Class 10th Hindi - B Writing Section CBSE

E:\Share\Sushil\29-11-2021\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2_(29-11-2021)\Open_Files\2-Part B (60-99) AC\Chaps (23×36×8) 60-99 (Proof-4) 60-99
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[kaM ^[k* µ ys[ku
1 vuqPNsn&ys[ku
vuqPNsn&ys[ku xn~; dh y?kq fo/k gSA blesa fdlh okD;&fopkj] vuqHko ;k n`'; dks de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djuk gksrk gSA
NksVs&NksVs okD; vkSj fopkjksa esa ozQecn~/rk vuqPNsn&ys[ku dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA ;g cPpksa dh l`tukRed {kerk dks c<+kus
dk cgqr gh vPNk ekè;e gSA
vuqPNsn fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gSµ
yy fn, x, fo"k; dks 10 ls 15 okD;ksa ;k 100 ls 150 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djuk gksrk gSA
yy okD; NksVs&NksVs rFkk ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
yy ys[ku dk vkjaHk lh/s fo"k; ls gksrk gSA fdlh Hkwfedk ;k ifjp; dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
yy fopkjksa dk izokg Li"V gksuk pkfg,A
yy mnkgj.k dk laosQr gh i;kZIr gksrk gSA
yy Hkk"kk ljy] Li"V rFkk eqgkojs ;qDr gksuh pkfg,A
yy fo"k; osQ vuko';d foLrkj ls cpuk pkfg,A
yy jkspdrk cuk, j[kuk vuqPNsn&ys[ku dh fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA
yy vuqPNsn osQ var esa fu"d"kZ le> esa vk tkuk pkfg, ;kuh fo"k; le> esa vk tkuk pkfg,A
yy ;fn vuqPNsn&ys[ku osQ laosQr fcanq fn, x, gSa rks mUgha osQ vk/kj ij fo"k; dk ozQe rS;kj djuk pkfg,A
vuqPNsn dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gaSµ
yy vuqPNsn fdlh ,d Hkko ;k fopkj ;k rF; dks ,d ckj] ,d gh LFkku ij O;Dr djrk gSA blesa vU; fopkj ugha jgrsA
yy vuqPNsn osQ okD;&lewg esa mn~ns'; dh ,drk jgrh gSA vizklafxd ckrksa dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
yy vuqPNsn osQ lHkh okD; ,d&nwljs ls lacn~/ gksrs gSaA
yy vuqPNsn ,d Lora=k vkSj iw.kZ jpuk gS] ftldk dksbZ Hkh okD; vuko';d ugha gksrkA
yy mPp dksfV osQ vuqPNsn&ys[ku esa fopkjksa dks bl ozQe esa j[kk tkrk gS fd mudk vkjaHk] eè; vkSj var vklkuh ls O;Dr
gks tk,A
yy vuqPNsn lkekU;r% NksVk gksrk gS] ¯drq bldh y?kqrk ;k foLrkj fo"k;oLrq ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vuqPNsn&ys[ku osQ oqQN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaµ

1- eu osQ gkjs gkj gS] eu osQ thrs thr (CBSE 2018)
laosQr fcanqµ l fujk'kk l vfHk'kki l n`f"Vdks.k&ifjorZu l ldkjkRed lkspA
eu dh rkdr dk vankT+kk yxkuk cgqr dfBu gSA ;g lp gS fd ;g gels egku ls egku dk;Z djok ldrk gS rks t?kU;&ls&t?kU;
vijk/ djus osQ fy, Hkh etcwj dj ldrk gSA bls cgqr gh papy ekuk tkrk gSA ;fn thou esa liQy gksuk gS rks gesa eu osQ
o'k esa ugha] vfirq eu dks vius o'k esa djuk vkuk pkfg,A eu dks ,dkxzz djosQ gh liQyrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gS vkSj ;fn
dHkh fdlh dk;Z esa vliQyrk ;k gkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS rks eu dks fujk'kk osQ paxqy ls cpkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd fujk'kkoknh
eu gkj ekudj cSBus ij etcwj dj nsrk gSA eu dh fLFkfr gekjs n`f"Vdks.k dks] gekjs cy o fu'p; dks cnyus dh rkdr j[krh
gSA eu ls gkjk gqvk O;fDr dHkh iz;kl ugha dj ldrk vkSj ;fn og udkjkRed fopkjksa osQ lkFk iz;kl djrk Hkh gS rks mldh
thr dh laHkkouk ugha jgrhA ogha nwljh vksj tc rd eu ls gkj ugha ekuk tk, rFkk ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls iz;kl fd;k tk,]
60
rks thr gkfly gksdj gh jgrh gSA vr% gekjs thou dh liQyrk&vliQyrk] gkj&thr gekjh eu%fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA eu
ls vk'kkoku cus jgsaxs rks vU; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ o okrkoj.k Hkh gekjs vuqowQy gksdj gesa y{;&izkfIr esa lgk;d gks tk,¡xsA
2- Hkkjrh; fdlku osQ d"V (CBSE 2018)
laosQr fcanqµ • vUunkrk dh dfBukb;k¡ • dBksj fnup;kZ • lq/kj osQ mik;A

vius ns'k dh /jrh dks ekr`Hkwfe dk uke fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd mlesa tUe ysdj] mldk vUu&ty xzg.k djosQ ge thou O;rhr
djrs gSa] ¯drq ekr`Hkwfe dh dks[k ls vUu iSnk djus dh esgur tks fdlku djrk gS] og Hkh leku :i ls iwtuh; gSA vukt
