CHAPTER III

WORK IMPLEMENTATION

3.1. GENERAL PURPOSE

Providing materials and tools in a project need good
management in order to support work in project. In application of tools
and materials that is choosen must be suitable with standard and
condition on site. And also placement of tools and materials need in the
right place and efficient in order to accelerate and simplify the work.
The construction’s materials used are usually not separated from
the elections, both in economic terms (price), the possibility of the
availability of the materials around the site as well as the technical
considerations of construction and the ability to work. If you wish to obtain
building materials are of good quality and meet the standards of the
building materials to be used should be tested first in the laboratory.
In the implementation of the project, in addition to being treated
building materials are of good quality, are also needed adequate working
tools, both simple tools and the use of heavy equipment. The use of
various tools that will increase work efficiency. Therefore, care and
maintenance work must be observed that the damage can be avoided
tools.

3.2. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Construction equipment are a resource that must exist in a
construction development projects, especially large projects or mega
project. The larger the project, the more numerous and complex the
equipment used for development project.
37
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Those the need for the election and the selection of the tools that
will be used, if the construction tools working properly then it will have a
positive impact on project work. Cost will be minimal and labor is also time
spent will more slightly less correct equipment selection / poorly managed
will lead to a huge loss on the project. Making the project is inefficient and
costs swell.

3.2.1. Structure Equipment

A. Tower Crane
Tower Crane is a tool related to materials access
in a project. When further elaborated, it’s function is
closer to vertical - horizontal mobilization tools which are
extremely helpful in the implementation of structural
work.
Tower crane is used to lift materials both
horizontally and vertically to a high place on the limited
space. Beside lifted from the bottom toward the top, the
tower crane also able to move the material horizontally
(trolleying) in accordance with the length of the jib
(working arm) and has a slewing unit that allows the
crane to rotate 360°.
Tower crane in project implementation is very
important to ensure all work mobilization of tools and
materials used in the project, so that the project can run
according to the implementation schedule. The entire
project is strongly influenced by the operational
functioning of the tower crane, due to the dominant role
for the smooth running of development projects. For cost
 39

efficiency of the project, the time schedule and the time

use of tower crane needs to be done before construction.
On a project - rise buildings tower crane is
generally used for lifted of reinforcement work, foundry
work, lifted of formwork, lifted of the precast wall, sand,
bricks, steel truss roof, units of electrical and mechanical.
The amount of work that can be done tower crane is
required calculations to calculate the effectiveness of the
use of tower cranes. By studying the characteristics and
specifications along with the observation tower crane. For
operational purposes, the height of the tower crane
should be at least 4 - 6 meters higher than the maximum
height of work served.

Image 3.1. Part of Tower Crane

Tower crane is used extensively in construction

and other industry to hoist and move materials. There are
many types of tower crane. Although they are different in
type, the main parts are the same, as follows:
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1. Mast, the main supporting tower of the crane. It is

made of steel trussed sections that are connected
together during installation.
2. Slewing unit, it sits at the top of the mast. This is the
engine that enables the crane to rotate.
3. Operating cabin, on most tower crane the operating
cabin sits just above the slewing unit. It contains the
operating controls, LMI, scale, anemometer, etc.
4. Jib, the jib or operating arm extends horizontally from
the crane. A "luffing" jib is able to move up and down;
a fixed jib has a rolling trolley that runs along the
underside to move goods horizontally.
5. Counter jib, it holds counterweights, hoist motor,
hoist drum and the electronics.
6. Hoist winch, the hoist winch assemblies consist of the
hoist winch itself (motor, gearbox, hoist drum, hoist
rope, and brakes), the hoist motor controller, and
supporting components such as the platform. Many
tower crane have transmission with two or more
speeds.
7. Hook, the hook is used to connect the material to the
crane. It is suspended from the hoist rope either at
the tip, for luffing jib cranes, or in the hoist rope belly
underneath the trolley for hammerhead crane.
8. Weights, Large concrete counterweights are
mounted toward the rear of the counter deck, to
compensate for the weight of the good lift.
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Image 3.2. Part of installing Tower Crane

How to install tower crane can be done with the

working method as follows:
1. Planting a fine angle and base section into the
foundation hole, then casting the foundation.
2. Then the mobile crane helps do the initial installation
of mast section by lifting and placing mast section on
tower crane.
3. Then the mobile crane mounting crane is used for
"self assembly".
4. Then the mobile crane do the installation of cabin
above climbing crane.
5. Then the mobile crane install boom and counter jib.
6. Then the mobile crane counter mounting weight.
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Image 3.3. Part Of Raise Tower Crane

After all the parts are installed, when it will raise

the height to adjust of the building, the next stage are:
1. Climbing crane will lift the cabin upwards so there is
an empty space between the cabin and the mast
section.
2. The boom then lift up a mast section and then put it
in the empty space.
3. The process is repeated steadily to the height of
tower crane according to the desired height.

Image 3.4. Tower Crane

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Table 3.1. Specification Tower Crane

Spesification
Model PT125(6015)
Basic Rafted Lifting Moment (kN.m) 1250
Information Jib length (m) 60
Tip load 1.5
Max. lifting load (T) 2
Free standing height (m) 58
Max. Height with Attachment (m) 200
Detail Configuration
Lifting Motor Power (kw) 24/24/5
System Reduce Center Distance 450 mm
Lifting Speed (a = 2) (a = 4)
(m/min) 80/40 40/20
Steel wire rope spesification 6x19 - 12.5 - zs
Slewing Motor Power (kw) 3.7
System Reduce Output Tprque
10000
(N.m)
Reduce Type XX4 - 80
Slewing Speed (r/min) 0 - 0.64
Slewing Abutment spesification HSW.32.12.20
Jacking Jacking Speed (m/min) 0.4
System Motor Power (kw) 4
Diameter of Cylinder (mm) φ 125 / ϕ 90
Other Working Pressure 20 Mpa
Accessories Main Cable Spesification 3x10mm2+2
Main Electrical Used Stainless Steel Space Cragt
Scheneider Cabinets Cabin
B. Total Station
Total station is instrument optical / electronic
used in building for mapping and building construction.
Total station is an integrated theodolite with an electronic
 44

distance meter (EDM) to read the distance and slope of

instrument at a certain point.
Total Station is a tools used for measure of angle
and distance that is integrated in one unit of the tool. The
Total Station is also equipped with a processor so that in
can calculate the flat distance, coordinates, and high
difference directly without needing calculator.

Image 3.5. Total Station

Table 3.2. Total Station

Specification
Model Topcon GTS 255
Telescope Length 150 mm
Diameter 45 mm (EDM : 50 mm)
Magnification 30 x
Objective Lens
Resolve Power 3"
Min. Focus Distance 1.3 m
Measurement 1 Prism 6560 ft, 2000m
Range 3 Prism 8856 ft, 2700 m
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C. Bar Bender
Bar Bender is one of equipment used to bend iron
reinforcement in various angles in accordance with the
plan and diameter corresponding to the engine capacity.
Bar bender is responsible for laying foundations and
erecting its frame of steel and iron on a concrete wall, in
order to give structural rigidity and capacity to the load-
bearing wall. These duties involve high risks, a large
amount of energy, and prolonged exposure to sun, rain
and other outdoor elements.

Image 3.6. Bar Bander

Table 3.3. Bar Bander

Specification
Model SP - 42
Power 4000 w
Voltage 220 / 380 v
Bending 6 - 42 mm
Weight 700 kg
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D. Bar Cutter
Bar Cutter is reinforcing cutting tool of the desired
size. In this project used an electric bar cutter. The
advantage of the electric bar cutter than manual bar
cutter is an electric bar cutter can cut iron reinforcement
with a large diameter easily and the steel quality is quite
high, as it also can shorten the processing time.

Image 3.7. Bar cutter

Table 3.4. Bar Cutter

Specification
Model SBC 38
Height (mm) 1080
Length (mm) 660
Width (mm) 560
Blades (mm) 36
Motor (HP) 3
Phase 3
Weight (kg) 474
 47

E. Concrete Vibrator
Concrete vibrator is a tools that used in
construction work at the time of casting, which has a
function compacting concrete in place of formwork. This
vibrator is used during compacting after the concrete
poured on the formwork has been made. This
compaction is done to avoid the void contained between
walls and concrete species as well as the mixture present
in the concrete.
To avoid the existence of cavities in the concrete
in the casting that will affect the quality and strength of
the concrete, then on a project tool is used concrete
vibrator.

Image 3.8. Concrete Vibrator

Table 3.5. Concrete Vibrator

Specification
Vibrator Diameter x Length 38 mm x 4 m
Flexible Shaft 8000 - 9000 rpm
Vibration Amplitude 1.6 mm Power
Source ROBIN - EX 176.0 HP / 4000 rpm
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F. Concrete Bucket and Tremie Pipe

Concrete bucket is a place transportation of
concrete from concrete mixer truck to the site of the
foundry. After testing slump and has met the
requirements set, then the concrete from concrete mixer
truck concrete is poured into the bucket, then it is
transported with the help of tower cranes. In the process
takes only one person as a concrete bucket operator on
duty to open or lock that's cast concrete does not spill
when taken to the foundry area with a tower crane.
Tremie pipe is a pipe used to set the high falls of
concrete during casting. Tremie pipe usually mounted at
the lower end of the concrete bucket so that concrete out
of a concrete bucket does not directly fall and mashing
casting location. Keep as close as possible between
tremie pipes with the old concrete surface, this is done to
avoid coarse aggregate, regardless of the concrete.

Image 3.9. Concrete Bucket and Tremie Pipe

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Table 3.6. Concrete Bucket and Tremie Pipe

Specification
Capacity 0.8 m³
Diameter 1.350 mm
Width 8 mm

G. Concrete Mixer Truck

Concrete mixer truck is a truck used to transport
the concrete from a ready mix concrete admixture
(fabrication) to the project site. During transport, concrete
mixer has to keep rotating so that the concrete does not
harden.
Concrete ready mix cannot be used if the time
exceeds 5 hours, period commencing upon mixing until
ready mix concrete will be used in the field. During the
transport mixer continues to rotate at a speed of 8 - 12
rounds per minute in order to remain homogeneous
concrete and concrete does not harden.
Concrete mixer truck generally do not travel more
than 2 hours. Many contractors require a mixer truck must
be at the project location within 90 minutes after loading
the materials is intented to avoid the concrete in the truck
is hardened. Majority of concrete mixer truck has limited
road speed of between 56 miles perhours.
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Image 3.10. Concrete Mixer Truck

Table 3.7. Concrete Mixer Truck

Specification
Type Truck Mixer Standard
Gross Weight 13200 kg
Rated Loading Capacity 25000 kg
Input Speed ≥ 3 m³ / minutes
Output Speed ≥ 2 m³ / minutes
Water Box Capacity 300 L
Power 336 HP

H. Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to
support people and materials in construction. Scaffolding
is made of metal pipes that are broken in such a way that
it has the power to handle the weight that is on it.
Scaffolding is an indispensable component in the process
of making columns, beams and plates. Scaffolding
consists of several sections, including:
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1. Jack base, part of which are at the very bottom,

equipped with a screw for adjusting the height.
2. Main frame, iron portal which is arranged above the
jack base.
3. Cross brace, connecting the two main frame
mounted transverse direction.
4. Ladder, extra on top of the main frame if a height
deficiency.
5. Joint pin, connecting the main frame and ladder.
6. U - head jack, the top of the main frame and the
ladder that serves to buffer the wooden rafters in the
formwork.

