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PDF Row Echelon Form and Matrix PDF
PDF Row Echelon Form and Matrix PDF
• Research/Extension 20%
• Midterm/Final 30%
Recall
A system with unique
solution, the pivotal
positions are always
located along the main
diagonal-the diagonal
line from the upper-left
hand corner to the
lower-right hand corner-
in the coefficient matrix
(Triangular Matrix)
Triangular Matrix
• Pivot must always be a nonzero number.
• Basic Columns =
Exercises
• Reduce each of the following matrices to row
echelon form, determine the rank, and identify
the basic columns
Exercises
• Determine which of the following matrices
are in row echelon form:
Group Activity
• Suppose that A is an m x n matrix. Give a short explanation
of why each of the following statements is true.
• rank(A) ≤ to min{m, n}
• rank(A) < m if one row in A is entirely zero.
•
• As perviously stated, if matrix A is transformed to
a row-echelon form by row operations, then the
“form” is uniquely determined by A, but the
individual entries in the form are not unique.
• Example:
• Graph
A. 2x + 2y + 4z = 0, 3x + 2y + 5z = 0
B. x - y + z = 1, x - y - z = 2, x + y - z = 3, x + y
+ z = 4
C. 2w +x+3y+5z=1, 4w+4y+8z=0,
w+x+2y+3z=0, x+y+z=0
Exercises
• If A is an m x n matrix with rank(A)=m, explain why the
system [A|b] must be consistent for every right-hand side
b.
• Are there solutions other than the trivial solution, and if so,
how can we best describe them?
Homogeneous Systems
• While reducing the augmented matrix [A|0] of a
homogenous system to a row echelon form using
Gaussian elimination, the zero column on the right-hand
side can never be altered by any of the three elementary
row operations.
• Example
x1+2x2+2x3+2x4 = 0,
2x1+4x2+x3+3x4 = 0,
3x1+6x2+x3+4x4 = 0,
Homogeneous Systems
• Solution:
• x1+2x2+2x3+3x4 = 0,
-3x3-3x4 = 0.
Since, there are 4 unknowns but only two equations in this reduced system, it
is impossible to extract a unique solution for each unknown.
The best we can do is to pick two “basic” unknowns-which will be called the
basic variables and solve for these in terms of the other two unknowns-
whose values must remain arbitrary or “free”, and consequently they will be
referred to as the free variables.
Homogeneous Systems
• Solution: To select basic variables, the convention is to always
solve for the unknowns corresponding to the pivotal positions -
or, equivalently, the unknowns corresponding to the basic
columns.
• In the example, the pivots lie in the 1st and the 3rd positions,
apply back substitution to solve the reduced system for the
basic variables x1 and x4. The second equation yields x3=-x4 ,
and substitution back into the first equation produces
x1=-2x2-2x3-3x4 , =-2x2-2(-x4)-3x4 =-2x2-x4
• Or by writing
Homogeneous Systems
• As the free variables x2 and x4 range over all possible
values, if we assume x2= 1 and x4 = -2, then the
particular solution x1 = 0, x2 = 1 x3 = 2 and x4 =-2
•
Nonhomogeneous System
• If [A|b] is completely reduced by the Gauss-Jordan
procedure to E[A|b]
•
Nonhomogeneous System
• Solving the basic variables x1, and x3, in terms of the free
variables, x2 and x4, produces