mxkus osQ fy, fdlku dks fdu d"Vksa dks lguk iM+rk gS] ge mldh dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrsA og dBksj fnup;kZ dk ikyu
djrk gSA mlosQ fy, /wi&Nk¡o] ljnh&xjeh esa dksbZ varj ughaA mls gj gky esa fujarj esgur djuh gksrh gSA viuk [kwu&ilhuk
,d djosQ og iQlysa mxkrk gSA cht cksus ls ysdj iQly dkVus rFkk ckT+kkj esa igq¡pkus rd mldk thou filrk gh jgrk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd gj o"kZ cM+h la[;k esa fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k osQ lekpkj lquus dks feyrs jgrs gSaA cspkjk xjhc fdlku dT+kZ
ysdj [ksrh djrk gS vkSj ;fn oqQN gkFk u yxs rks ifjokj dk fuokZg djuk Hkh mlosQ fy, vlaHko gks tkrk gSA ,sls esa fdlkuksa
osQ fy, mfpr uhfr;k¡ cuuh pkfg, rFkk mu ij l[rh ls vey Hkh gksuk pkfg,A ljdkj n~okjk mls vPNs cht] [kkn o vU;
lqfo/kvksa osQ vfrfjDr iQly chek ;kstuk Hkh nh tkuh pkfg, rkfd og fuf'apr gksdj viuk thou&fuokZg dj losQA
3- LoPNrk LokLF; dh tuuh gS (CBSE 2018)
laosQr fcanqµ • D;ksa • cnyko • gekjk mRrjnkf;Ro • LoPNrk vkanksyuA

LoPNrk osQ vHkko esa LokLF; dh dYiuk Hkh ughaa dh tk ldrhA ftl i;kZoj.k esa ge lk¡l ysrs gSa] mBrs&cSBrs gSa] mldk izHkko
gekjs 'kjhj o eu&efLr"d ij fuf'pr gh iM+rk gSA okrkoj.k LoPN gksxk rks 'kjhj osQ lkFk&lkFk eu dks Hkh izlUu o dk;Z'khy
cuk,xk] tcfd vLoPN okrkokj.k ls ru&eu jksxh eglwl djus yxsaxsA xanxh esa iuius okys g”kkjksa vn`'; dhVk.kq 'kjhj dks jksxh
cukrs gSaA vr% eu&efLr"d o LokLF; osQ fy, 'kjhj dk LoLFk jguk o 'kjhj osQ LokLF; osQ fy, okrkoj.k dks LoPN j[kuk
csgn ”k:jh gSA gekjs vknj.kh; iz/kuea=kh th osQ izfrfuf/Ro esa tc ls LoPNrk vkanksyu pyk gS] okrkoj.k esa Hkys gh cgqr
cnyko u vk;k gks] ¯drq yksx lpsr vo'; gks x, gSaA cPpk&cPpk vkt LoPNrk dks egRoiw.kZ ekurk gSA ogha xanxh iSQykus dks
cqjk ekuk tkus yxk gSA vusd {ks=kksa esa vufxur yksx o laLFkk,¡ bl vkanksyu dks tkjh j[ks gq, gSaA tSls&tSls yksxksa esa tkx:drk
c<+sxh] lc LoPNrk osQ izfr viuh fT+kEesnkjh le>saxs] oSls&oSls okrkoj.k esas lq/kj Hkh fn[kkbZ nsus yxsxkA fdlh Hkh cM+s ifjorZu
dh 'kq#vkr NksVs Lrj ls gh gksrh gS vkSj og gks pqdk gSA vc vko';drk gS lHkh dks viuk mRrjnkf;Ro le>us o fuHkkus dh
rkfd ge vius Hkkjr dks iznw"k.k eqDr cukdj jksx eqfDr dh vksj dne c<+k losaQA
4- O;k;ke dk egRo
laosQr fcanqµ • vko';drk • ykHk • p;uA
dgkor gS fd LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk eu dk okl gksrk gSA LoLFk eu esa vPNs fopkj vkrs gSa] ftUgsa viukdj ge ldkjkRed
jg ldrs gSaA tSls lqcg Vgyus ls 'kjhj esa pqLrh&iqQrhZ vkrh gSA blh rjg gesa FkksM+k O;k;ke ”k:j djuk pkfg,] ysfdu è;ku
j[ksa fd [kkuk [kkus osQ ckn O;k;ke ugha djuk gSA NksVs cPpksa dks FkksM+k Vgyuk pkfg,A le; ij [kkuk&ihuk pkfg,A lHkh dke
le; ij djosQ O;fDr LoLFk jg ldrk gSA O;k;ke djus ls /efu;k¡ lgh dke djrh gSa vkSj 'kjhj osQ lHkh vax Bhd jgrs gSa
rFkk lgh dke djrs gSaA lqcg ikoZQ esa Vgyus ls vk¡[kksa dh T;ksfr c<+rh gSA bl izdkj gesa LoLFk vkSj [kq'k jguk pkfg,A O;k;ke
osQ vusd izdkj gSaA vius 'kjhj dh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj gesa ,slk O;k;ke pquuk pkfg, tks gekjh 'kkjhfjd vko';drk iw.kZ
djus osQ vykok gekjh igq¡p esa gks vkSj lkFk gh ;fn ;g gekjs fy, #fpdj Hkh gks rks lksus is lqgkxk gksxkA
5- iznw"k.k dh leL;k
laosQr fcanqµ • iznw"k.k ,d vfHk'kki • gkfu;k¡ • lans'kA
vk/qfud dky esa iznw"k.k dh leL;k lcls cM+k vfHk'kki gSA i;kZoj.k esa eq[; :i ls rhu izdkj osQ iznw"k.k iSQy jgs gSa vkSj
buosQ c<+rs Lrj ls laiw.kZ fo'o izHkkfor gks jgk gSA ty iznw"k.k] ok;q iznw"k.k vkSj èofu iznw"k.k dk [krjk fnu&izfrfnu c<+rk
vuqPNsn&ys[ku 61
gh tk jgk gSA dy&dkj[kkuksa ls fudyus okyk vkSn~;ksfxd dpjk ufn;ksa vkSj lkxjksa osQ gokys gksdj ty iznw"k.k dk dkj.k cu
tkrk gSA urhtk ;g gksrk gS fd ufn;ksa dk ikuh ihus osQ yk;d ugha jg tkrk gSA bl ikuh ls ;fn iQlyksa dh flapkbZ gksrh gS
rks jklk;fud vif'k"V iQlyksa esa izfo"V gksdj [kkn~; inkFkks± dks LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd cuk nsrs gSaA typjksa dk thou Hkh
ladV esa iM+ tkrk gSA eksVj&xkfM+;ksa rFkk dkj[kkuksa dh fpefu;ksa ls mBus okyk /qvk¡ ok;q iznw"k.k dk dkj.k curk gSA blosQ tfj,