Operational way is by combining each section

above, so that it becomes a temporary buffer
construction.

Image 3.11. Scaffolding

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I. Water Pump
The water pump is used to pull the mud and
water to the surface during the process of extracting
impaired due to waterlogging caused by rain and ground
water uptake

Image 3.12. Water Pump

Table 3.8. Water Pump

Specification
Type SWP 50 - 30
Inlet / Outlet port 50 mm / 2 cm
Total Head 30 m
Suction Head 8m
Flow 30 m³ / hour
Tank Capacity 3.6 Litre
Fuel Consumption 2 Litre / hour
Engine SE 162s (%.5 HP)
Type of Engine Forced Air- Cooled 4 - stroke
Max. Temperature 163 cc
Oil Capacity 0.6 litre
Net Weight 28 kg
Packaging Dimensions 550 x 430 x 430 mm
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J. Air Compresor
Air compressor is a device that produces air with
high pressure and is used to clean the formwork of
impurities prior to casting. Air compressors are devices
used to provide efficient power to construction tools and
machinery. Air compressors can be operated by internal
combustion engines and their ability to pressurize air
enables power to be transmitted by pipes or hoses.

Image 3.13. Air Compressor

Table 3.9. Air Compressor

Specification
Type / Model AIRMAN PDS 175 S
Portable Serries / Trailler Model
Rotary twin screw, single-stage, oil-cooled
ISUZU / NISSAN
4 cycle water cooled direct injection type
Dimension and Weight Overall length 2,960 mm ( 117 inch)
Overall width 1,650 mm ( 65 inch )
Overall height 1,510 mm ( 59.4 inch )
Weight ( dry) 860 kg ( 2,116 lb)
Weight ( wet) 960 kg ( 2,116 lb)
Free air delivery 5.2 m3/ min
Rated operating 7 kg/cm2 ( 100 PSIG ) ( 690 kPa)
pressure
Receiver tank capacity 0.02 m3 ( 5.3 gal)
 54

Air outlets 20A (3/ 4") x 2pcs

Number of cylinder 4
Total displacement 2.189 cc
Rated output 49.5 PS ( 36.4 kW) / 3,000 rpm
Ruel tank capacity 90 liters ( 23.8 gal)
Lubrican oil capacity 7.4 liters ( 2.0 gal )
Tire size 175r13 8prx 2w

K. Waterpass
The main function of this tool is to determine the
height of a building elevation plans. This tool is typically
used to determine the elevation of the floor when the floor
will be cast, so if there is a difference between the
elevation plans with elevation in the field can be corrected
and made repairs immediately, and also auxiliary
elevation determination in building columns. This tool is
also used to determine the elevation of the soil and
ground elevation embankment excavation.
Shortage of waterpass is can not be to measure
the horizontal and vertical angles. So this tool can not be
used to determine the coordinates of a point.

Image 3.14 Waterpass

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Table 3.10. Waterpass

Specification
Model AT-B4
Telescope Length 215mm (8.46 in.)
Magnification 24X
Objective Aperture 32mm (1.26 in.)
Resolving Power 4″
Field of View 1°25′
(at 100m/328ft.) (2.5m / 8.2ft.)
0.2m (7.9 in.) from end of
Minimum Focus telescope
0.3m (1ft.) from instrument center
Image Erect
Stadia Constant 0

Stadia Ratio 100

Accuracy (1km Without 2.0mm (0.08 in.)
double run Micrometer
leveling) With Micrometer n/a
Compensator Type Pendulum Compensator with
magnetic damping system
Setting Accuracy 0.5”
Working Range ±15’
Circular level Sensitivity 10′ / 2mm
Horizontal Diameter 103mm (4.1 in.)
circle Minimum Division 1°/ 1gon
General Operating -20℃ to +50℃ (-4°F to +122°F)
Temperature
Water Resistance IPX6 (IEC 60529:2001)
Size Width 130mm (5.12 in.)
Length 215mm (8.46 in.)
Height 135mm (5.31 in.)
Weight 1.7kg (3.7 lbs.)

L. Excavator
This heavy equipment is useful for digging and
moving. Excavator more popularly known by most people
back hoe. The use of this type of equipment is
conditioned by the location of the project. In building
projects used to dig a basement. Excavators use iron
wheel that is designed for excavation. This type of
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equipment operators not everyone can be as it should

have particular expertise in the operation of the
excavators. In addition to digging, heavy equipment was
used to knock down of the building. Bucket front can also
be modified and replaced with a breaker that serves to
destroy the concrete.
In the Hotel Patra Cirebon project using the
excavator, which has a bucket capacity of 0,97 m3.

Image 3.15. Excavator

Table 3.11. Excavator

Specification
Type PC200 - 8
Boom Size 5.7
Arm Size 2.9
Bucket Size 0.97
Arm Crowd Force (kgf) 110000
Bucket Crowd Force (kgf) 15200
Digging Depth - max (mm) 6620
Digging Reach - max (mm) 9875
Swing Radius (mm) 2750
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M. Dump Truck
Dump truck is a vehicle used to transport material
such as sand, gravel or soil for construction purposes.
Dump truck can move material in the middle distance to
long distance. The contents of the cargo loaded by
means of a loader, while to unload its cargo of heavy
equipment can work alone to lift the tub by using hydraulic
technology.

Image 3.16. Dump Truck

Table 3.12. Dump Truck

Specification
Type Heavy Duty Dump
Capacity 8 m3
Power 20 ton

N. Cutting Wheel
Cutting wheel is a tools used for cutting hollow
steel, wood and iron reinforcement with small diamters in
this project. Economically cutting wheel can be obtained
at a lower cost compared with bar cutter. As the name
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implies, this stone eye functions to perform cutting on

metals such as iron reinforcement, of course by adjusting
the specifications of the product.

Image 3.17. Cutting Wheel

Table 3.13. Cutting Wheel

Specification
Model MT 240
Dimention (mm) 500
Wheels Diameter (mm) 355
Weight (kg) 16.2

O. Concrete Trowel Machine

Concrete trowel machine is a tool or machine
used for leveling and smoothing concrete surfaces that
are still in the process of hardening. Final settlement of
the concrete surface can be done by manually or
machine. Completion manually using raskam / spoon and
is done by hand, while in the machine using the machine
trowel.
Machine Trowel has a base consisting of several
leaves of steel plates that can rotate and smooth and the
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concrete surface. Surface finished with machine trowel

more robust and durable than the job at hand. Machine
trowel is also used to flatten / smoothing the surface floor
andhesit or other hard rock. In its provision of this tool is
owned by the Contractor or no rent.

Image 3.18. Concrete Trowel Machine

Table 3.14. Concrete Trowel Machine

Specification
Type Dynamic DPT - 36A
Trowel Diameter (mm) 910
Trowel Speed (rpm) 50 - 100
Power (HP) 5.5
Dimention (HXW) (mm) 810 x 1010
Weight (kg) 78
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P. Wire Sling
Wire sling is a tool in the work of lifting, made of
materials like chains, wire, steel or synthetic materials,
bound and fastened by objects or loads to be lifted and
tied on hook crane at the time of the process of lifting.

Image 3.19. Wire sling

Table 3.15. Wire Sling

Specification
Type IWRC Wire Rope
Diameter (mm) 10
Approximate Mass (kg/m) 0.409
Minimum Breaking Loads (Mpa) 1770
KN 63
Kg 6.427
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Q. Pulley Chain Block

At the time of the steel erection process, we need
a pulley to raise steel columns or beams. With the help of
skilled man power or for the erection of steel that use
steel ropes or ropes.

Image 3.20. Pulley Chain Block

Table 3.16. Pulley Chain Block

Specification
Model E100
Capacity (Ton) 10
Load Chain Falls 4
Pulling Effort (kg) 42
Drawn Up - Height (mm) 798
Weight c/w 3M Pull (kg) 79

R. Welding Equipment
Welding is used extensively for joining metals
together and there is no doubt that it has been a most
significant factor in the phenomenal growth of many
industries. The different terminology used in welds are
explained in IS:812 (1957).
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A welded joint is made by fusing (melting) the

steel plates or sections along the line of joint. The metal
melted from each member of the joint unites in a pool of
molten metal, which bridges the interface. As the pool
cools, molten metal at the fusion boundary solidifies,
forming a solid bond with the parent metal. When
solidification completes, there is a continuity of metal
through the joint.
There are five welding process regularly
employed namely:
1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW).
2. Submerged - Arc Welding (SAW).
3. Manual Metal - Arc welding (MMA).
4. Metal - Active Gas welding (MAG).
5. Stud welding.

All these methods of welding has been described

with illustrations, in the chapter on ‘Welds - Static and
Fatigue Strength - I’. Nevertheless, for the sake of
completeness, these methods are briefly enumerated
below:
1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
This is basically a semi-automated or fully automated
welding procedure. The type of welding electrode
used would decide the weld properties. Since this
welding is carried out under controlled condition, the
weld quality is normally good.
2. Submerged - Arc Welding (SAW)
This is fully mechanised process in which the welding
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head is moved along the joint by a gantry, boom or

tractor. The electrode is a bare wire, which is
advanced by a motor. Here again, since the welding
is carried out in controlled conditions, better quality
welds are obtained.
3. Manual Metal - Arc welding (MMA)
This is the most widely used arc welding process and
appears to be advantageous for labour intensive
Indian construction practices. As it is manually
operated it requires considerable skill to produce
good quality welds. Hence in the case of MMA,
stringent quality control and quality assurance
procedures are needed. In India, the Welding
Research Institute, BHEL, Trichy, Tamil Nadu,
conducts periodical courses for welders and weld
inspection personnel. Welders who are employed in
actual fabrication are, infact, graded according to
their training and skills acquired.
4. Metal - Active Gas welding (MAG)
This process is sometimes referred to as Metal-Inert
Gas (MIG) welding. It is also manually operated. A
gas that does not react with molten steel shields the
arc and the weld pool. This protection ensures that a
sound weld is produced free from contamination-
induced cracks and porosity. Nevertheless, this
procedure also depends on the skills of the welder.
5. Stud welding
This is an arc welding process and is extensively
used for fixing stud shear connectors to beam in the
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composite construction. The equipment consists of

gun hand tool (Fig.3.21(a) and 3.21(b)), D.C. power
source, auxiliary contractor and controller. The stud
is mounted into the chuck of the hand tool and conical
tip of the stud is held in contact with the work piece
by the pressure of a spring on the chuck. As soon as
the current is switched on, the stud is moved away
automatically to establish an arc. When a weld pool
has been formed and the end of the stud is melted
the latter is automatically forced into the steel plate
and the current is switched off. The molten metal,
which is expelled from the interface, is formed into a
fillet by a ceramic collar or ferrule, which is placed
around the stud at the beginning of the operation. The
ferrule also provides sufficient protection against
atmospheric contamination (Figs. 1(a) and 1(b)).

