1. B.F Skinner had different ideas than St. Augustine. St.

Augustine believed that people

had an internal sense that helped influence their behavior, while B.F Skinner’s ideas
were that external factors determined behavior. St. Augustine would disagree with
B.F Skinner’s ideas that external factors explain human behavior because of his
beliefs that humans’ behaviors were controlled by internal feelings such as guilt.

2. Avicenna was a writer that highly influenced the world of psychology and philosophy
because of his ideas on things such as mathematics, medicine, and even astronomy.
Through his writings of medicine, he helped discover treatments for mental illnesses.
One of his treatments included treating melancholic patients by “frightening patients
out of their aliments.” Avicenna had a patient that believed he was a cow, by
frightening him and telling him that he was going to be slaughtered which frightened
the patient and made him eat when told he was too lean and had to gain more
weight.

3. Ted is a graduate student and is very nervous because he will soon be defending his
dissertation. The psychologist is teaching him stress inoculation therapy so he can
build the “inoculation” to be able to succeed during his defense. According to
Averroes, active aspects of us survive death, but nothing personal does. He also
followed the teachings of Aristotle and Avicenna. For this reason, Averroes would
approve SIT because it is actively being done by Ted and he is reinforcing his stress
skills. Slowly building up this stress tolerance would definitely help Ted.

Slowly building up stress tolerance.

4. Maimonides was a writer that helped clarify the confusion between religion and
science. Because of his work that incorporated the use of the Old Testament and the
Talmud, he was able to create a reconciliation between Judaism and Aristotelian
philosophy. As a result, the conflict between religion and scientific philosophy was
explained.

5. St. Thomas Aquinas was an influencer on the Middle Ages. He was a very religious
person and his work divided reason and faith. The quote is inaccurate because it
implies that Aquinas was influenced by the Catholic church, but in reality, he
followed the Christian teachings of Aristotle. Aquinas believed that faith and reason
weren’t incompatible, so it was not only about faith alone as the quote implies.

6. The text summarizes several principles of Newtonian science including the emphasis
on applying Occam’s razor. According to Newton, an explanation of any natural event
meant rephrasing it mathematically in terms of space, time, matter, and force.

7. Francis Bacon and Galileo were contemporaries, but while Galileo believed on
deduction while Bacon demanded induction. Bacon believed that science should not
 include any theories or deductions at all, which makes the quote that says that he
“demanded science shall always be based on deduction,” false.

8. Francis Bacon proposed two different types of experiments called experimenta

lucifera and experimenta fructifera. Experimenta lucifera was an experiment
designed to see casual relationships while on the other hand, experimenta fructifera
was used to see how the laws of nature were utilized. Experimenta lucifera involved
light while the other involved fruit, but both had a purpose of delivering two
different types of information.