/qvk¡ esa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM] dkcZu eksuks&vkWDlkbM] lYiQj vkSj ysM tSls gkfudkjd rRo gok esa ?kqydj okrkoj.k dks fo"kSyk
cuk nsrs gSaA tks lk¡l osQ lkFk gekjs 'kjhj esa tkrs gSa vkSj gekjs 'kjhj dks chekj dj nsrs gSaA iQyr% gesa vLFkek tSlh chekfj;k¡
gks tkrh gSaA ckfj'k osQ ikuh esa ?kqydj ;s iQlyksa vkSj ouLifr;ksa dks Hkh uqdlku igq¡pkrs gSaA blls feV~Vh dh moZjrk lekIr gks
tkrh gS vkSj og catj gks tkrh gSA ok;q;ku] dy&dkj[kkus] eksVj&xkfM+;k¡] xkfM+;ksa osQ gkWuZ rFkk 'kknh&ikfVZ;ksa esa yxus okys Mhts
vkfn osQ 'kksj&'kjkcs ls èofu iznw"k.k gksrk gS] ftlls mPp jDrpki] cgjkiu vkfn jksx gks tkrs gSaA oSaQlj] czksUdkbfVl rFkk ân;
osQ [krjukd jksxksa dk dkj.k cuus okys iznw"k.k osQ f[kykiQ laiw.kZ fo'o&leqnk; dks ,dtqV gksdj la?k"kZ djuk pkfg,A
6- o`{kkjksi.k dk egRo (CBSE 2019)
laosQr fcanqµ • o`{k fcuk thou csdkj • mi;ksfxrk • lgk;rk • lq>koA

o`{kksa osQ fcuk /jrh oSQlh gksxh] ;g ge fdlh e#LFkyh; izns'k osQ n'kZu djosQ lgt gh le> ldrs gSaA o`{k gekjs fy, vusoQ
izdkj ls ykHknk;d gSaA xjeh dh rirh nksigj esa o`{kksa dh 'khry Nk;k dk lq[k rks osQoy o`{kksa ls gh izkIr gks ldrk gSA Nk;k
osQ vykok o`{kksa ls gesa iQy&iwQy] tM+h&cwVh] bekjrh ydM+h ,oa b±/u vkfn vusd vko';d lkefxz;k¡ izkIr gksrh gSaA o`{kksa ls
ok;q iznw"k.k osQ f[kykI+kQ yM+kbZ yM+us esa enn feyrh gSA ouksa ls ekulwu dk pozQ Hkh fu;fer gksrk gS rFkk e`nk osQ {kj.k ij Hkh
jksd yxrh gS vkSj ty laj{k.k Hkh laHko gksrk gSA csy vkSj ihiy tSls o`{kksa dks ifo=k ekuk tkrk gSA yksx ifo=k o`{kksa dh iwtk
djrs gSaA ck<+ dh foHkhf"kdk dks jksdus rFkk feV~Vh dks moZj cuk, j[kus esa o`{kksa dk vewY; ;ksxnku gSA o`{kksa osQ bl O;kid egRo
dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj n~okjk gj o"kZ ou egksRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA bl ekSosQ ij LowQyksa rFkk dkWystksa esa Hkh o`{kkjksi.k
dk;ZozQe dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA gesa Hkh vf/d&ls&vf/d isM+&ikS/s yxkus pkfg, vkSj bu o`{kksa ls izko`Qfrd lkSan;Z rFkk
LokLF; dk migkj izkIr djuk pkfg,A
7- [ksyksa dk egRo (CBSE 2011)
laosQr fcanqµ • mi;ksfxrk • izdkj • ykHk • uSfrd ewY;ksa esa o`n~f/ • fu"d"kZA
^tSlk ru oSlk eu* ;g dgkor tkurs rks lHkh gSa] ijarq tks bldk ikyu djrs gSa] os 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ij Hkh è;ku nsrs gSaA [ksyksa
dk egRo vkSj mi;ksfxrk vk/qfud thou esa vkSj Hkh vf/d c<+ xbZ gSA LowQyksa rFkk dkWystksa esa Hkh vc [ksyksa ij vf/d è;ku
fn;k tkus yxk gSA [ksy dbZ izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA oqQN [ksy ?kj esa Hkh [ksys tk ldrs gSa rks oqQN ,sls gSa] ftudks [ksyus osQ fy,
eSnku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA oSls Nk=kksa osQ fy, rks eSnku esa [ksys tkus okys [ksy gh vf/d ykHknk;d gksrs gSaA dcM~Mh] gkWdh]
fozQosQV] cSMfeaVu] [kks&[kks] ckWLosQVckWy vkfn ,sls gh [ksy gSaA bUgsa [ksyus ls euksjatu Hkh gksrk gS vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk O;k;ke HkhA
[ksy gekjs 'kjhj dks LoLFk cuk, j[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk gekjs Hkhrj dbZ vPNs vkSj vko';d xq.kksa dk Hkh fodkl djrs gSaA [ksyksa ls
izfr;ksfxrk rFkk la?k"kZ dh Hkkouk lgt gh lh[kh tk ldrh gSA lkewfgd f”kEesnkjh] lg;ksx vkSj vuq'kklu dh Hkkouk dk dks"kkxkj
[ksyksa esa gh fNik gSA tks ns'k [ksyksa esa vOoy gksrs gSa] os fodkl dh nkSM+ esa Hkh vxz.kh jgrs gSaA vksyafid rFkk jk"VªeaMyh; [ksy
Li/kZvksa osQ n~okjk ôlq/So oqQVqacde~* dk ea=k izR;{k gksrk gqvk fn[krk gSA
8- efnjkiku % ,d lkekftd dyad
laosQr fcanqµ • Hkwfedk • efnjkiku osQ nq"ifj.kke • i{k esa roZQ • efnjkiku dk fojks/A
efnjkiku lc O;luksa dh tM+ gSA tc efnjk Hkhrj tkrh gS rks gekjs lkjs laLdkj] fopkj] foosd] ln~Hkko ckgj fudy tkrs gSaA
fdlh us lp gh dgk gS fd tgk¡ 'kSrku Lo;a ugha igq¡p ikrk] ogk¡ efnjk dks Hkst nsrk gS ;kuh efnjk vkneh dks 'kSrku cuk
nsrh gSA efnjk dk lcls igyk geyk bldks ihus okys ij gksrk gSA mlosQ isQiQM+s] xqnsZ] yhoj rFkk efLr"d f'kfFky iM+ tkrs
62 fganh ^c*&10
gSa] ftlls mls rjg&rjg dh chekfj;k¡ ?ksj ysrh gSaA 'kjkc ihus ls ?kj esa vkfFkZd dfBukb;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSa] ftlls ?kj esa Dys'k
