A.

Dorothy Orem’s Theory of “Self-Care deficit Theory of Nursing”

1. Explicit Assumptions:

1) Nursing is a deliberate, purposeful helping service performed by nurses for the sake others
over a period of time.
- It means that Nursing is as art through which the practitioner of nursing gives
specialized assistance to persons with disabilities which makes more than ordinary
assistance necessary to meet needs for self-care. The nurse also intelligently
participates in the medical care the individual receives from the physician.

2) Persons (human agency) are capable and willing to perform self-care for self or for
dependent members of the family.
- It means that a Persons (human agency) are defined as ‘men, women, and children
cared for either singly or as social units,” and are the “material object” of nurses and
others who provide direct care.

3) Self-care is part of life that is necessary for health, human development and well-being.
- Is the performance or practice of activities that individual initiate and perform on their
own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being.

4) Education and culture influence individuals.

- It is very important to have knowledge of their health problems so that they can exercise
self-care behavior and, self-care can only be learned through social context.

5) Self-care is learned through human interaction and communication.

- It means that Persons will be capable of self-care but he/she has health, developmental
and universal deviation which render him/her reliant on nursing care in order to meet
his/her health care needs.

6) Self-care includes deliberate and systematic actions performed to meet known needs for
care.
- Self-care must be done in knowledgeable method and must understand the needs of a
person in order to meet the goal to attain well-being.
 7) Human agency is exercised in discovering, developing and transmitting to others ways and
means to identify needs for and make inputs to self and others.
- It means that it is the human’s ability or power to engage in self-care and is affected by
basic conditioning factors.
- Human engage in continuous communication and interchange among themselves and
their environments to remain alive and to function.

8) Each person possesses powers and capabilities, personal dispositions, talents, interests, and
values.
- It means that each person can perform their own self-care but before you perform self-
care, you must have the knowledge and you guided by the nursing care.

2. Implicit Assumptions:

1.) People should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care needs as well as for others
in the family who are not able to care for themselves.
- It means that a people must know how to take care their own selves and to their families
because individual must live healthy. Community can influence the heath of individual.
We can easily acquire diseases not only to the environment but also to the people surrounds
us especially our family that always on our side assisting us in the hospital.

2) People are individuals with entities that are distinct from others and from their environment.
- It means that people is an individual that have their own knowledge about one’s potential
health problems is an imperative for developing self-care behavior that enhances health
and well-being of the individual.

3) Nursing is a form of action-in-interaction between two or more persons. The person is an

essential substantial unity.
 - It means that Nursing is the actions that performed by nursing professionals to help
persons that have deficits and restore their ability to care for themselves.

4) Successfully meeting universal and developmental self-care requisites is an important

component of primary prevention of disease and ill health.
- It means that self-requisites are insights of actions or requirements that a person must be
able to meet and perform in order to achieve well-being.

5) A person’s knowledge of potential health problem is a prerequisite for promoting healthy

self-care behaviors to prevent disease.
- A persons must have knowledge to their health problems so that they will easily cope up
to what self-care they must do. They also communicate their nurses to assist them for the
care plan.

6) Self-care dependent care are both behaviors learned within the context of the group and
within a sociocultural context.
- It means that nursing influences a person’s health by enhancing knowledge about health
problems that they are predisposed to and create as social context that shapes the persons
self-care behavior.

7) The culture and class can influence professional judgments.

- It means that a culture and class of a person can also affect their health. Like for example
when the mother giving birth, the culture is that she should take a bath after a week but
the nurse advise to take a bath in a day. Also, in some influencing by their foods and
beliefs.

B. Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model

1. How did Johnson conceptualized “Client” in her Theory? Explain.

- Johnson’s Behavioral System Model Theory, she conceptualized “client” as a

“patient”. The patient is identified as a behavioral system composed of seven
behavioral subsystems: affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual,
aggressive, and achievement. The three functional requirements for each subsystem
include protection from noxious influences, provision for a nurturing environment, and
 stimulation for growth. An imbalance in any of the behavioral subsystems results in
disequilibrium. It is nursing’s role to assist the client to return to a state of equilibrium.

2. What are Johnson’s propositions about: Persons, Environment and Health?

a. Person
- Johnson views a person as having two major systems: the biological system and the
behavioral system. It is the role of medicine to focus on the biological system, whereas
nursing’s focus is on behavioral system. There is recognition of the reciprocal actions
that occur between the biological and behavioral systems when some type of
dysfunction occurs in one or the other of the systems.

b. Environment
- According to Johnson, an individual’s behavior is influenced by all the events in the
environment. Cultural influences on the individual’s behavior are viewed as profound.
However, it is evident that there are many factors that influence specific behaviors in a
group people. These factors are believed to vary from culture to culture although the
outcomes for all the groups or individuals are the same.

c. Health
- Health is an elusive state that is affected by social, psychological, biological, and
physiological factors. Johnson’s behavioral model supports the idea that the individual
is striving to retain some balance or equilibrium. The individual’s goal is to sustain the
entire behavioral system efficiently and effectively but with an adequate amount of
flexibility to return to an acceptable balance if a malfunction disrupts the original
balance.

C. Betty Neuman’s System Model

1. Based on Neuman’s Model, does the definition of client still persist in today’s Nursing
Practice? Explain.
- According to Betty Neuman’s System Model in Nursing Practice is that the “Health is
a condition in which all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole of the client.”
This theory is still persist in today’s Nursing Practice.
 - The usefulness of this theory in today’s Nursing Practice, according to McEwen and
Willis (2011), the Neuman System’s Model has been employed on an international
scale, and lends itself to patient care in the arenas of medicine and surgery, mental
health, women’s health, pediatric nursing, community health, and gerontology. In
addition, it is monitored by the Neuman Systems Model Trustees Group, Inc. However,
the authors also state that while “the model is not testable in it’s entirely”, it does “give
rise to directional hypotheses that are testable in research”. Thus, her contributions have
served a somewhat fragmented purpose, as only aspects of her model have been tested.

References:

https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=l7stDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=
theoretical+Nursing+Theory&ots=yVsLWRLMg7&sig=St8wTnYYdY8Lb0OSxXoBhDdNr
aM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=theoretical%20Nursing%20of%20Dorothea%20Orem%20
Theory&f=false.html

http://studymoose.com/the-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory-essay.html

http://nursing theories.weebly.com/dorothy-johnsons.html

http:// sites.google.com/site/bettyneuman1.html