(a) Shop welding (b) Site welding

Image 3.21. Stud Welding on composite beam
 65

This process offers an accurate and fast method for

attaching shear connectors, etc with the minimum
distortion. While it requires some skill to set up the
weld parameters (voltage, current, arc time and force),
the operation of equipment is relatively straight
forward.

Image 3.22. Stud Welding (Schematic Diagram)

Table 3.17. Welding Machine

Specification
Input Power Viltage AC 440 V (3 Phase) ± 15%
Rated Input Power Capacity 35 KVA
No Load Voltage 50 / 60 V
Output Current Range 72 A
Rated Output Viltage 20 - 630 V

S. Arc Plasma Cutting

In this method, the cutting energy is produced
electrically by heating a gas in an electric arc produced
between a tungsten electrode and the workpiece. This
ionises the gas, enabling it to conduct an electric current.
The high - velocity plasma jet melts the metal of the work
 66

piece. The cut produced by plasma jet is very clean and

its quality can be improved by using a water injection arc
plasma torch. Plasma cutting can be used on thicknesses
up to about 150 mm but the process is very slow.

Image 3.23. Plasma cutting

Table 3.18. Plasma Cutting

Specification
Model 1 - 101 P
Cutting Space (ft) 4.16 x 4.16
Width (ft) 5.83
Length (ft) 6.25
Height (ft) 4.41

T. Torque Wrench
Torque wrench which is often referred to as
torque wrench is one type of SST wrench. In general, the
elongated rod-shaped key moments, the top end of the
pen until the keys are locked, while the lower end near
the handle usually has the moment of the desired tension
setting indicated by a number. The main function of this
moment is to measure the fasteners / bolts according to
 67

the specified specifications based on the quality of the

nuts and odors, so that the nuts / bolts that have been
tied above are not loosened by the screw causing
malfunctioning or broken bolts.

Image 3.24. Torque wrench

Image 3.25. Part of torque wrench

The key moment of the deployment is usually

there in the final stage of the process of tightening the
bolts after previously fastened by using the key pass nor
the ring with using the hands. Special tightening on the
part of components made from cast steel plates such as
 68

the engine block / cylinder head needed tightening

gradually (not direct full) in order to avoid the effects of
twist / can cause the component broke / cracked.

Image 3.26. Kind of torque wrench

For the model or type of key moments of his own

much at all but the most commonly encountered is the
key moment model click. Other key moments include the
model is as follows:
1. Deflecting beam torque wrench
2. Dial indikator torque wrench
3. Click type torque wrench
4. Pneumatic torque wrench
5. Hydraulic torque wrench
6. Digital torque wrench and many more.

U. Grinder
The machine is designed for grinding can
produce speeds of approximately 11.000 – 15.000 rpm.
With the speed of the grinding stone which is a
 69

composition of aluminium oxide with rudeness and

violence, can erode the surface of the metal to produce
the desired surface shape. With the speed of the grinding
machine, also can also be used to cut metal objects by
using a grinding stone that is devoted to the cut.

Image 3.27. Grinder

Table 3.19. Grinder

Specification
Voltage 120 V
Weight 3.75 lb
Wheel Diameter 4 - 1/2"
 70

V. Iron Cutter
For wiremesh reinforcement plates such as
fabrication and iron bendrant, we do not require heavy
tools for cutting and also to facilitate the work. This tool is
used to cut concrete iron measuring small diameter on
the process of cutting jobs in the field.

Image 3.28. Iron cutter

Table 3.20. Iron cutter

Specification
Model GQ50
Cutting Scope:
Cutting bar φ 6 - 50
II class reinforced rebar φ 6 - 40
Size of plat steel < 18 * 18
Size of square steel < 40 * 40
Size of angle steel < 63 * 63
Control Style With Cluth
Frequency of cutting 28
(times / min)
Motor power (Kw) 4
Voltage & Frequency (v / hz) 380 / 50
Dimention (mm) 1500 x 500 x 950
Net Weight (kg) 640
 71

3.2.2. Plumbing Equipment

The equipment used on the project construction of The
Patra Hotel Cirebon owned plumbing itself, but for the heavy
equipment lease system is partially borrowed because the cost will
be cheaper. Equipment used on this project that is as follows:

A. Drill Machine
In the process of digging to plant a dirty
sometimes plumbing the soil on dig very hard and often
lots of large stones that cannot be in the hands of dig or
hoe, when excavation for the dirty water drain pipes also
surely pipe should passing through the foundation that is
mounted so that the foundation should be a lullaby with
the eyes of drill moves up and down so it makes it easy
when penetrating the foundation as well as a large stone.

Image 3.29. Drill Machine

 72

Table 3.21. Drill Machine

Specification
Model ID - ED - 6A
rate Power Input (w) 230
No. Load Speed (r/mm) 4500
max driller capacity:
Steel 6.5
Wood 9
net weight (kg) 12

B. Bar Cutter
Bar Cutter is a reinforced concrete cutting tool
iron, steel, pipes and other peralon in accordance with
the desired size. In this project a cutter bar is used
because it can cut reinforcement, steel, pipe’s diameter
with large diameter besides it can also shorten the
processing time.

Image 3.30. Bar Cutter

The workings of this tool are reinforced concrete,

steel, pipe to be cut into the cutting gears, then the grip is
pressed on the reinforced piece of iron and within
 73

seconds it will be cut. For large diameter steel

reinforcement bars, steel, pipe peralon done one by one
while for smaller diameters, several pieces can be cut at
once according to the tool capacity.

Table 3.22. Bar Cutter

Specification
Model C - 45
Max cutting Dia.
Plain Carbon Steel ≤ φ 45 mm
II graderebar steel ≤ φ 37 mm
Cutting times 50 / min
Motor Power 3 kw (4 HP)
Voltage 415 - 3P / 50 hz
Motor RPM 2880
Weight 425 kgs
Dimention 1150 x 480 x 500
Voltage & Frequency (v / hz) 380 / 50

C. Pipe Cutter (Tubing Cutter)

Pipe cutting tool (tubing cutter) is a tool used to
cut PVC pipes. We should pay close attention when
cutting the pipe is not to let the impurities from the rest of
the pipe cut into the pipe because it can inhibit the flow of
water. Therefore tubing cutter is very necessary because
the use of tubing cutter does not remove dirt or pipe
powder as a result of cutting PVC pipes, because the way
the tubing cutter works is just like how the scissors work
in general which do not because the use of tubing cutter
does not remove dirt or pipe powder as a result of cutting
PVC pipes, because the way the tubing cutter works is
just like how the scissors work in general which do not
 74

remove traces of cutting waste, besides using tubing

cutter makes the process of cutting PVC pipes faster and
does not provide too much energy compared to how to
cut using a saw.
To use a tubing cutter type breaker tool, just
insert the pipe we are going to cut, between the roller and
the cutting wheel, and holding knob later will adjust the
size of the pipe diameter that we will cut.

Image 3.31. Tubing Cutter

D. Shocket Fusion Welder

Piping systems made from polyproylene random
type 3 is short PPR type 3 or PP - R 80. Specially
designed for high - pressure hot and cold water. There
are variations in pipe wall thickness according to the
pressure class and water temperature requirements. The
connection system used is heat fusion using a heater.
With this system, the connectors are compounded or
homogeneous, so the strength of the joint is the same as
the original pipe strength and without leaking.
 75

PPR pipe way overlapped seam apply heating

devices (socket fusion welder). As for the heating devices
are used differently depending on the size of the pipe that
will be dialled.
With a maximum temperature / heat temperature
of 270 degrees Celsius, making it easier for us in the
process of connecting PPR pipes that have compound
properties.

Image 3.32. Socket Fusion Welder

Image 3.33. The Process Connecting Toro Pipe With Socket Fusion Welder
 76

E. Scaffolding or Ladder
scaffolding or ladder is used to facilitate the
worker at the time of installing the pipes length above the
height of two meters. with the presence of scaffolding or
a ladder, then the plumbing installation work can be more
effective and efficiency.

Image 3.34. Scafolding

Image 3.35. Ladder

 77

F. Gauge
Gauge is a measuring instrument of mandatory
long owned by everyone involved in the project, whether
it is the worker, the supervisor of the project, executing
the project or other office concerned. In the process of
installing plumbing, this indispensable good gauge to
measure the required pipe or any other measure. Thus,
the results of the work will be more precise and in
accordance with the shop drawings.

Image 3.36. Gauge

G. Welding Equipment
Welding equipment is a tool that serves to
connect materials that are made of iron and steel, in this
case the welding equipment used to connect pipes found
in the field. There are two kinds of welding equipment,
namely calcium carbide and electric welding welding.
 78

Image 3.37. Welding equipment

Table 3.23. Welding Machine

Specification
Input Power Voltage AC 440 V (3 Phase) ± 15%
Rated Input Power Capacity 35 KVA
No. Load Voltage 50 / 60 V
Output Current Range 72 A
Rated Ouutput Voltage 20 - 630 V

H. Hand Drill Machine

Hand drill machine is a tool used to hollow out the
concrete that was used also to put the pipes, the size of
the eye corring adapted to the size of the pipe will be
adjusted. Hand drilling machine a power operated
machine tool which holds the drill in its spindle rotating at
high speeds and when actuated move linearly against the
work piece produces a hole.
A drill is a tool primarily used for making round
holes or driving fasteners. It is fitted with a bit, either a
drill or driver, depending on application, secured by a
chuck. Some powered drills also include a hammer
 79

function. Drills vary widely in speed, power, and size.

They are characteristically corded electrically driven
devices, with hand operated types dramatically
decreasing in popularity and cordless battery powered
ones proliferating.

Image 3.38. Corring machine

Table 3.24. Hand Drill Machine

Specification
Model Number NL 4006 x / 002
Alternate Code CF - 130
Max. Drilling Dia, 130 mm
Rated Input Power 1800 w
Rated Frequency 50 / 60 hz
N0 - Load Speed 750 rpm

I. Open End Wrench

Open end wrench is a tool used to set and adjust
the pipes and its tuning before the pipe was installed.
Wrench also called spanner tool usually operated by
hand for tightening bolts and nuts. Some wrenches have
ends with straight-sided slots that fit over the part being
 80

tightened these tools are known as open - end wrenches

and are made in various sizes to fit specific bolt and nut
sizes.

Image 3.39. Open end wrench

3.2.3. Mechanical Electrical Equipment

A. Plier
Based on its usefulness, Plier can be classified
into three groups, namely:
1. Combination plier which serves to hold or rotate the
nut from bolt well to tighten or to loosen it. In addition
the combination pliers can also be used to bend the
metal plate or thin to bend foot component.
Combination pliers can also be used in electronic
components, feet cut off the cable or wire.
2. Long nose plier is used to bend the legs of the
components or the nut holding the small size. One of
the advantages of the taper tang was able to reach the
narrow compared to the combination pliers.
 81

3. The cutter plier and diagonal is used to cut away the

components of electronics and power cord that is too
long.