jgrk gSA iRuh o cPpksa dks Hkw[kksa jgus rd dh ukScr vk tkrh gSA 'kjkc ihus ls O;fDr lgh vkSj xyr esa iQoZQ ugha dj ikrk
gSA vusd vijk/ 'kjkc osQ u'ks esa gh fd, tkrs gSaA efnjkiku djus okys vius i{k esa ;g roZQ nsrs gSa fd blls Fkdku nwj gksrh
gS] ruko ls eqfDr feyrh gS] è;ku osaQfnzr jgrk gS vkSj dke djus esa eu Hkh yxrk gSA ijarq ;s lHkh ckrsa >wBh vkSj rF;ghu
gSaA ftl 'kjkc dks ihus ls gkFk&iSj yM+[kM+krs gksa] Hkyk mlls è;ku oSQls osaQfnzr jg ldrk gS\ efnjkiku dks osQoy vkSj osQoy
vkRe&fu;a=k.k ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA
9- djr&djr vH;kl osQ tM+efr gksr lqtku
laosQr fcanqµ • vH;kl dh vko';drk • egku yksxksa osQ mnkgj.k • fu;eA
ftl izdkj jLlh osQ ckj&ckj vkus&tkus ls dBksj iRFkj ij Hkh fu'kku iM+ tkrs gSa] mlh izdkj ckj&ckj vH;kl djus ij ew[kZ
O;fDr Hkh ,d fnu oqQ'kyrk izkIr dj ysrk gSA lkjka'k ;g gS fd fujarj vH;kl de oqQ'ky O;fDr dks Hkh iw.kZr;k ikjaxr
cuk nsrk gSA vH;kl dh vko';drk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld nksuksa dk;ks± esa leku :i ls iM+rh gSA yqgkj] c<+bZ] lqukj] n”khZ]
/ksch vkfn dk vH;kl lkè; gSA ;s dyk,¡ ckj&ckj vH;kl djus ls gh lh[kh tk ldrh gSaA n”khZ dk ckyd igys gh fnu
cf<+;k dksV&iSaV ugha fly ldrkA fon~;k&izkfIr osQ fo"k; esa Hkh ;gh ckr lR; gSA MkWDVj dks jksxksa osQ y{k.k vkSj nokvksa osQ
uke jVus iM+rs gSaA odhy dks dkuwu dh /kjk,¡ jVuh iM+rh gSaA ftl izdkj j[ks gq, 'kL=k dh /kj dks tax [kk tkrh gS] mlh
izdkj vH;kl osQ vHkko esa euq"; dk Kku oqQafBr gks tkrk gS vkSj fon~;k u"V gks tkrh gSA bl ckr osQ vusoQ mnkgj.k gSa fd
vH;kl osQ cy ij euq"; us fo'ks"k liQyrk ikbZ gSA dkfynkl otz ew[kZ Fks] ijarq vH;kl osQ cy ij laLo`Qr osQ egku dfo;ksa
dh Js.kh esa fojkteku gq,A okYehfd vH;kl ls ^vkfn&dfo* cusA ;g rks vc Li"V gks gh pqdk gS fd vH;kl liQyrk dh
oqaQth gS] ijarq vH;kl osQ oqQN fu;e gSaA vH;kl fujarj fu;eiwoZd vkSj le;&lhek esa gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,d igyoku ,d
fnu esa ,d gtkj naM&cSBd djs vkSj nl fnu rd ,d Hkh naM&cSBd u djs rks blls dksbZ ykHk ugha gksxkA vH;kl ifjJe
osQ lkFk&lkFk /S;Z Hkh pkgrk gSA
10- vc iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k¡ pqx xb± [ksr
laosQr fcanqµ • vewY; migkj • egRo • x;k le; okil ugha vkrk • mnkgj.kA
lalkj esa le; dks lcls vewY; oLrq ekuk x;k gSA /u&laifRr [kks tkus ij mls ifjJe djosQ nksckjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
ij le; [kks tkus ij mls iqu% izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA oDr fudy tkus vkSj le> vkus ij O;fDr osQ ikl gkFk eyus
osQ vykok vkSj dksbZ jkLrk ugha jg tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ^vc iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k¡ pqx xb± [ksr* dgdj le; osQ egRo dks
le>k;k x;k gS rFkk le; osQ lnqi;ksx djus osQ egRo dks crk;k x;k gSA blosQ vykok gesa lko/ku djrs gq, ;g Hkh crk;k
x;k gS fd ;fn ge le; ij deZ djus ls pwd tk,¡xs] le; dk lnqi;ksx ugha djsaxs rks ckn esa ;g vfHk'kki cu tk,xkA le;
dk iaNh ,d ckj gkFk ls NwV tkus osQ ckn nksckjk dHkh Hkh idM+ esa ugha vkrkA le; dk lnqi;ksx gh liQyrk dk izrhd gSA
le>nkj O;fDr le; dk ,d iy Hkh csdkj ugha djrsA xka/h th] vCnqy dyke tSls egku iq#"k ges'kk le; osQ ikcan jgrs FksA
os dHkh ;g ugha lksprs Fks fd dy djsaxsA izo`Qfr lnSo le; dh ikcan jgrh gSA ;fn ,slk u gks rks thou&pozQ fcxM+ tk,xkA
le; gh okLro esa thou vkSj deZ gSA
11- lekpkj&i=kksa dk egRo (CBSE 2005, 2017)
laosQr fcanqµ • fo'o Hkj dks tksM+us dk lk/u • yksdra=k dk izgjh • Kku&o`n~f/ vkSj euksjatu dk lk/u • milagkjA
orZeku ;qx esa izR;sd O;fDr ns'k&fons'k osQ lekpkjksa ls voxr jguk pkgrk gSA lekpkj&i=k ,d ,slk ekè;e gS tks fo'o dks
,d dM+h osQ leku tksM+s j[krk gSA ;g gekjh [+kcj ysus dk lcls lLrk vkSj ljy ekè;e gSA lekpkj&i=k yksdra=k dk ltx
izgjh gSA ;g yksdra=k rFkk turk osQ vf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, vkok”k mBkrk gSA ljdkj dh liQyrk osQ fozQ;k&dykiksa dk
dPpk&fpV~Bk [kksyus esa Hkh bldh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA lekpkj&i=kksa esa lelkef;d fo"k;ksa ij ys[k] ppkZ,¡] euksjatu txr
dh [kcjsa] foKku dh tkudkjh] u, mRiknksa dh tkudkjh rFkk [ksy txr osQ lekpkjksa dh tkudkjh vklkuh ls miyC/ gks tkrh
