was implemented on a
DSP software code composer studio. The proposed
technique is able to reduce the steady state
oscillations and enhance the operating point
convergence speed.
VI. FUTURE WORK
To make the system more advanced, by
adding one more control loop Which results in an
increase in the efficiency, as the system demonstrates
a faster dynamic performance and better regulated
PV output voltage compared to P&O The use of
modified adaptive techniques and the introduction of
three-point weight comparison P&O algorithm are
suggested.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to start by thanking the Almighty
and our Parents, who filled us with wisdom and
knowledge and rendered us good health and made us
to finish the project successfully. We express our
sincere thanks to our Principal, HOD and
Management.
 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)

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