Image 3.40. Plier

B. Screwdriver
Screwdriver is a tool used to tighten or to loosen
bolt (screw). The process of tightening (to tighten) or
loosen (to loosen) bolt is called screwing with the
process. Based on their motive power, screwdriver are
grouped into three (3) types, namely:
a. Manual screwdriver that is moved by human power
itself by way of turning the screwdriver clockwise or
vice versa to tighten and to loosen bolts.
b. Electric screwdriver is a screwdriver which is moved
by electricity. Their use need only press the button
only.
c. Air screwdriver or a screwdriver wind is moved by the
wind. use the same as an electric screwdriver, i.e. by
simply pressing a button to start it.
 82

Pair a screwdriver is often called a screwdriver or

screw bit. The use of the eyes of the screwdriver should
fit to the shape of the eye screw that fastens or will be
excellent. With a screwdriver or electric screwdriver and
lifting power, Wind can be set according to the
specifications of production so as not to ruin a component
of production and also to avoid the defects of the
production. Screw eye’s forms among other forms of
"Plus (+)", "Minus (-)", "Hexagon", "the box" and others.

Image 3.41. Screwdriver

C. Scissors BJLS
A pair of scissors consists of a pair of metal
blades pivoted so that the sharpened edges slide against
each other when the handles (bows) opposite to the pivot
are closed. Scissors are used for cutting various thin
materials, such as paper, cardboard, metal foil, cloth,
rope, and wire.Scissors are a cutting tool to get the size
of BJLS needs in the process of manufacturing of ducting
in the process job MEVAC (Mechanical Electrical Vent
AC).
 83

Image 3.42. Scissor for BJLS

D. Cutter Pu (Polyurethane)
Tools cut PU (Polyurethane) is a type of knife, to
get the size of the PU (Polyurethane) is needed in the
process of manufacturing of ducting.

Image 3.43. Cutter polyurethane

E. Ruler Measurement
A ruler is a unit of length measurement tool used
by workers to gauge the needs of materials to suit the
desired size in the fabrication process.
 84

Image 3.44. Ruler for measurement

F. Lock Former Machine

Lock former machine mainly used for nipping the
plate to facilitate the joint of plate, is among the most
basic equipments for modern duct forming line. All gears,
axles and rollers equipped in the machine are made from
high quality steel to ensure their stability and durability.
Different kinds of models are available for dealing with
plate sheet in various thickness from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.
It is easy and convenient for operation or transport due to
optimized sizes.

Image 3.45. Lock form machine

 85

Table 3.25. Lock form machine

Specification
Model 14
Forming stations 7
capacity 14 18 gauge
Depth of Pocket 1/2"
Hammer over - edge 3/8"
Adjustability
Forming Speed 35 FPM
Motor 5HP, 1800 RPM
Voltage 230 V / 460 V
Amps 15.2/7.6
Phases 3
Drive Doble V-Belt
Dimensions 58-1/2"L x 24"W x 41" H
Weight (lbs) 750

G. Sney Machine
Sney is a machine to make the outside of the
screw with the help of the hand. Sney HSS made of steel
and have two types namely sney round and Hexagon, to
use his sney in complete with home sney for his position.

Image 3.46. Sney machine

 86

H. Hacksaw
A hacksaw is a fine - toothed saw, originally and
mainly made for cutting metal. The equivalent saw for
cutting wood is usually called bow saw. Most hacksaws
are hand saws with a C - shaped frame that holds a blade
under tension. Such hacksaws have a handle, usually a
pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable
blade. The frames may also be adjustable to
accommodate blades of different sizes. A screw or other
mechanism is used to put the thin blade under tension.
On hacksaws, as with most frame saws, the blade can be
mounted with the teeth facing toward or away from the
handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or
pull stroke. In normal use, cutting vertically down wards
with work held in a bench vice, hacksaw blades are set to
be facing forwards.

Image 3.47. Manual hacksaw

 87

I. Waterpass Builder
Worker leveling or waterpass is a device used to
measure or determine an object or line in a flat position
both vertically and horizontally. There are many types of
leveling / waterpass equipment used in carpentry, but the
type most often used is a 120 cm long waterpass made
of wood with a brass edge, where this tool contains two
flat - screen harassers both vertical and horizontal made
of glass wherein there is a liquid bubble, and at the edge
position of the device there is a dividing line which can be
used as a length measurement tool.

Image 3.48. Waterpass

Currently, many waterpass are found in various

sizes and materials. A common size can be found is a
waterpass with a length of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m and 3 m.
Generally rectangular with a width of 5-8 cm and a
thickness of 3 cm. Both sides have a flat surface as a field
that is placed on the surface to be examined by the
kedatran or its rigidity. In the middle there is a hole
shaped and in the middle as a placement of bubble glass
 88

as a flatter inspection tool, and at one end there is a hole

and in the middle as a placement of bubble glass as a
vertical rigidity inspection tool.
The use of waterpass is done simply by placing
the tool surface into the checked surface area. To check
elevation, it can be noticed that the liquid bubble in the
measuring device is in the middle of the water fitting.
Meanwhile, to check the rigidity, you can see bubbles at
the edge of the spirit level. To ensure that the plane is
flat, the bubble must be in the center of the device.

J. Cutting Machine
Cutting machine is used to cut steel pipes for
processes such as fabrication work fire fighting. The
wearing of very helpful cutting machine will process the
job more time efficiency and so are more effective in
getting the size and the desired work.

Image 3.49. Cutting machine

 89

Table 3.26. Cutting Machine

Specification
Model Bosch GCO 200
Power (Watt) 2000
The diameter of the stone cut 355 mm / 14"
Inside diameter 25.4 mm
Speed without load 3800 rpm
Capacity pieces 120 mm
Cutting capacity, rectangle 100 x 196 mm
Cutting capacity, square 119 x 119 mm
Cutting capacity, L-profile 130 x 130 mm
Weight without cable 17 kg

K. Drilling Machine
Drilling machine can be defined as a machine
which makes a circular hole in the job by removing
volume of the metal from it with the help of a cutting tool
called drill bit. When drilling is performed by the drilling
machine the drill bit i.e. the cutting tool is rotated along its
own axis into the job of fabrication process’s fire fighting
installation.

Image 3.50. Drill machine

 90

Table 3.27. Drill machine

Specification
Model ID - ED - 6A
Rate Power Input (W) 230
No. Load Speed (r/mm) 4500
Max drill capacity
Steel 6.5
Wood 9
Net Weidht (kg) 12

L. Bending Machine
A bending machine is a forming machine tool, Its
purpose is to assemble a bend on a workpiece. A bends
is manufactured by using a bending tool during a linear
or rotating move. The detailed classification can be done
with the help of the kinematics. In this project the worker
using bending machine to bend PU in manufacturing
ducting PU.

Image 3.51. Sheet Bending Machine

 91

Table 3.28. Bending Machine

Specification
Max bending radius (mm) 200 - 250
Automatic Grade semi - automatic
Power Hydraulic

3.3. MATERIALS
The selection of construction materials should pay attention to the
quality of the results obtained so that it would comply with the standards
of the planning. In addition to note also the storage and stacking materials
in the warehouse so as not to decline the quality of the material is good
as a factor the weather as well as time to buildup in the warehouse.
Existing material on the Project Construction Of The Patra Jasa
Hotel Cirebon has a lot of diversity of types and each has a function in the
project work. construction materials in a project can be distinguished into
two, namely:
a. Permanent Materials
i.e. materials used by contractors to form building and nature inherent
to remain as elemn of the building. This type of material is described
in more detail in the contract documents (drawings and
specifications). The details of the permanent materials include,
among others:
 The specifications for the materials to be used,
 Quantity for the material that would be required,
 Testing should be done against any required materials.
Using the details listed in the contract documents, the contractor must
specify the supplier of materials to be used. Three sources of
permanent materials suppliers are:
 92

 The giver of the tasks that may be supplying specific materials to

be used by the contractor,
 Subcontractor may be required by the prime contractor to supply
permanent materials based on a separate contract,
 Contractors themselves who hold permanent materials.
In the case of the permanent materials provided by the owner, the
contractor must prepare management required to ensure:
 The materials come on time,
 Disassembled and stored properly prior to use,
 Properly installed in part of the project.
b. Temporary Materials
Materials required by contractors in building the project, but will not
be part of the buildings once used (this material will be removed). This
type of material not listed in the contract documents, so the contractor
is free to determine its own materials needed as well as suppliers. In
the contract, the contractor will not get paid for this kind of explicit
material. Thus, implementors should include material costs this into
the cost of implementation of the various jobs that are included in the
contract.
In the case of a project building that belongs to the type of material
while is a scaffold and formwork. Material here needs tailored to the
scope of the work carried out and controlled by part of the logistics by
following the schedule and specifications of existing techniques.
 93

3.3.1. The Materials Structure Of The Work

A. Iron Reinforcement
Iron Concrete is the type of material that serves
to overcome the force pull on concrete. If the structure is
not given sufficient steel reinforcement will occur
structural failure. Based on the shape, steel
reinforcement is divided into two types:
1. Iron reinforcement plain
Plain steel surface, no fins. Commonly abbreviated to
BJTP.
2. Iron reinforcement thread
Steel surface has a transverse fin to increase the
stickiness of iron reinforcement with concrete.
Commonly abbreviated to BJTD.

Meanwhile, when bringing this material, before

entering the barn checking diameter with the following
conditions.Based on SNI-07-2052-1997.

Table 3.29. The inner diameter of the screw thread

D inner Tolerance
Diameter
(mm) (mm)
D 10 8.9 ± 0.4

D 13 12 ± 0.4

D 16 15 ± 0.5

D 19 17.8 ± 0.5

D 22 20.7 ± 0.5

D 25 23.6 ± 0.5
 94

D 29 27.2 ± 0.6

D 32 30.2 ± 0.6

D 36 34,0 ± 0.8

D 40 38,0 ± 0.8

D 50 48 ± 0.8
Note: If at the time of checking the diameter does not conform to
existing and past the tolerance limit, the materials will be returned or
not accepted.

On the Hotel Patra Jasa Cirebon Project on the

first floor the main of reinforcing steel using screw
reinforcement D16, D19, D22, and D25 (beams and
columns), while for reinforcing bars used as shear force
used steel reinforcement D10 and D13, and for slab,
using screw reinforecement D10 and D13.
Cutting and bending of steel reinforcement
carried out in accordance with the needs on the ground.
So before cutting and bending of steel reinforcement of
concrete required reference or guidelines which contain
detailed drawings and the amount of reinforcement
needs to be manufactured.
In the column reinforcing steel assembly shall
see the detailed drawing reference along with the number
of reinforcing needs already planned. The column
assembly is done on the ground floor so that when it is
finished assembled the column reinforcement is directly
transported using tower crane to the upper floor for
installation of the column, whereas in the assembly of
 95

beams and floor plates are done where it will be

reinforced.

Image 3.52. Iron reinforcement

Table 3.30. Iron Concrete

Specification
Type of reinforcement Thread
Diameter 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 and 25
Length 12 m

B. Sand
Fine aggregate for concrete can be either natural
sand as a result of the natural disintegration of rocks or a
form of artificial sand produced by means of rock breaker.
According to SNI 03-2847-2002 fine aggregates must
meet one or more requirements, the following points:
1. Fine aggregate composed of grains of sharp and
hard.
2. Grains of fine aggregates must be lasting, that is not
broken or destroyed by the effects of weather.
 96

3. Fine aggregate should not contain more than 5 %

slurry ( on dry weight ), if the levels of sludge exceed
5%, the sand must be washed,
4. Fine aggregate should not contain organic
ingredients.
5. Fine aggregate shall consist of grains of diverse
magnitude.