gSA lekpkj&i=k tuthou dh xfrfof/;ksa dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dk lLrk vkSj egRoiw.kZ lk/u gSA bldh bUgha [kwfc;ksa dh
otg ls dgk tkrk gS fd lekpkj&i=k lekt dk niZ.k gSA
vuqPNsn&ys[ku 63
12- oaQI;wVj % vkt dh ”k:jr (CBSE 2010)

laosQr fcanqµ • c<+rk iz;ksx • fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa Hkwfedk • euksjatu ,oa f'k{kk dk ekè;eA
orZeku ;qx foKku dk ;qx gSA orZeku le; esa oaQI;wVj dk LFkku foKku osQ ojnkuksa esa loksZifj curk pyk tk jgk gSA oaQI;wVj dh
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk gSA ;g gekjs lHkh dkeksa esas lgk;rk djrk gSA vkt pkjksa vksj bldh ppkZ gksrh gSA ;g vkt osQ
;qx dh ”k:jr cu x;k gSA jsyos] Hkouksa] eksVj&xkfM+;ksa vkfn osQ fM”kkbu rS;kj djus esa] oaQI;wVj xzkf-iQDl dk O;kid iz;ksx gks
jgk gSA vkt varfj{k foKku {ks=k esa] vkSn~;ksfxd {ks=k esa] ;qn~/ osQ {ks=k esa rFkk vU; vusd {ks=kksa esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA euksjatu
osQ {ks=k esa Hkh bldk ;ksxnku de ugha gSA cPpksa dks Hkh rjg&rjg osQ [ksy oaQI;wVj LozQhu ij [ksyrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA cPps o
;qok viuh f'k{kk laca/h lwpuk,¡ Hkh bl ij baVjusV osQ tfj, izkIr djrs gSaA
13- ijk/hu liusgq¡ lq[k ukgha (CBSE 2010)
laosQr fcanqµ • ijk/hurk dk Lo:i • ijk/hurk dk dyad • Lora=krk dk egRoA
îjk/hu liusgq¡ lq[k ukgha* mfDr dk vFkZ gS fd ijk/hu O;fDr lius esa Hkh lq[k dk vuqHko ugha dj ldrkA ijk/hu vkSj ijkoyach
osQ fy, rks lq[k cuk gh ughaA ijk/hurk ,d izdkj dk vfHk'kki gSA ijk/hurk dh voLFkk esa euq"; rks D;k i'kq&i{kh rd NViVkus
yxrs gSaA ijk/hu O;fDr vFkok tkfr vius vkRe&lEeku dks lqjf{kr ugha j[k ldrkA ijk/hurk dh dgkuh nq[k ,oa ihM+k dh dgkuh
gS tks fdlh Hkh O;fDr] tkfr vFkok ns'k dh gks ldrh gSA tks O;fDr ijk/hu gksrk gS] mldk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrkA mldk dksbZ
Hkh vieku dj ldrk gSA ijk/hurk dh ihM+k dks ogh crk ldrk gS] ftl ij izfrca/ yxk fn;k x;k gksA fdlh canh ls iwNks fd
ijk/hurk dk nq[k D;k gksrk gS\ og viuh bPNk ls 'kqn~/ gok esa lk¡l rd ugha ys ldrkA Hkkjr 'krkfCn;ksa rd ijk/hurk dh ihM+k
lgu djrk jgkA Hkkjrokfl;ksa us viuh vk”kknh osQ fy, reke iz;kl fd,A var esa muosQ fd, iz;kl liQy gq, vkSj ns'k vkT+kkn gks x;kA
ijk/hurk vxj vfHk'kki gS] rks Lok/hurk ojnkuA
14- baVjusV dk mi;ksx (CBSE 2011, 2019)
laosQr fcanqµ • foKku vkSj rduhd dh nsu • thou osQ fofo/ {ks=kksa esa ykHk • gkfu;k¡ % iqLrdksa vkSj lksp&fopkj dh
vis{kk baVjusV ij fuHkZj • vijk/hdj.k • oqQN lq>koA
baVjusV tulapkj dk lcls u;k ysfdu yksdfiz; ekè;e gSA bl ekè;e esa fizVa ehfM;k] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfo”ku] iqLrd] flusek vkSj iqLrdky;
osQ lkjs xq.k gSAa bldh igqp
¡ vkSj xfr vkt nqfu;k osQ fdlh Hkh v[+kckj ;k if=kdk dks gjk ldrh gSA blesa iy&Hkj esa vius eryc dh
tkudkjh [kksth tk ldrh gSA lkFk gh ge fdlh ls ckrphr (pSV) Hkh dj ldrs gSAa viuk CykWx cukdj i=kdkfjrk dh fdlh Hkh cgl osQ
lw=k/kj cu ldrs gSaA ;wV~;wc ls ge u`R;&laxhr dk vkuan ys ldrs gSaA lkFk gh [kkuk cukus dh izfozQ;k Hkh lh[k ldrs gSaA
baVjusV us i<+us&fy[kus okys rFkk 'kks/drkZvksa osQ fy, laHkkoukvksa osQ u, vk;ke x<+ fn, gSaA bu fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk bldh
[kkfe;k¡ Hkh gSaA blesa vusd v'yhy iUus Hkh Hkj fn, x, gSa] ftlls cPpksa osQ dksey efLr"d ij cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA ;qok
Hkh budh pisV esa vkdj vlkekftd vkSj v'yhy gjdr djrs jgrs gSaA blosQ nq#i;ksx dks jksdus osQ fy, ljdkj dks bldh
lkexzh dh xq.koRrk ij u”kj j[kuh pkfg,A vkifRrtud lkbVksa vkSj iUuksa ij izfrca/ yxkuk pkfg,A bl dne ls blosQ nq#i;ksx
dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
15- izo`Qfr dh j{kk] ekuo dh lqj{kk (CBSE 2011)
laosQr fcanqµ • euq"; izo`Qfr dk vax • izo`Qfr ls f[kyokM+ • c<+rk iznw"k.k • izo`Qfr dh j{kk] ekuo&tkfr dk drZO;A
izo`Qfr bZ'oj iznRr ,d cgqewY; HksaV gSA izo`Qfr us euq"; dks lnk fn;k gh gSA izo`Qfr osQ fcuk i`Foh ij jgus dh dYiuk Hkh
ugha dh tk ldrhA vkt geus vkfo"dkj fd,] vn~Hkqr phT+kksa dk fuekZ.k dj viuh dYiuk dks lkdkj fd;kA blls euq"; us
