Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 24 - PP
Chapter 24 - PP
Video warm-up
Spain
Francisco Franco- general that led a rebellion
against the Spanish republic in 1936
civil war ended in 1939 - Franco becomes Spain’s
fascist dictator
Spain remained neutral throughout WWII but offered
support to Italy and Germany
Churchill speech
-Stephen Smith
Between 1939 and
1945 six million
Jews were murdered,
along with hundreds of
thousands of others,
such as Gypsies,
Jehovah’s Witnesses,
disabled and the
mentally ill.
Percentage of Jews killed in each country
Persecution Begins
Hitler ordered all “non-
Aryans” to be removed from
govt. jobs in 1933 (1st move)
Holocaust- systematic murder
of 11 million people across
Europe, more than ½ were
Jews
Jews were the scapegoat for
economic problems & defeat
in WWI
1935- Nuremberg laws
stripped Jews of citizenship,
jobs, property + wear Star of
David
For hundreds of years Christian Europe had regarded the Jews as
the Christ -killers. At one time or another Jews had been driven out
of almost every European country. The way they were treated in
England in the thirteenth century is a typical example.
In 1275 they were made to wear a yellow badge.
After the First World War hundreds of Jews were blamed for the
defeat in the War. Prejudice against the Jews grew during the
economic depression which followed. Many Germans were poor
and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the
Jews, many of whom were rich and successful in business.
Kristallnacht- “Night of Broken Glass” – Nov. 9, 1938
storm troopers attacked Jewish businesses & synagogues in Germany
(Jews blamed for destruction- 100 killed, 30,000 arrested)
Jews had difficultly finding nations to emigrate to
countries worried about fueling anti-Semitism
Americans did not want to deny citizens jobs during the
depression or allow “enemy agents” in
“persons of exceptional merit” like Albert Einstein were
accepted (U.S. accepted 100,000 refugees)
St. Louis-German ocean liner denied entry into the U.S. & forced
back to Europe
(740 of the 943 passengers has U.S. immigration papers)
(more than ½ the passengers were killed in the Holocaust)
The Final Solution
policy of genocide- deliberate killing of an entire population
belief that Aryans were a “master race”
condemned to death & slavery
Jews, Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, mentally
deficient, mentally ill, physically disabled, & the incurably ill
Final Solution began in Poland w/ Nazi death squads-(security
squadrons or SS- Jews rounded up and shot them on the spot)
Jewish women, some holding infants, are forced to wait in a line
before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.
A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive
in the ravine after the mass execution.
ghettos- segregated
Jewish living areas sealed
off by the Nazis
Jews forced to work in
factories built alongside
the Ghettos
concentration camps-
labor/slave camp
people starved while doing
slave labor or murdered
In 1943, when the number of murdered Jews exceeded 1 million. Nazis
ordered the bodies of those buried to be dug up and burned to destroy all
traces.
FDR speech
U.S. Begins to Mobilize
as Germany was conquering Europe, the U.S. was moving away from
neutrality
cash-and-carry - allowed nations to buy U.S. arms (pay in cash & transport)
Sept. ‘40 Germany, Italy, & Japan signed a mutual defense treaty- Tripartite
Pact
3 nations became known as the Axis Powers
*designed to keep the US out of the war/two-ocean war was a military nightmare
Congress passed 1st
peacetime military draft-
Selective Training &
Service Act
FDR runs & wins 3rd term
in ‘40 breaking tradition
(campaigned against
war)
Undeclared War
FDR warned if Britain
fell the Axis powers
would be left
unchallenged
U.S. needed to turn into
“the great arsenal of
democracy”
Lend-Lease Act- (1941)
GB out of $ -lend arms
because defense was
vital to U.S.’s
(like loaning a garden hose
to a neighbor whose house
is on fire)
Hitler invaded Soviet Union
in 6/41 & U.S. sent lend-
lease supplies to aid Stalin
(the enemy of my enemy is my
friend)
Hitler deployed U boats to
prevent lend-lease
shipments in ‘41
U boats began firing on U.S.
military & merchant ships
9/41- FDR gives the navy
permission to attack U
boats on sight
radar & sonar would help
contain subs by ‘43
Planning for War
Atlantic Charter- a ‘41
declaration of principles
in which the U.S. & GB
set forth goals in
opposing the Axis
powers (collective security,
disarmament, self-determination,
economic cooperation, freedom of the
seas)
charter became the basis
of a document “A
Declaration of United
Nations”
Allies- nations that
fought the Axis Powers
(26 nations signed charter)
9/41 – Senate repealed ban
against arming merchant
ships
Japan Attacks
Hideki Tojo- chief of staff of the army/Prime Minister
invaded China & seized colonial lands belonging to the Dutch, FR, & GB
U.S. cut off trade w/ Japan (significance- U.S. supplied 80% of Japan’s oil)
Tojo promised emperor Hirohito he would preserve peace, but planned attack
U.S. broke secret codes, but did not know when or where
353 Japanese planes from 6 aircraft carriers bomb Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941
Japanese killed 2403, wounded 1178, damaging 21 ships (8 battleships)
*by chance 3 U.S. aircraft carriers were at sea
Congress declares war the next day & Germany & Italy declare war 3 days
later
PEARL HARBOR
December 7, 1941
The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from
China and Indochina
Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would
provide them an easy win, and a territory with
abundant land and resources to rule once they
were victorious.
The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting
Japan’s economy
Japan
- Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the command
of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral Yamamoto
- Aerial Assault Force under the command of
Mitsuo Fuchida
United States
- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the
command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and
Lt. General Walter C. Short
5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…
(as noted by the U.S. Navy)
PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive
bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.
PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40
a.m.
PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 –
9:15 a.m.
PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45
a.m.
PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of
raid after 9:45 a.m.
Commander Mitsuo Fuchida
“Veering right toward the west coast of the
island, we could see that the sky over Pearl
Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself
became visible across the central Oahu plain, a
film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered
intently through my binoculars at the ships
riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I
counted them. Yes, the battleships were there
all right, eight of them! But our last lingering
hope of finding any carriers present was now
gone. Not one was to be seen.”
Japan
- 81 Fighter Planes
- 135 Dive Bombers
- 104 Horizontal Bombers
- 40 Torpedo Planes
- At least 5 Midget Submarines
United States
- 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight)
- 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)
- 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns
Japan
- Less then 100 men
- 29 planes
- 5 midget submarines
United States
- 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 wounded
- 188 planes
- 21 ships (8 battleships)
Marine Corporal E.C. Nightingale
“I was about three quarters of the way to the
first platform on the mast when it seemed as
though a bomb struck our quarterdeck. I could
hear shrapnel or fragments whistling past me.
As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw
Second Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back
with blood on his shirt front. I bent over
him…He was dead…”
Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse)
“The first patient came into our dressing room
at 8:25 a.m. with a large opening in his
abdomen and bleeding profusely. They started
an intravenous and transfusion. I can still see
the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s hand as he picked
up the needle. Everyone was terrified. The
patient died within the hour.”
Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the
U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft
carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga
were not in port)
Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire
The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II
(“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”)
The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan
(Dec. 8, 1941)
Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec.
11, 1941)