Image 3.53. Sand

Table 3.31. Sand

Specification
Mineral grains are hard and sharp 0.075 - 5 mm
Mud content ≤ 5%
Character Eternal
Type of materials Anorganik
 97

C. Gravel
Gravel resulting from natural desintegration of
rocks or in the form of crushed stone obtained from
breaking stones of ≥ 5 mm, pebbles in their use shall
comply with rough aggregate conditions, according to SII.
0052 - 80 (quality and test method of concrete aggregate)
as follows :
1. The arrangement of grains has a fineness modulus
between 6.00 - 7.10.
2. The content of mud content maximum 1% dry weight.
3. The weak part content is tested with a maximum 5%
copper rod.
4. The eternal properties were tested with saturated
sulfate salt solution,
5. Rough grain aggregates for concrete should not
contain too much long and flat granules weighing
more than 20% by weight.

Image 3.54. Gravel

 98

Table 3.32. Gravel

Specification
Modulus of fitness 6.00 - 7.10
Content of Mud 1%
Character Eternal

D. Cement
Cement is a hydraulic adhesive building material,
which means that will be adhesive when mixed with water
and in some time will harden. This material is used in the
manufacture of concrete and mortar for masonry and
plastering. The usefulness of these cementitious
materials is as an adhesive mixture.
Portland Cement must meet the requirements of
ASTM (Association of Society for Materials Testing).
Cement is used to fill the concrete structure of porous
cavities and the addition of casting foundry is not perfect
but can also be used to improve the method of concrete
grouting work and injection system.
Things that need to be considered in the
inventory storage of cement:
1. Before being transported to the field to be used, the
cement must be kept moist.
2. In the transport of cement should be protected from
rain and sacks (bags) from the factory original tightly
closed.
3. The maximum stack height of no more than 2 m or a
maximum of 10 zaks. This is to avoid damage to the
cement that is at the bottom pile, due to a heavy load
 99

in quite a long time before it is used as a building

material.
4. Because the accumulation of cement in a long time
will also affect the quality of cement, then the need
for regulating the use of cement carefully. So in this
case the old cement should be used first.

Image 3.55. Cement Portland

Table 3.33 Cement

Specification
Limestone (CaCO3)
Materials
Clay (Al2SiO7.xH2O)
Pasir silica (SiO2)
Additives Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O)
Copper slag
Type of materials Cement portland
 100

E. Water
The water used in the project work must be in
accordance with the SNI 03 – 2847 - 2002 on the
Procedure for Calculation of Concrete Structures for
Buildings. The following requirements for the eligibility of
water as building material, namely:
1. The water used in the concrete mix should be clean
and free of damaging containing oil, acids, alkalis,
salts, organic matter, or other substances harmful to
concrete or reinforcement.
2. Air mixer used in prestressed concrete or concrete in
which aluminum metal is embedded, including free
water contained in the aggregate, may not contain
chloride ions in amounts harmful.
3. Water is not potable not be used in concrete, unless
the following conditions are met:
 Selection of concrete mix proportions should be
based on concrete mix using water from the
same source.
 The test results at the ages of 7 and 28 days in a
mortar test cubes made from mortar with water
not potable shall have the power at least equal to
90% of the strength of the test specimen made
with potable water slurry. Comparison strength
test shall be conducted on a similar mortar, with
the exception of the mixing water, which is
manufactured and test in accordance with the
"Compression test method for hydraulic cement
 101

mortar (Using specimens cube with sides of size

50 mm)".

Image 3.56. Water

Table 3.34. Water

Specification
Cation
Element Ground Water
Anion
Fe, Mn, Al, B, F and Se
Absorption of gases
CO2, H2S and NH
and organic matter

F. Bendrat Wire
Bendrat wire is used as a binder series between
the reinforcement bars with others such as binders in a
series of reinforcement columns, beams and a series of
other reinforcement. Those forming a desired circuit
structure. This wire coils form a circle having a diameter
of 1 mm. In use three (3) layers of wire used bendrat that
is not easily broken and more powerful.
 102

Image 3.57. Wire Bendrat

Table 3.35. Wire Bendrat

Specification
Wire Bendrat 25 kg
Diameter 1.05 - 1.09 mm

G. Decking Concrete
Decking concrete functions to create a gap or
distance between the surface of the formwork and the
reinforcement, so that when casting can be formed
concrete blanket as desired. Decking concrete is made of
mortar and sand in a ratio of 1: 4. In the process of making
decking concrete filled with bendrat wire that serves to tie
the decking concrete to the reinforcement that will be
cast.
Decking concrete is useful to keep the space /
distance between iron and formwork. Space / distance
between the iron and the formwork is also called thick
concrete cover, which protects the reinforcement in the
concrete so that it does not rust (corrosion) due to outside
 103

influences. Usually concrete decking project was

produced on the spot.

Image 3.58. Decking concrete

Table 3.36. Decking Concrete

Specification
Shape Silinder
Diameter 5 cm
Thickness 2 cm
Materials Concrete

H. Concrete Glue
Concrete glue is a kind of plastic adhesive that is
often used to connect the old concrete with new concrete
work. The use of concrete glue is very important as an
adhesive between old concrete and new concrete that
occurs due to casting which cannot be finished in one
time. Aside from being a concrete adhesive, concrete
glue can also function as an additive and also patch the
surface of a hollow or porous concrete.
 104

Image 3.59. Concrete Glue

How to apply concrete glue as a concrete

adhesive is:
1. Clean the surface of the old concrete by flushing with
water until it feels clean.
2. Prepare a mixture of concrete glue with a comparison
of concrete glue, water and cement 1: 1: 3.
3. Then apply a mixture of concrete glue using a brush
or spray directly onto the surface of the old concrete.
4. Wait until the concrete glue mixture thickens and is
sticky, then new casting can be done.

Table 3.37. Concrete Glue

Specification
Packaging Cans
Volume 1 kg
 105

I. Hebel
Hebel is material manufacture has a very modern
material which is made using a machine factory. This
brick is quite mild, smooth and have a good degree of
flatness. This lightweight brick was created in order to
lighten the load on the structure of a building construction,
speed up implementation, and minimize material waste
that occurs during the installation process underway wall.

Image 3.60. Hebel

J. Plywood
Plywood in construction projects are used as
materials for formwork columns, beams and plates. The
wood used is a kind of wood camphor wood or meranti
wood. While the wood surface using plywood. Plywood is
a material manufactured from thin layers or plies of wood
veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers
having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one
another. It is an engineered wood from the family of
 106

manufactured boards which includes medium - density

fibreboard (MDF) and particle board (chipboard).

Image 3.61. Wood Plywood

K. Formwork
Formwork is temporary mold that is used to hold
the concrete while casting and shaped according to the
plan. In Hotel Patra Jasa Cirebon Project use three types
of formwork there are from wood, brick and steel. Wood
formwork is used in casting for beam and slab. Brick
formwork is used in casting for pilecap and tiebeam, and
steel formwork is used in casting for column.

Image 3.62. Wood Formwork

 107

Image 3.63. Brick Formwork

L. Ready Mix Concrete

Ready mix concrete is a type of concrete that is
produced in a factory or batching plant, according to the
mix design, and then sent to a workplace (site project)
using a concrete mixer truck always running in order to
stay fresh concrete and hardened at the time of delivery.
Ready mix concrete produced with computer controlled
operation, it produces the right mix.
Use of batching plant is intended to produce
concrete material with a large number and high
production speeds, but the quality and uniformity of the
mixture remains guaranteed (homogeneous). Quality
control is done on the material and the material used
(cement, sand, split and water), tools used, the ready mix
concrete mixing, sampling, testing samples and test
results.
 108

Image 3.64. Ready Mix Concrete

Concrete has a time limit from the time of mixing

to casting (setting time) for approximately 4 until 5 hours,
if the time exceeds the setting time of the concrete was
not used again (rigid). This can happen due to a lack of
communication or poor management control, the
distance from the batching plan for the project, and it is
also influenced by the conditions in the field.
The advantage gained by using ready mix
concrete is:
 Having a higher quality than conventional concrete.
 Reduce the time of casting.
 Save space for mixing t/he concrete in the field.
 Reducing noise pollution and dust from the concrete
mixing machine around the project.

To test the quality of the concrete used is in

compliance or not with the specification and quality of the
plan at the time of booking, it can be done in two ways of
testing, namely:
 109

1. Testing slump test

Testing was conducted to determine the viscosity
slump concrete mixture that will be used. This is done
in order for the moisture content in the concrete mix
can be known. Testing slump set in ASTM C.143 –
90 a Standard Test Method for Slump of Hidrolic
Cement Concrete. Tools:
 Mold Abrams cone, bottom diameter 20 cm,
diameter of 10 cm and 30 cm high, the bottom
and an open top (material of zinc metal is
impermeable to water).
 Stick / compactor stick diameter 16 mm, length
60 cm made of stainless steel with rounded
edges.
 Iron plate.
 Spoon the sunken mortar.

Image 3.65. Equipment slump test

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Testing Procedure:
 Grab samples from the concrete mix concrete
mixer truck.
 Enter the concrete into cones that have been
placed on a baking sheet in three layers, each
layer is compacted by tamping rod as much as
25 times each jab, upper surface made flat let
stand for 30 seconds.
 Clean the concrete around the molding tool, then
the cone lifted slowly upward.
 After high peak decline cone against the original
measure, place the mold in addition to Abrams
cone, then measuring the decline to use the
meter.

From the results of field testing the quality of concrete

slump F’c 35 Mpa obtained slump value of ± 12 cm.

Image 3.66. Slump test

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Image 3.67. Step Testing Slump

2. Concrete compressive strength

The concrete used in the project is to use concrete
F’c 35 Mpa. It shows the characteristic compressive
strength of concrete Mpa is equal to 35 Mpa. In a
concrete plan for the building is usually the output is
F’c in units Mpa. But in the technical specifications of
a project, which includes is the quality of concrete by
using concrete K.
While K using a silinder with size θ15 x 30 cm. This
means concrete Fc’35 if converted into K be 421.69
Kg / cm2. Following testing of compressive strength
of concrete:
Hardware:
a. Results matter concrete cylinder (diameter 15 cm
and 30 cm high).
b. Compression machine.
c. Scales with a precision of 1 gram.
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Testing Procedure:
d. The mold was opened after 24 hours of pre-cast,
then soaked in water,
e. Then do the testing (ages 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days)
to the concrete cylinder was weighed first and
then placed in the midst of press machine
(compression machine).
f. Run the engine press, so that the test object is
destroyed, log style to break the specimen seen
examples of tools.