izxfr rks dj yh] ¯drq izo`Qfr osQ lkFk og f[kyokM+ dj cSBkA ouksa osQ vR;f/d dVko ls ck<+] HkwoaQi dh leL;k rks vkbZ gh]
nqyZHk i'kq&if{k;ksa dk vfLrRo Hkh feVus dh dxkj ij vk x;kA jlk;uksa osQ vR;f/d iz;ksx ls Hkwfe dh moZjrk ij izHkko iM+k
gSA txg&txg ekuo fufeZr dpjs osQ <sj vkSj vkSn~;ksfxd dpjs osQ iSQyko osQ dkj.k vusd chekfj;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa dks jks”k
64 fganh ^c*&10
>syus osQ ckotwn euq"; vHkh rd lq/jk ugha gSA izo`Qfr viuk eS=kh&Hkko NksM+dj fodjky gksrh tk jgh gSA leLr ekuo tkfr
dk drZO; gS fd bZ'oj ls izkIr bl vewY; HksaV dh j{kk djsA izo`Qfr ij ge lHkh vkfJr gSaA izo`Qfr ugha rks ge Hkh ughaA
16- Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj turk (CBSE 2012)
laosQr fcanqµ • Hkz"Vkpkj % vFkZ vkSj dkj.k • turk ij izHkko • Hkz"Vkpkj ls eqfDr osQ mik;A
vkt osQ ;qx esa O;fDr dk thou vius LokFkZ rd gh lhfer gksdj jg x;k gSA vkt osQ le; esa /u dh ykylk bruh c<+
xbZ gS fd O;fDr osQ izR;sd dk;Z osQ ihNs LokFkZ gh uT+kj vkrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr vf/d /uh cuuk pkgrk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k
og vuSfrd ekxZ ij tkus esa Hkh ladksp ugha djrkA og ;su&osQu izdkjs.k /u dekuk pkgrk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj iSQykus dk lcls cM+k
ekè;e nwjn'kZu gSA fofHkUu pSuyksa ij brus v'yhy dk;ZozQe fn[kk, tkrs gSa fd fd'kksj rFkk ;qok oxZ osQ fy, ;g pfj=kghurk
lEeku dh oLrq cu xbZ gSA iSQ'ku osQ uke ij 'kjhj dks ^mRikn* dh rjg fn[kk;k tkrk gSA gekjh Hkz"V gksrh lkekftd O;oLFkk
osQ izek.k izfrfnu gks jgs iSQ'ku 'kks gSaA vr% bu lcls turk ij cgqr xyr izHkko iM+ jgk gSA vktdy ikfjokfjd laca/ksa esa Hkh
Hkz"Vkpkj us ”kgj ?kksy fn;k gSA lekt esa efnjk dk izpyu c<+rk tk jgk gS] ftls ihdj yksx vusd izdkj osQ vuSfrd dk;Z
djrs gSaA bu lcdh jksd&Fkke osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd izR;sd O;fDr osQ eukscy dks Å¡pk mBk;k tk,] U;kf;d O;oLFkk dks dBksj
fd;k tk,A turk esa ldkjkRed tkx:drk ykdj gh ge Hkz"Vkpkj :ih nkuo dks tM+ ls m[kkM+ ldrs gSaA
17- L=kh&f'k{kk (CBSE 2014)
laosQr fcanqµ • vko';drk • c<+rs vk¡dM+s • larku rFkk lekt ij izHkkoA

f'k{kk O;fDr osQ foosd dks mtkxj dj mls lgh fn'kk iznku djrh gSA ekuo tkfr dh izxfr dk bfrgkl f'k{kk osQ bfrgkl osQ
lkFk gh fy[kk x;k gSA f'k{kk ukjh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa osQ fy, leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ gS] vU;Fkk lgh vFkks± esa u izxfr gksxh vkSj u
'kakfrA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa L=kh&f'k{kk dk egRo blfy, vf/d gS fd og ns'k dh Hkkoh ih<+h dks ;ksX; cukdj mldk
mfpr ekxZn'kZu dj ldrh gSA usiksfy;u us dgk Hkh gSµ ¶ekr`Hkwfe dh izxfr f'kf{kr vkSj le>nkj ekrkvksa osQ fcuk vlaHko gSA¸
;g Bhd gh dgk x;k gS fd ,d iq#"k dks f'k{kk nsus ls og vosQyk f'kf{kr gksrk gS ysfdu ,d L=kh dh f'k{kk ls lewpk ifjokj
f'kf{kr gks tkrk gSA izkphudky esa fL=k;ksa osQ fy, xq#oqQy dh O;oLFkk ugha gksrh Fkh] fiQj Hkh gesa xzkeh] fon~;ksRrek] yksikeqnzk
tSlh fonq"kh fL=k;ksa osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA vk/qfud ;qx esa fL=k;ksa dks f'k{kk osQ leku vf/dkj izkIr gq,A L=kh f'k{kk dk egRo yksxksa
dks fnuksa&fnu irk pyrk tk jgk gS vkSj blosQ vk¡dM+s c<+rs tk jgs gSaA L=kh dh igyh Hkwfedk iq=kh osQ :i esa] nwljh Hkwfedk
iRuh osQ :i esa rFkk rhljh vkSj vafre Hkwfedk ek¡ osQ :i esa gksrh gSA f'kf{kr gksdj og bu rhuksa Hkwfedkvksa osQ drZO;ksa dk lgh
:i ls ikyu dj ikrh gSA f'kf{kr ek¡ cPps dk lgh ekxZn'kZu dj mlosQ fopkjksa dks ifjiDo djosQ mlosQ pfj=k&fuekZ.k esa vge
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA lekt vkSj jk"Vª dh izxfr esa og iq#"kksa osQ lkFk oaQ/s&ls&oaQ/k feykdj pyus esa leFkZ gSA vkt gj {ks=k esa
f'kf{kr ukjh us viuh liQyrk osQ >aMs xkM+ fn, gSaA fo'o dh izxfr esa fL=k;ksa osQ ;ksxnku dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA ,d f'kf{kr
L=kh ifjokj] lekt vkSj iwjs jk"Vª dk xkSjo gksrh gSA
18- ns'kkVu (CBSE 2013, 2014, 2017)
laosQr fcanqµ • ns'kkVu D;k gS\ • mi;ksfxrk vkSj lk/u • izksRlkgu osQ mik;A
