Professional Documents
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GWASL 2: BLASTED WOODS 2
France
Italy upended their Central Powers allies by entering the war on the side of the Allies in May of
1915, following secret negotiations. Italy fought mostly against Austria-Hungary along the north-
ern border, including high up in the now-Italian Alps and along the Isonzo river. The war was
initially a failure for Italy despite being numerically superior to Austria-Hungary. The Italian army
repeatedly attacked Austria, making little progress and suffering heavy losses, and then being
routed in 1917 by a German-Austrian counteroffensive after Russia left the war allowing the
Central Powers to move reinforcements to the Italian Front from the Eastern Front. In October
1918, as civil unrest increased in Austria-Hungary, the Italians attacked again. The Austrian
army broke, and the Italians drove deep into Austrian territory. Fighting ended on 3 November
1918.
GWASL 3: OVER THERE!
United States of America
A key player in the Central Powers, Austria-Hungary and its territorial ambitions represented a
match to the tinder-box that become World War I. The Hapsburgs, namely Emperor Franz Josef,
dreamed the dreams of conquerors. Ever an expansionist, Josef’s latest conquest was Bosnia-
Herzegovina. And it was a Bosnian Serb that assassinated Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand, in
Sarajevo. The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia followed on 28 July 1914. On 1 August Germany
declared war on Russia, the protector of the Slavs. Within a few days Austria declared war on
Russia, then on Belgium on 7 August. By the end of 1914, Austria-Hungary and Germany would
be at war with France, Britain and Japan, and later, following the attack on Serbia, Montenegro.
There were setbacks in the campaign against Russia in Galicia. The Austrian army had more
success in 1915, and by the middle of 1916 had conquered Serbia and Montenegro, pushed the
Russians back from Poland and by the end of 1916 a combined German-Austrian-Bulgarian
attack knocked out Romania. The Austrians also had to face Italian attacks on the South Tirol
and the Isonzo River. It was the success of British and French reinforcements, reaching the
Balkans and Italy, that forced the Austrian Emperor to sue for peace in October 1918. On 29
October, as the Austrian Army fell back from the Piave River, British and Italian aircraft fired into
the fleeing columns. The Austrian armistice took effect on 4 November 1918. A total of 1,495,200
Austro-Hungarian soldiers died during World War I.
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GWASL 10: SLAVIC WARRIORS
Serbia
Serbia was blamed for the start of World War I following the assassination of Archduke Franz-
Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Yet the Serbs would enjoy the first Allied victory of the war, after they
drove the Austro-Hungarians out of the town of Sabac on 19 August 1914. Before they could,
however, civilians were rounded up in the town and massacred. On the 5 October 1914, Austria
launched their offensive against Serbia. The Serbian Army, weakened by Typhus, couldn’t hold
out and the capital, Belgrade, was evacuated on the 9th. Two days later, Bulgaria declared war
on Serbia, hoping to annex the Serb possession of Macedonia. By the 24th, the Bulgarians had
driven a wedge between the Serb army and the Allied armies in Greece attempting to come to
their aid. The Serbs fought with courage, but found their army critically low on ammunition
stocks. With defeat staring them in the face, over 200,000 soldiers and civilians fled over the
rugged mountains and into Albania. Many were evacuated by sea to the island of Corfu, in what
would stand as the world’s largest evacuation by sea until the ‘miracle at Dunkirk’ in 1940.
Surviving Serbian soldiers made their way to Greece, and remained in uniform to serve in the
Yugoslav Division of Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins and Slovenes. When Bulgaria
surrendered on 30 September 1918, Serb, Yugoslav, French and British forces united to drive
the Austrians and Germans out of Serbia.
GWASL 11: BALKAN ASPIRATIONS
Romania
Romania entered the war in August of 1916, on the Allied side, in an attempt to seize the prize:
Transylvania. This region in Austria-Hungary had a Romanian ethnic majority but was under
Hungarian control at the time. Despite initial successes, the combined forces of Russia and
Romania suffered several defeats, and by the end of 1916 only Moldavia remained under Allied
control. After several defensive victories in 1917, with different groups competing for authority
over the Russian troops in Romania in the aftermath of the October Revolution, Romania signed
an armistice at Focani. On November 10, 1918, just one day before the German armistice and
when all the other Central Powers had already capitulated, Romania re-entered the war. By
then, about 220,000 Romanian soldiers had been killed. Despite their small size, the Germans
worried about the prospect of Romania entering the war, Hindenburg writing: “It is certain that so
relatively small a state as Rumania had never before been given a role so important, and,
indeed, so decisive for the history of the world at so favorable a moment.” Romanian soldiers
would fight in battles that would be compared with some of the most brutal campaigns on the
Western Front at little-known places like the Bran-Câmpulung area, the Carpathains, and the
Prahova Valley.
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