Image 3.68. Sample of concrete compressive strength test

M. Iron Hack
Iron hack is a piece of metal shaped like a shoe
hack that serves to provide spacing between the metal
thickness. Besides iron hack serves to avoid deflection
between iron which can reduce the strength of the
concrete slab quality. Usually the iron hack at the centers
lower and upper reinforcement.
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Image 3.69. Iron Hack

Shoe hack is a tool that is made under the

column reinforcement associated with a foundation that
has been casted. Shoe hacks are usually made of L
30.30.3 elbow steel profiles, which are welded to the
column brackets. There are also shoe columns made
from concrete blocks with a height of approximately 5 cm.

N. Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other
elements. Because of its high tensile strength and low
cost, it is a major component used in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines,
appliances, and weapons.
Iron is the base metal of steel. Iron is able to take
on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered
cubic and face centered cubic, depending on its
temperature. In the body - centered cubic arrangement,
there is an iron atom in the center and eight atoms at the
 114

vertices of each cubic unit cell in the face - centered

cubic, there is one atom at the center of each of the six
faces of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices.
It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron with the
alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and
cast iron their range of unique properties.

Image 3.70. Steel

Table 3.38. Column And Beam Steel

Specification
Type BJ 37
Fu 370 Mpa
Fy 240 Mpa
H 200 X 200 X 8 X 12
WF 300 X 150 X 6.5 X 9
WF 250 X 150 X 6 X 9
WF 200 X 100 X 5.5 X 8
WF 150 X 75 X 5 X 7
C 100 X 50 X 20 X 2.3
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O. Damdex
Grouting is a process where a liquid mixture of
cement and water injected with pressure into the cavities,
pores, fissures and cracks of rocks that the fluid within a
specified time will be solid in physics or chemistry. In
addition grouting method also to fill the cavity structure
and the addition of kropos concrete castings due to
imperfect or casting concrete installation pre print.
Damdex is a cement additive material coatings,
adhesives and stronger penambal, hard, water resistant,
and can be used for a variety of things ranging from
clogging and coat the crack or leak, grouting, to paste
ceramics in water, and others.

Image 3.71. Damdex

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Image 3.72. The use of cement grouting in the basement area

P. Penetron Integral Crystalline

Penetron is a powder that contains various active
chemicals, silica sand and portland cement. The active
chemical penetron reaction with mineral materials and
moisture in the concrete forms crystals in the pores and
capillaries in concrete. The crystal formed makes the
concrete permanently waterproof and protects the
concrete from various chemicals.
Penetron is a surface - applied, integral
crystalline waterproofing material, which waterproofs and
protects concrete in - depth. It consists of Portland
cement, specially treated quartz sand and a compound of
active chemical. Penetron needs only to be mixed with
water prior to application. When penetron is applied to a
concrete surface, the active chemicals react with
moisture and the by - products of cement hydration to
cause a catalytic reaction which generates an insoluble,
crystalline structure. These crystals fill the pores and
minor shrinkage cracks in the concrete to prevent any
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further water ingress (even under pressure). However,

penetron will still allow the passage of vapor through the
structure (i.e. the concrete will be able to “breathe”). Even
after the concrete has cured, penetron remains dormant
in the concrete and will reactivate in the presence of
moisture to seal capillary tracts and hairline cracks.
In addition to waterproofing the structure,
penetron protects concrete against seawater,
wastewater, aggressive ground water and many other
aggressive chemical solutions. Penetron is approved for
use in contact with potable water, and is therefore
suitable for use in water storage tanks, reservoirs, water
treatment plants,etc. penetron is not decorative material.
Penetron integral crystalline waterproofing can
be applied to all structurally sound concrete-new or old. It
may be applied to either the positive or negative sides of
the concrete face. Because of the ability of the penetron
which is resistant to high water pressure, chemicals, and
the ability to fill cracks or self-heal, making penetrons is
very suitable for use in concrete for the sub-structure
area, or areas that are in contact with water. Typical
areas of application are:
 Basement retaining walls
 Parking structure
 Concrete slabs (floor / roof / balcony,etc.)
 Tunnels and subway systems
 Foundations
 Water retaining structure
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 Underground vaults
 Swimming pools
 Sewage and water treatment plants
 Channels
 Reservoirs
 Bridges, dams and roads.

The advantages of penetron include:

 Becomes an integral part of the concrete, forming a
complete body of strength and durability; penetron
should not be confused with a coating or membrane
 Penetrates deeply and seals concrete’s capillary
tracts and shrinkage cracks
 Can be applied from the either the positive or
negative side
 Waterproofing and chemical-reistance propesties
remain intact even if the surface is damaged
 Completely effective against high hydrostatic
pressure
 More effective overall and less costly than hydrolytic
membrane or clay panel systems
 Easy to apply, labor-cost effective
 Increases concrete’s compressive strength
 Can not come apart et the seams, tear or be
punctured
 Does not require protection during backfilling,
placement of steel or wire mesh, and other common
procedures
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 Seals hairline and shrinkage cracks of up to 1/64”

(0.4 mm) rather than merely masking or bridging
them
 Resist chemical attack (pH 3 - 11 constant contact,
pH 2 - 12 intermittent contact) and provides a range
of protection from freeze / thaw cycles, aggressive
subsoil waters, sea water, carbonates, chlorides,
sulfates and nitrates
 Can be applied to moist or “green” concrete
 Protect embedded steel (reinforcing steel and wire
mesh)
 Non - toxic. Approved for potable water application
(NSF 61)
 Zero VOC – penetron powdered products contain
zero volatile organic compounds and are safe for use
both outdoors and in confined indoor spaces
 Resistant to high water pressure (16 bar).
 Improve the quality of concrete (7% - 10%).

Image 3.73. Penetron waterproofing.

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3.3.2. Mechanical Electrical Materials

A. Power Cable
Electric wires are a medium for sending electrical
energy. The electrical cable consists of insulators and
conductors. The following is an insulating material that
encloses a cable which is usually made of thermoplastic
or thermosetting, while the conductor is made of copper
or aluminum. The conductivity capability of the power
cable is determined by the current conductivity capability
assets in the cable project used are NYM cable 3 x 2.5
mm, NYM HW 2 x 1.5 mm, HIS 3 x 2.5 mm, HIS 1 x 1.5
mm and FRC 2 x 1.5 mm.

Image 3.74. NYA cable 3 x 2.5 mm

Stands for NYA cable is N = the wires copper

core, PVC Insulation, Y = and A = a single Cable. This
means that ITS cable is a single copper wires with PVC-
insulation. This type of cable is often used for home
electrical installation. NYA cable for home electrical
installation has a size of 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm. The
advantages of cable NYA it is cheaper so often used for
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electrical installation housing. Excess cable NYA is

chipped as flawed and easily be bitten rats because it
isolation only one layer. It is therefore safer should be
installed in the pipe/conduit PVC covered channels or
types or mounted in the air away from the range.

Image 3.75. NYM cable 3 x 2.5 mm

The length of the cable NYM is N = the wires

copper core, PVC Insulation, Y = M = more than one
cable Core. This means that the cable NYM have copper
core for more than one and use the insulation made from
PVC. This type of cable usually used on fixed installations
such as building placed in the wall. NYM cables usually
have a white or gray, with a number of core 2, 3 or 4. The
advantages of this cable NYM cable than IT’S THE
isolation quality is stronger because it consists of two
layers. The disadvantage is the price of the more
expensive. This cable can be used in wet or dry
conditions, but not to be planted in the ground.
Cable power cord is the FRC on the design of
resistance to fire, the application of the usual wiring for
 122

the installation of fire systems, installation of

thermocouple and others. Isolation for XLPE cable using
this type of FRC, serves also to protect the conductor.
Also note that, the type of FRC is a cable that can
continue operating normally at the time of burning in time
and certain conditions. Therefore, they saw him used in
a series of critical need to remain operational during a
fire, like the cable signal-related instruments to enable
ESD2, ESD1, abandon the platform. The cable of this
instrument may also be placed for firefighting equipment
such as the deluge valve solenoid. Most importantly, the
cable can serve for evacuation safety and emergency
service.

Image 3.76. FRC cable 3 x 2.5 mm

The parameters are determined by the power the

groom a broad cross-section of conductors in electrical
wiring, as for the provisions on the ability of cable current
conductivity arranged in SPLN specifications.
 123

Image 3.77. Ground cable

Image 3.78. Cable for CCTV

Image 3.79. Cable for Fiber optik

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B. Conduit Pipe
Conduit pipe for conveying water or other fluid or
for carrying out certain other purposes, such as
protecting electric cables. In water-supply systems the
term is usually reserved for covered or closed sections of
aqueduct, especially those that transport water under
pressure. Large conduits may be fabricated of steel
sections joined in the field or of reinforced concrete, often
precast and prestressed, or they may be driven at depth
through solid rock, for example, under mountainous
terrain or under rivers. Smaller pressure conduits are
usually made of cast iron, steel, or asbestos cement.
Pressure conduits are usually kept below the hydraulic
grade line that is, the line representing the height to which
the water would rise if free to avoid possible entrapment
of air. Comontly conduit pipe made from PVC.

Image 3.80. Conduit pipe

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C. Black steel Pipe

One type of hydrant pipe used for the distribution
of fire hydrant is pipe hydrant black steel. This named
pipe black steel because made of steel and black at the
surface. One type of pipe used for the fire hydrant was
kind of galvanized pipe. This type of pipe can also be
used to distribute sea water. In accordance with standard
ASTM A570 grade then the materials used on the pipe is
steel or galvanized hydrant galvanizes steel with
minimum yield strength of 30000 psi.
On the pipe is made of three layers of lead-free
zinc layer i.e. ranging from 0.6 Oz / Sq ft. with a 1.0 Oz/sq.
ft. galvanize hydrant pipe size details are as follows:
thickness 1.0 – 18 mm black steel pipe are strong that is
able to be used in the system of building projects. This
pipe used to drain the water in rural and urban areas. In
industry petroleum, pipeline is capable of distributing the
oil from outlying villages towards town. In the world of oil
and gas industry, this type of pipe is suitable because it
only requires a little maintenance. Black steel pipe
products are with quality control is already assured. Any
production using modern tools of measurement test in the
form of a special x-ray to make sure the wall thickness of
the pipe and no leaks on the pipeline. A lot of pipe is
checked with the machine water filler with high strength.
Pipe size on the market varies between 5.8 meters to
11.8 meters. For outside diameter approximately 21.3 to
406.4 mm. Details about the hydrant pipeline black steel
as follows:
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Table 3.39. Black Steel Pipe

Specification
Alloy or Not Non - alloy
Lenth 5.8 - 11.8 m
16Mn, A53 (A, B), Q235, Q345, Q195, Q215
Grade
A53-Q195-q345, A369
Section Shape Round
Secondary or Not Non - secondary
Certification SGS / BV
OD 21.3 - 406.4 mm
BS 1387, BS EN 39, GB / T 3091 - 2001,
Standard DIN 2444, DIN EN 10025, ASTM A53 - 2007,
BS, GB, DIN, ASTM, BS, GB, ASTM, DIN EN
Outer Diameter 406.4 mm - 21.3
Application Fluid Pipe
Surface Treatment Galvanized or not
WT 1.0 - 18 mm
Material Q195, Q215, Q235B, Q345B
MOQ 10 tons

In the world of piping, pipe size known as

schedule number. Maybe we ever heard of pipe schedule
40, schedule 40 pipe size is a standard that has been
established by ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) about the thickness of a pipe. Schedule is a ratio
approach to working pressure in pipes with allowable
stress in the pipe multiplied by 1000. The prominence of
this pipe schedule is impervious to the pressure of 40 bar.
To calculate the schedul on pipes then need to note the
type of pipe materials, such as steel pipe with a pressure
of 350 psi and allowable public stress 10000 psi then the
way calculations are 350 divided by 10000 and then
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multiplied by 1000 so obtained 35 results. Because of the

odd number then is the 35 schedule is completed into 4.