ns'kkVu djuk ekuo dk vkfne 'kkSd gSA ekuo&fodkl Hkh blh ls gqvk gSA bldk vFkZ gksrk gSµ pkjksa vkSj vkuan osQ fy,
?kweukA og fofHkUu LFkyksa osQ yksxksa ls feyrk gS] mudh Hkk"kk&laLo`Qfr] os'k&Hkw"kk] jhfr&fjokT+k vkSj thou&'kSyh dk ifjp; izkIr
djrk gSA blls mldh ftKklk rks 'kkar gksrh gh gS] Kku vkSj vuqHko esa Hkh o`n~f/ gksrh gSA vkt ns'kkVu us ,d mn~;ksx dk :i
/kj.k dj fy;k gSA ns'k&fons'k esa ,sls vusd LFkku gSa tks yk[kksa i;ZVdksa dks viuh vksj [khaprs gSaA O;fDr izfln~/ LFkyksa] igkM+ksa]
leqnzksa] ufn;ksa vkfn dks ns[kdj fof'k"V vkuan izkIr djrk gSA og fo'o dh vusd laLo`Qfr;ksa dh [kwfc;ksa ls ifjfpr gksrk gSA
¶olq/So oqQVqacde~¸ dh ifjdYiuk Hkh ns'kkVu ls lkdkj gksrh gSA orZeku le; esa ljdkj n~okjk vkSj fofHkUu oaQifu;ksa n~okjk
vuqPNsn&ys[ku 65
ns'kkVu vFkkZr i;ZVu osQ fy, dkiQh lqfo/k,¡ vkSj fVdV njksa esa NwV nh tkrh gS] ftldk IkQk;nk mBkdj lHkh i;ZVu dk vkuan
ys ldrs gSaA Hkkjrh; i;ZVu foHkkx ^vrqY; Hkkjr* uked ,d vfHk;ku pykrk gS] ftldk mn~ns'; Hkkjrh; i;ZVu dks fo'o eap
ij inksUur djuk gSA
19- Je dk egRo (CBSE 2014, 2015)
laosQr fcanqµ • rkRi;Z • liQyrk dk lksiku • Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.kA

^Je* dk vFkZ gSµ ru&eu ls fdlh dk;Z dks iwjk djus osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy gksukA Je osQ Hksn gSaµ ekufld Je vkSj 'kkjhfjd
JeA thou esa nksuksa dk viuk&viuk egRo gSA Je dh egRrk crkrs gq, xka/h th us dgk Fkkµ ¶tks vius fgLls dk ifjJe
fd, fcuk gh Hkkstu djrs gSa] os pksj gSaA¸ ifjJeh O;fDr osQ ikl esgur dh lqugjh oaqQth gksrh gS tks HkkX; osQ can dikV
[kksy nsrh gSA lalkj :ih deZ&{ks=k esa fujarj Je djosQ gh ge liQyrk izkIr dj loQrs gSaA ifjJe osQ cy ij gh euq"; us
leqnz yk¡?k fy;k] vkdk'k uki fy;k vkSj nqxZe igkM+ksa ij Hkh p<+ x;kA Je gh euq"; dk lPpk fe=k gS] blhfy, dgk tkrk
gSµ ¶Jeso t;rsA¸ euq"; vius Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k Je ls gh djrk gSA mls vkRefo'okl osQ lkFk y{; j[kdj vkxs c<+uk
gksxk rkfd liQyrk mlosQ dne pwesA jk"Vª dh mUufr Je osQ n~okjk gh laHko gksrh gSA vesfjdk] tkiku] phu bl ckr dks
lR;kfir djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us Hkh dgk gSµ ¶djr&djr vH;kl osQ tM+efr gksr lqtkuA jljh vkor tkr rs fly
ij ijr fulkuAA¸
20- xzkE; thou (CBSE 2016)
laosQr fcanqµ • izko`Qfrd okrkoj.k • fo'kqn~/ oLrq,¡ lqyHk • euksjerk • milagkjA

¶gS viuk fganqLrku dgk¡] ;g clk gekjs xk¡oksa esaA¸
gekjs dfo;ksa us viuh dfork esa Hkkjrh; xk¡oksa osQ vR;ar gh yqHkkous fp=k [khaps gSaA fdlh us xk¡oksa dks Hkkjr dh vkRek dgk
rks fdlh us mls ns'k dk ân;&LianuA Hkkjr izkphudky ls gh o`Qf"k ij fuHkZj jgk vkSj ns'k dh 70» ls Hkh vf/d tula[;k
xk¡o esa fuokl djrh gSA vxj Hkkjr dh lPph rLohj ns[kuh gks] mldk egRo tkuuk gks rks xk¡o osQ n'kZu djus pkfg,A xk¡o
esa izo`Qfr vius lcls lqanj :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSµ gjs&Hkjs [ksr] cjlrk lkou] lqxaf/r gok osQ >ksaosQ] owQdrh dks;y] ukprs
eksj] gqDdk ihrs ;k tqrkbZ&cqvkbZ djrs fdlku] cktjs vkSj eDosQ dh jksVh] >werh ljlksa] nw/&ngh] eD[ku&?kh] /u&/kU; ls Hkjs
[ksr&[kfygkuµ ;g gS xk¡o dk euksje fp=kA fo'kqn~/rk bldh igpku gSA vkt Hkh ;gk¡ dh lkjh oLrq,¡ feykoV jfgr gksrh gSaA
xk¡o dk lkekftd vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd thou Hkh vR;ar euksgkjh gksrk gSA lHkh xzkeoklh HkkbZpkjs osQ vVwV ca/u esa c¡/s ,d&nwljs osQ
nq[k&lq[k esa c<+&p<+dj fgLlk ysrs gS] R;ksgkj eukrs gSa] lkekftd ijaijk,¡ Hkh fuHkkrs gSaA Hkkjr osQ xzkE; thou esa izo`Qfr dks gj
y;&rky ij >wers] ukprs&xkrs vkSj xquxqukrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
21- c<+rs vijk/ (CBSE 2016)
laosQr fcanqµ • Hkkjr esa vijk/ksa dk c<+uk • ukSdjh dk u gksuk • laLdkjksa dk vHkko • U;k; esa foyac • lq>koA
vkt fizaV ehfM;k gks ;k lks'ky ehfM;k] ftls Hkh ns[ksa ph[k&ph[kdj ,d gh ckr dh iqf"V djrk gS fd Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj
vijk/ksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gSA fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls egkuxjksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd e¡>ksys 'kgjksa esa Hkh gj jks”k fnu&fngkM+s
