ESP Principle & Theory

SANTANU MALLICK

27/08/2012

POWER SERVICE
 Electrostatic Precipitator
Principal Design
SUPPORT
EMITTING INSULATOR EMIITING
SUPPORT RAPPING
TR SET

INLET GAS
DISTRIBUTOR EMITTING
RAPPING
GEARED
MOTOR

EMITTING
ELECTRODE

INLET
FUNNEL
CASING

EMITTING
FRA ME
COLLECTING
RAPPING
GEARED
MOTOR

COLLECTING
ELECTRODE

SUPPORT
BEARINGS
HOPPER HOPPER GAS
SCREEN

INSULATION
CLADDING

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 Dust Collection Principles

1. Charging of particles

2. Migration of particles towards collecting electrodes

3. Rapping off the dust

4. Discharge of the dust

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 Electrostatic Precipitator
Principal Design
Supporting insulator Rectifier circuit

Charging

Earthed

Discharge electrodes
“spiral wires” Collecting electrodes
“plate curtains”

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 ESP - Operating Principles

− Corona formation or ionisation by current.

− Charging of particles by current

− Migration and precipitation of

particles by voltage

(The flow of charges (=current)

prevents polarity change; the dust
stays in place)

− Removal of deposited dust by vibration

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 ESP - Operating Principles

− Dust particles are charged

by corona current electrons
flowing between the discharge
electrodes and the collection
plates or electrodes

− The electrostatic field drives

the charged dust particles
to the plates

− The plates are rapped and the dust falls

into the hoppers

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 Back Corona - How does it occur ?

• E=IxR Flow of Charge =

when E > emax: R Current from DE
back corona
Back corona
starts. I: Ion current
density
E: Electric Field
• I = large gives High resistivity
E = high R: Dust layer
resistivity

Collecting plate

The flow of current through the

resistance of the layer gives a voltage Low Resistivity High Resistivity: Back Corona
across it.

− Holding force on dust is so high

that dust cannot be removed

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 Back Corona - How does it occur ?

• Collecting Plates get Flow of Charge =

clogged R Current from DE

Back corona
• Inadequate rapping I: Ion current
density
acceleration can also
E: Electric Field
cause clogging on CE
R: Dust layer High resistivity

resistivity
• Field Strength (voltage drop
across fly ash layer) is so Collecting plate
high that sparking (electrical
break-down) Low Resistivity High Resistivity: Back Corona
occurs in dust layer

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 Back Corona - How does it occur ?

• Large Quantities of Flow of Charge =

R
+ ve charge produced Current from DE

I: Ion current Back corona

• Neutralize useful negative density
charges , E: Electric Field
destroys collection process R: Dust layer High resistivity

resistivity
• Back Corona =
Decreased Collection + Collecting plate

Increased Power
Consumption Low Resistivity High Resistivity: Back Corona

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 Back Corona - decreases ESP efficiency…..

Back-corona decreases the ESP

collection efficiency in two ways:

•Some collected flyash is

reentrained into the gas flow by
the explosive nature of the
voltage break-down in the
collected fly ash

•Positive ions generated by the

voltage break-down in the fly ash
layer move to the discharge
electrodes thereby discharging
the negatively charged particles
in the gas stream.

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 How to prevent Back Corona ?

• Uniform Distribution of Current.

• To keep the Average current low but still maintaining peak
current high - by application of charging Ratio (Semi-pulse
ratio). Semipulse is an intermittent charging of a conventional T/R,
• High Rapping Acceleration to prevent clogging
of dust on collecting plate.
• Conditioning of Gas entering the ESP.

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 ESP Fundamentals

Current distribution

Conclusions :
1. A thoroughly tested electrode geometry
and efficient rapping is required to
minimise local areas where the current
density is out of range.

2. The ESP must be sectionalised with

separate power supply controls to
minimise current unbalance within the
ESP.

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 ESP Fundamentals

Current distribution as a
function of total current -

Proper sizing of TR sets

Full corona discharge occurs at a cur.

Density of 1.5 - 2.0 x 10-4 A/m2.
Therefore the power supplies are
normally sized for 2 - 3 x 10-4 A/m2 capacity.

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 Deutsch’s formula:

So = Si e - W A/Q

Where So = amount of outgoing dust, not collected

Si = amount of incoming dust, burden
W = particle velocity towards the collecting surface
A = total collecting area
Q = total gas flow

Deutsch’s Formula

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 W, migration velocity is a function of:

• Particle size
• Dust resistivity
• Gas composition & temp.
• Electrode design
• High voltage wave form
• Gas distribution
• …...

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 Dust Resistivity Impact on Migration Velocity (ESP Size)

Migration velocity
and ESP size
depend on: Migration Velocity
Wk
− Dust resistivity

− Type of discharge
electrode Spiral
Old Plate
Electrode
Note: The lower the
migration velocity, the
larger the ESP size. Dust Resistivity

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 Wk versus resistivity

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 ESP kV/mA characteristic

Typical curve form for no back-corona conditions

More power input results in higher collection efficiency

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 ESP kV/mA characteristics

Curve forms for different operating conditions

Best efficiency with reduced power when back-corona

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 Means to reduce back-corona

1. Electrode design
2. Pulse energization
3. Conditioning
- water spraying
- SO3-injection
- NH3-injection
- Dual conditioning

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 ESP - back-corona
How to combat back-corona?

• Good design
− Good current distribution
− Efficient rapping
• Changing the resistivity
− conditioning (water, SO3, temperature)
− bleed-off of chlorides
• Controls
− Pulsing (changing the current)
− EPOQ, Power Down Rapping

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 ESP - discharge electrode
Spiral discharge electrode

After expansion Before expansion

- Easy installation - automatic alignment -

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 ESP - current distribution
Wire type of electrode

- Even current distribution -

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 ESP - Spiral current distribution
Current distribution on collecting plates

- Best available and proven discharge electrode -

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 ESPs - discharge electrode

Rigid discharge electrode

- This is not recommended for high resistivity applications -

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 ESP - discharge electrode
Discharge electrode with peaks

- Uneven current distribution -

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 ESP - RDE discharge electrode, current distribution
Current distribution on the collecting plate

- Large areas with either high or zero current -

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 ESP, Discharge electrodes

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 ESP Rapping

Tumbling hammers

Efficient bottom rapping gives best cleaning

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 Acceleration forces

Bottom rapping
more efficient than
top rapping for
dust that is difficult
to dislodge.
The dust load on
the collecting plate
is higher in bottom.

Rapping acceleration - bottom rapped collecting electrode system

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