Image 3.81. Black steel pipe for fire fighting’s installation

D. Inbow Doos
Inbow doos is an aluminum box that serves to put
the switch and or the stop contact in the wall

Image 3.82. Inbow dus

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E. Junction Box
Box connection or electrical connection Box is a
container for the electrical cable connection, usually used
to hide the cable network group from view and prevent
outside interference. Small metal or plastic junction
boxes can be part of a cable system in building power
lines, or can be covered with plaster walls, hidden behind
panels or attached with access to concrete by only
showing the surface cover. Sometimes it includes a
terminal for cable connections. The same container is
used for the connection cable to the socket or electrical
switch. Another term is generally called the Junction Box
with the cable cabinet.

Image 3.83 Junction box

F. The Angled Iron

Angle iron falls under the category of structural
steel. The iron or steel items often are used for repairs
requiring structural strength with relatively little weight.
Angle iron comes in varying lengths and sizes. The metal
 129

is bent into an L - shape with the bend extending the

length of the iron.

Image 3.84. The angled iron

The angled iron is an iron plate which forms the

elbow or angle of 90°. The length of the iron elbow is
usually about 6 meters, iron elbow used to make iron
rack, tower, and other iron construction. Iron elbow also
has a size of width and thickness are different.

G. Flexible Ducting Insulation

Flexible ducts (also known as flex) are typically
made of flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to shape a
tube. They have a variety of configurations. In the United
States, the insulation is usually glass wool, but other
markets such as Australia, use both polyester fibre and
glass wool for thermal insulation.
The flexible ducting insulation used in this project
is from the Safe - Flex brand. Safe - flex is one material
that is made from a type of oil alumuniun paper that
serves as a funnel. This tool is used for the connection of
 130

air duct where air pipe connection can not connect with
the fitting because the pipeline is already too much and
convoluted, so the connection must use safe - flex
because of safe - flex is more elastic and flexsible can
navigate as you want.

Image 3.85. Safe flex

Image 3.86. Flexible ducting

H. Volume Damper
Volume damper is a device to adjust the volume
of the air entry or exit through the ducting. Volume
damper is normally used in the installation to an air
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conditioner that uses the system ducting (airlift

throughout the room with one control).
Volume damper in need on Heat, Vent system,
and Air Conditioner (HVAC) to set the air through the
ducting. The air damper by the volume gives a chance so
that you no longer need to bother to maintenance into the
ducting because it requires maintenance costs back.
Volume damper usually have a lever to adjust the air
through the damper so that the air can be controlled at
him to let the system air conditioning ducting is working
optimally.
A good damper volume have the strength and
durability as well, therefore the material into the main
beam in the manufacture of this product. If the material
used is not very good quality, then that product does not
have a standard for installation in ducting.
In this project the material volume damper these
are stainless steel materials 1.2. anti rust or corrosion

Image 3.87. Volume damper

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I. Fire Alarm
The functions of fire alarm is a useful device to
detect gases, smoke and fire can cause fires and also
warn people of impending fire through visual and audio
indicators. in this project used fire alarm type of heat
detector and a smoke detector.
Heat detector is the fire alarm worked when the
device detects the presence of heat rising. Fire alarm with
detector heat detector type is used because the work is
based on the rise in room temperature changed rapidly.
The heat detector is also ideal for the kind of room in pairs
on which the room is still smoke like a triple room, Office
space, hotel rooms and other rooms. In general alarm bell
type of heat detector will beep when sensors detected a
rise in room temperature around 55° - 63°.

Image 3.88. Fire alarm

Fire alarm smoke detector. The alarm will

function if the sensor detects smoke. If the smoke
detector detects smoke in a room that has a smoke
detector installed, and if the smoke density has passed
 133

the tolerance threshold then the smoke detector will

activate the alarm in sequence by the master control.
Smoke detectors also have the advantage of being a
smoke detector because this type of smoke detector can
work faster, because smoke will cause a fire to occur
before changes in room temperature rise rapidly. So from
there the fire alarm smoke detector is ideal for couples in
a room that contains a lot of paper such as paper
warehouses, food warehouses, and the like.

J. Head Sprinkler Pipe

Head sprinkler is useful tool for putting out the fire
automatically and this tool is a part of a fire sprinkler
system that would issue the discharge water when there
is a fire is detected, or when it exceed a predetermined
temperature. This tool will work automatically after
receiving orders from the fire alarm.

Image 3.89. Head Sprinkler

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K. Ducting BJLS
Ducting functions as a supply of cold air to a
conditioned room (air supply), ducting that functions as
an outside air supply (fresh air) and there is also a ducting
that serves to channel air from the inside out (exhaust)
automatically making this air supply isolated because to
keep the cold air that is not wasted, while to drain fresh
air and eliminate air not using insulation, this insulation
layer includes: Glasswool, Aluminum Foil, Spindle pin /
strap / flinkote.
As for the ducting layer near the Indoor AC unit
(for Split AC systems) or AHU Units (for central systems)
Usually the parts use Glasswool and Glassclotch, to
reduce the noise from the unit. The material used for
ducting itself varies, some are made of PVC, mild steel,
BJLS (zinc coated steel), PU (Polyurethane), for ducting
made from PU, no need to use an outer layer because
the coating is available from the manufacturer only for the
available layers near the unit using glassclotch.

Image 3.90. BJLS

 135

BJLS (zinc plated steel) is a sheet of galvanized

steel rust resistant, can be painted welds &. Many
applications used in roofing, siding, ceiling, partition,
floordecking, ducting, fencing, etc. Size: 2438 mm x 1219
mm (sheet) in the work of mechanical electrical, BJLS is
the material to make the ducting.

L. PU (Poly Urethane)
Polyurethane (PU) have a high load capacity,
either in voltage or compression. Polyurethane can
change shape under heavy load, but will return to its
original shape once the load is discharged with minimal
compression set in PU and if designed correctly for
certain applications. Classification of violence for
Polyurethane prepolymer is dependent on the structure
of molecules that can be made from 30 SHORE A to 85
SHORE D.

Image 3.91. Poly Urethane (PU)

Ducting PU is now widely used in the system

VAC Its main goal is to channel cool air. VAC systems
 136

are very important in keeping the temperature and air

quality which is ideal in the room. For this reason, air duct
must be able to withstand the external temperature and
can maintain the air that flows in it with a constant
temperature. Material properties of the Polyurethane that
always remains stable (with minimal condensation) in
water / oil / fat. Polyether compound will persist for many
years in applications in the beach area.

M. Refrigerant Pipe
Refrigerant pipes are the most widely used
copper. Refrigerant pipe is available in the form of rolls,
there is also a long rod-shaped and stiff. Refrigerant pipe
tube thickness varied according to the purpose of their
use. Refrigerant pipes function primarily as a media
distribution in the installation of the Air Conditioner (AC)
and refrigerator. Can also be used in the installation of
cold water and hot water, gas, air, and oxygen. Copper
pipes are heat resistant and fire, therefore when a fire
occur does not release toxic gases.
Copper pipe also ensures the cleanliness of
water through it, because the lead content of already
cleared when the production process. Besides copper
pipe is not easy to grow bacteria. Copper pipe has
various degrees of thickness and grade that its use can
be adapted to the needs of the pressure.
Special copper pipes for Air Conditioning is
divided into two, namely:
 137

1. AC soft copper pipe, this type of Pipe used for the

installation of a split air conditioner. The advantages
of this type of pipe that is easy to set up. Connecting
copper pipe can be done with flare press later welded
or flaring.
2. Copper pipe Air Conditioning stiff (rigid), typically
used for installation of the air conditioner with the field
straight. This pipe is suitable for cooling systems in
apartments, hotels, factories, or tall buildings.
Advantages of rigid copper pipe that is not dented.
But the drawback is not Bendable, so requires a
connection fitting elbow to change direction.
Connecting pipes is preferably done by las for faster
results.

Image 3.92. Refrigerant pipe

N. Grill Ritten
Ritten grill serves to a heating system or air
conditioner that is integrated on the system ducting or
central air conditioner. The location of this object is a
usability makes it easy to return to the air - heating
 138

system or air conditioner, this condition is necessary so

that the room temperature reach the stability of the air. In
heating systems and cooling systems, furnace or central
air conditioner central air pushed out through a system of
channels into the room from the structure to control the
temperature.
It also pull air through the ductwork ritten Grill air.
The air is sucked into the system is heated or cooled
distributed according to needs. Basically, the system acts
as a pump, indoor air circulation through the cooling or
warming spaces to create a stable and consistent
temperature in the structure.

Image 3.93. Grill ritten

O. Unit AC Split
Definition AC split is a device that serves to
regulate the temperature conditions in the room to be
lower than the temperature available in the surrounding
environment.
 139

Split ducting air conditioner is a working room air

conditioner equipped with ducting components made
from PU / PIR or Zinc BJLS. The function of this additional
component is very effective in distributing or distributing
fluid from one location to another. So, it can be concluded
that AC ducting is air conditioning that can convey air
circulation with the help of blowers or fan units.

Image 3.94. Unit Ac

When compared with other types of ac, ac split

ducting has many advantages. The following is a list of
the advantages of ac split ducting included in the variable
air volume:
1. Minimalist noise, during carrying out its functions, ac
ducting type does not cause a very noisy sound like
other types of ac. This type of ac component runs
very smooth even when problems or troubles do not
cause noise or noise.
2. The room looks neater, because the installation is not
very visible, the room that is installed with the type of
ac ducting cooler will look much neater. There will be
 140

no installation of cables or pipes that look untidy like

other types of air conditioners. Please note that in the
installation of air conditioning the installation will be
done inside and outside the room.
3. Indoor installation is not visible, the advantage of split
duct air conditioning is the next installation in a room
or indoor that is not visible. The cables needed in the
ac ducting installation process are wrapped in neatly
arranged pipes. This type of ac also doesn't need a
lot of components or installation cables so it looks
simpler.

P. Exhaust Machine
Exhaust machine serves to suck the air inside the
room to the outside, and at the same time pull fresh air
outside into the room. In addition to that exhaust machine
can also adjust the volume of air will be circulated on the
space. So stay healthy spaces need air circulation so that
there is always some turn over of indoor air with fresh air
from the outside.

Image 3.95. Exhaust machine

 141

Exhaust machine is one type of fan reply enabled

for air circulation in the room or House. Therefore, they
saw its between indoor and outdoor.

Q. Pipe Insulation
AC pipe insulation is a component used to isolate
a piping system that is useful as a protective layer and
isolate heat / cold from the piping system. AC pipe
Insulation is used to prevent condensation or
condensation from occurring in the pipe system, also
helps to maintain the temperature of the pipe to be stable.
In this project, pipe insulation from the insuflex brand is
used. Insulflex is a type of wrapping the pipe air
conditioning is most widely used in Indonesia.
Insulflex has two primary functions as a wrapper
for paralon pipe and copper pipe. If used on pipe PVC,
Insulflex has the function to absorb the condensation on
the pipe air conditioning so as not to cause any black
flecks or striped on a home or building has installed air
conditioning. The Insulflex function can also function as:
1. As a condensation controlle, insulflex can be used to
prevent condensation from occurring in the pipeline
system and humid air which has the potential to
cause corrosion in the AC pipe system. Insulflex is
used according to the coldness of the pipe. The
cooler the AC pipe the thicker the Insulflex is used.
 142

2. Avoiding physical contact, insulflex can be used to

avoid minor collisions, cuts, light friction against the
AC pipe.
3. As protection against temperature, insulflex can also
be used to maintain pipe temperatures to be more
stable, by preventing the process of heat transfer
from the system to the environment, so that heat
transfer can be reduced.

Image 3.96. Insuflex

Image 3.97. refrigerant pipe wrapping

 143

R. Fitting Fire Fighting

Grooved fittings are used for connecting stand
pipe to control, distribute, or support pipeline in different
sizes or directions. By groove connection, project time is
saved a lot with fast installation and easy maintenance.

Image 3.98. Fitting fire fighting

S. Accessories Installation
Accessories Installation pipe in the work of MEP
consists of PVC pipe clamp, pipe clamp cable, U - Bolt
clamp various sizes adapted to the diameter of the pipe.

Image 3.99. Accessories installation

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Pipe clamps or commonly referred to with U

clamp Bolt is one of the types of bolts used and serves to
bind a pipe or cylindrical pillar on a support or buffer, or
used in accordance with needs.

T. Hydrant accessories
In the installation of a fire hydrant, not just
components, but also very important hydrant accessories
of its existence. Hydrant fire system installation is a fire
protection system with pressurized water media. In
addition to the reservoir and pump the hydrant, it certainly
should be the existence of a supportive hydrant
accessories. Accessories fire hydrant has the function of
each, are:
1. Pillar hydrant, accessories are very vital in this
system is the pillar. This pillar hydrant is a component
of the output place the water flowing out of the media
supplied by the pump reservoir from the hydrant.
2. Box hydrant, hydrant accessories storage is the
place which is also very with clubs to ease the
process of extinguishing the fire. This box is usually
located near the hydrant pillar.
3. Fire hose, hose hydrant was functioning for draining
water from the hydrant to the fire pillar. This hose has
a length of 30 meters.
4. Hose rack because the length of a hose hydrant,
surely it will be difficult to keep this hose. But the hose
rack function so that the hose can be stored neatly
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and does not hamper fire - fighting when the fire

occurred.
5. Hydrant valve, is a valve that serves to regulate the
discharge of water media on a hydrant pillar.
6. Hydrant nozzle, is a funnel that serves to direct the
water towards a steady point of fire.
7. Siamese connection, is a component that serves to
connect a hydrant system with a fire engine. It is
when the water supply on a reservoir.

Image 3.110. Hydrant box

Image 3.101 Hydrant pipe

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Image 3.102. Hydrant accessories

3.3.3. Plumbing Materials

A. Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe is made of plastic
and a few other combinations of vinyl. PVC pipes are also
no rusting or rotting, therefore PVC is most commonly
used in irrigation / cable and protective waters.
In Indonesia the standard system used for
household or other waters are standard JIS (Japanese
Industrial Standard), while for TAPS usually use SNI
(Indonesia National Standard).

Table 3.40 PVC pipe

Specification
PVC - 100 Ø 20 mm
PVC - 100 Ø 50 mm
PVC - 100 Ø 80 mm
PVC - 100 Ø 100 mm
PVC - 100 Ø 150 mm
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Image 3.103 PVC pipe

B. Polyprophilene Random Pipe (PPR)

Random Polyprophilene Pipe or commonly
called PPR is the type of the pipe used to drain the high
pressure hot water. Before discovery of different types of
pipes PPR, people still use this type of pipe from iron and
copper metal material that is often curved rupture, either
due to large deposits of rust as well as the effects of
pressure and temperature extremes of water flowed. In
order to minimize the impact, the manufacturer of hot and
cold water high pressure start switch to using plastic
materials.
There are four (4) types of plastic pipes
(Polyethylene), PERT (Tempareture Resistance
polyethylene), PEX (Cross Linked polyethylene), PPR
(Random polyprophilene Pipe) and PB (Poly Butylene).
Although distinguished according to his plastic
molecules, generally speaking all four have the
advantage of total metal and PVC pipe. Among other
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things, strong and durable, high flexibility, easy

installation as well as hygienic as it does not contain
chlorine are carcinogenic symptoms cause bias.

Table 3.41. PPR pipe

Specification
PPR - 80. PN. 10 Ø 20 mm, 80 mm, 100 mm
PPR - 80. PN. 20 Ø 20 mm, 80 mm, 100 mm

Image 3.104 PPR pipe

C. Gate Valve
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a
valve which opens by lifting a round or rectangular
gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct
feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between
the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often
used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum
restriction is desired. The gate faces can be parallel, but
are most commonly wedge-shaped.
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Gate valves are used to permit or prevent the

flow of liquids, and are typically for on/off control rather
than flow regulation. Because of their ability to cut
through liquids, gate valves are often used in the
petroleum industry.
On opening the gate valve, the flow path is
enlarged in a highly nonlinear manner with respect to
percent of opening. This means that flow rate does not
change evenly with stem travel. Most of the flow change
occurs near shutoff with a relatively high fluid velocity
causing gate and seat wear and eventual leakage if used
to regulate flow. Also, a partially open gate tends to
vibrate from the fluid flow. Thus, typical gate valves are
designed to be fully opened or closed When fully open,
the typical gate valve has no obstruction in the flow path,
resulting in very low friction loss.

Image 3.105. Gate valve

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D. Pipe Glue
Glue or adhesive materials are substances that
serve to aggravate a two part (side) of an object. In the
outline of the material forming the glue made from natural
or synthetic materials.
Specific to channel water and sanitation, the
connection must be done perfectly and the meeting.
Because if it leaks perbaikanya process will take a long
time and funds not least because it would have to do the
finishing work and demolition must be reset again. On this
project the connection pipes using a high quality glue to
avoid placement is not perfect or leaks at the connection.

Image 3.106. Glue is used for connecting PVC pipe

E. Fitting PVC
PVC fittings are products of building materials for
connecting PVC pipe. Types of PVC fittings according to
function there are various such as sock for connecting
straight, knee turn, connecting to the tee for the
connection branched out, drat in the sock and sock drat
out for menyambungan which can be disassembled
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pairs, vlok sock for the connection of the pipe size to

small size pipe and so on. While this type of PVC fittings
according to how the work there is a patent using a glue
connection pipe.

Image 3.107. Fitting PVC

F. Fitting PPR
Basically PPR fittings form and function just the
same as fitting PVC PPR fittings but have the same
material with PPR pipe so that it is in the process of
connecting using socket fusion welder pipe will closely
and merges into the form or homogeneous.

Image 3.108. Fitting PPR

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G. Fitting P – Trap
Fitting P-trap in use on dirty water channels, this
tool is often also called a trap because the tool is installed
to hold or hoard rate of dirt that get in on the pipe and can
be in check at once in clear anytime because it has some
sort of hole controls that have a lid with drat in the hole
and the surface of the lid so that the drain pipes are not
bogged down dirt.

Image 3.109. Fitting P – Trap

H. Wire RAM
On a project of ram in use as much wire to sieve
the sand to stucco and as a wrapping PVC pipes that will
be installed in a wall that will cover it by plastering mortar
in. Function of wire that wrap the stucco mortar so that it
could attach to the PVC pipe PVC pipe because if it is not
in the wrap with wire ram then the mortar will not stick in
because surface slippery PVC pipe.
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Image 3.110. Wire RAM

Wire RAM in this project serves to prevent or

slow down the movement of concrete during the casting
process, this wire RAM is used to prevent the entry of
concrete in the block out area and stop casting in the stop
cast area.

I. Roof Tank
Roof tank is a tank mounted on the roof of the
building, so named after the roof tanks. Roof tank is
cylindrical and made of resin and fiberglass, FRP, which
already meet the standard usage. This tank was fitted to
accommodate the water in a large scale.
The design of the FRP water tank / tank panel is
indeed different from the existing tank. When compared
to other types of tanks, FRP water tanks / panel tanks
have more advantages. Not only from the shape, but also
the function and durability, here are the advantages of
FRP water tank / tank panel, among others:
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1. Better endurance, FRP water tank / panel tank has

better resistance than existing conventional water
tanks. Fiberglass types tend to be more durable and
resistant to any changes in temperature and
temperature around the tank that can change.
2. Suitable for home and industry, FRP Water tank /
panel tank can be used as a home to industrial
needs. The water capacity of this tank can be
adjusted to the desires or needs of its users. Usually
this tank can also be made with a smaller size and
unlimited space. So it is very easy to be moved or
placed anywhere.
3. Easy installation, another advantage of the FRP
water tank / tank panel is the relatively easy
installation process, because it installed by
assembling it first. So that it can be placed anywhere
as long as the surface is flat and has a sufficient
height.
4. Will not be mossy and rusty, another advantage
possessed by the FRP water tank / tank panel is rust
and anti-moss. Most water tanks will have rust and
mold problems in them. But unlike this panel tank
made of fiberglass is a material that has superior
glass fiber. So that it will definitely not rust. The
material will also not be easily filled by moss even
though it has been used for a long time.
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In this project, rooftank used have a capacity of

20.000 liters specifically for cold water.

Image 3.111. Rooftank for cold water

J. Hot Water Tank

A hot water storage tank (also called a hot water
tank, thermal storage tank, hot water thermal storage
unit, heat storage tank and hot water cylinder) is a water
tank used for storing hot water for space heating or
domestic use.
Water is a convenient heat storage medium
because it has a high specific heat capacity. It means,
compared to other substances, it can store more heat per
unit of weight. Water is non - toxic and low cost.
An efficiently insulated tank can retain stored
heat for days, reducing fuel costs. Hot water tanks may
have a built - in gas or oil burner system, electric
immersion heaters. Some types use an external heat
exchanger such as a central heating system, or heated
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water from another energy source. The most typical, in

the domestic context, is a fossil - fuel burner, electric
immersion elements or a district heating scheme.
Water heater for washing, bathing, or laundry
have thermostat controls to regulate the temperature, in
the range of 40⁰ to 60⁰ C (104⁰ to 140⁰ F), and are
connected to the domestic cold water supply.
Where the local water supply has a high content
of dissolved minerals such as limestone, heating the
water causes the minerals to precipitate in the tank
(scaling). A tank may develop leaks due to corrosion after
only a few years, a problem exacerbated by dissolved
oxygen in the water which accelerates corrosion of both
tank and fittings.
In this project, hot water tank used have a
capacity of 9.000 liters specifically for hot water, with
electricity needs 60 Kw.

Image 3.112. Hot watertank capacity 9.000 litres

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