vigj.k] cykRdkj] gR;k] MoSQrh] ngst osQ fy, cgq tykuk vkSj tkylkT+kh vkfn dh ?kVuk,¡ c<+rh tk jgh gSaA vkt yksxksa us
bl izdkj dh ?kVukvksa dks viuh fu;fr eku fy;k gSA c<+rs vijk/ksa dk eq[; dkj.k xzkeh.k ;qodksa dk thfodk dh ryk'k esa
'kgj dh vksj iyk;u gSA xk¡o dh xjhch mUgsa 'kgj osQ pdkpkSa/ esa ;gk¡ jgus dks etcwj djrh gSA 'kgj vkdj Hkh os fn'kkghurk
esa HkVdrs jgrs gSaA 'kgj essa lcdks ukSdjh ugha feyrh rc ,sls vkthfodkghu ukStoku vijk/ osQ {ks=k dh vksj vius dne c<+k
ysrs gSaA vkt osQ ;qodksa esa laLdkjksa dh Hkh deh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA os vlkekftd dk;ks± esa lafyIr gksrs pys tkrs gSaA ,sls yksx tc
idMs+ tkrs gSa rks iqfyl dk Hkz"Vkpkjh joS;k mudks lq/kjus esa ugha] cfYd mudks vijk/h cukus esa ”;knk ”kksj nsrk gS] dbZ ckj
rks iSls ysdj os mudks NksM+ nsrs gSa vkSj dbZ ckj U;k; O;oLFkk esa deh osQ dkj.k os vkthou dkjkokl esa jgrs gSa ;k tsy ls
66 fganh ^c*&10
ckgj vkdj vijk/h cu tkrs gSaA ,sls esa c<+rs vijk/ ij vaoqQ'k yxkus osQ fy, mUgsa mfpr f'k{kk miyC/ djkbZ tkuh pkfg,A
vijk/ fu;a=k.k rFkk vijkf/;ksa dks idM+us osQ fy, iqfyl osQ ikl lHkh izdkj osQ vk/qfud ;a=k gksus pkfg,A Hkz"V vkSj csbZeku
vI+kQljksa dks dM+h l”kk nsuh pkfg,A bu mik;ksa ls ge c<+rs vijk/ ij fu;a=k.k ik ldrs gSaA
22- lSfudksa osQ izfr ln~Hkko (CBSE 2017)
laosQr fcanqµ • lSfud ns'k osQ j{kd • R;kx vkSj 'kkS;Z osQ izrhd • lSfudksa ls izsj.kkA
lSfud gekjs ns'k osQ izgjh gksrs gSaA vxj ge vius ns'k esa lqjf{kr vkSj lq[kh gSa rks ;g gekjh Hkkjrh; lsuk osQ dkj.k gSA gekjs
ns'k osQ cgknqj lSfud ns'k dh lqj{kk esa lhekvksa ij izfrowQy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lroZQrk ls MVs jgrs gSaA gj ,d lSfud ns'kHkfDr dh
Hkkouk ls Hkjiwj leiZ.k osQ lkFk ns'k dh lqj{kk esa rSukr jgrk gSA lSfud gesa ckgjh vkozQe.kksa ls gh ugha cpkrs] cfYd izko`Qfrd
vkinkvksa ls Hkh cpkrs gSaA mRrjk[kaM dh ck<+] yn~nk[k dh ewlyk/kj ckfj'k] d'ehj esa ty&izy; bu lHkh osQ nkSjku mUgksaus
viuh tku nk¡o ij yxkdj ns'kokfl;ksa dh lqj{kk dh] blls gesa irk pyrk gS fd os vius ns'k dks viuh tku ls T+;knk I;kj
djrs gSaA gekjh lsuk dk vkn'kZ okD; gSµ ^djks ;k ejksA* gekjs lSfud bl vkn'kZ dk ikyu djrs gq, ns'k osQ lkFk ge lcdh
j{kk djrs gSaA vius drZO; dk ikyu djus osQ fy, os vius ifjokj ls nwj vusd izdkj dh foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] nqxZe LFkkuksa
esa] foifRr;ksa dks lgrs gq, MVs jgrs gSaA mudh ohjrk] drZO; ijk;.krk vkSj gkSlys osQ vkxs dbZ ckj ekSr Hkh gkj eku tkrh gSA
lSfud ns'k dh j{kk osQ fy, vius leLr fgrksa dks Hkwydj vius drZO; dk ikyu djrs gaSA 1965 esa Hkkjr&ikd ;qn~/ osQ nkSjku
osQoy ,d Hkkjrh; lSfud us dbZ ckj fofHkUu ekspksZa ij vusd nq'euksa dks ekjkA blfy, gesa vius lSfudksa osQ izfr ges'kk lEeku
vkSj ln~Hkko j[kuk pkfg, D;ksafd mUgha dh cnkSyr ge vius ?kjksa esa pSu ls jg ikrs gSaA
23- f'k{kk esa lnkpkj (CBSE 2017)
laosQr fcanqµ • lnkpkj D;ksa\ oSQls • ykHkA

lnkpkj 'kCn ^lr~ $ vkpkj* ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gSµ mRre vkpj.k ;k vPNk O;ogkjA ;g ,d ,slk vkpj.k gS]
ftldk Kku gekjs O;kogkfjd thou ls gksrk gSA vkt gekjh f'k{kk&in~/fr esa ;g lcls cM+h deh gS fd gekjs thou&ewY;
yf{kr ugha gksrsA O;fDr dks cpiu esa tSls laLdkj feyrs gSa] mudk vlj mlosQ iwjs thou ij iM+rk gS] cpiu osQ cgqr vPNs
fopkj ,oa laLdkj vkxs osQ thou esa mls cgqr vPNk bulku cukrs gSa rFkk cqjs fopkj ,oa laLdkj mls Hkz"Vkpkjh ,oa nqjkpkjh
bulku cukrs gSaA vr% lnkpkj dks viuk, fcuk lekt o ns'k esa c<+ jgs Hkz"Vkpkj dks de ugha fd;k tk ldrk] blfy, Nk=kksa
dks mi;ksxh iqLrosaQ i<+kbZ tk,¡ rFkk cqjs okrkoj.k ls nwj j[kk tk,A buosQ fcuk O;fDr dk ekufld fodkl ugha gks ldrkA vr%
f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa f'k{kk n~okjk f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ eukstxr esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dks mHkkj tk,A egkRek xka/h dh ekU;rk osQ vuqlkj
lnkpkj vkSj fueZy thou lPph f'k{kk osQ vk/kj gSaA lPpfj=k O;fDr gh fo'o dks le`n~f/ dh jkg fn[kkrk gSA
24- vkradokn % ,d leL;k (CBSE 2014)
laosQr fcanqµ • ,d dyad • nq"izo`fRr • nq"ifj.kke • lek/kuA
vkradokn fdlh ,d O;fDr] lekt vFkok jk"Vª fo'ks"k osQ fy, gh ugha] vfirq iwjh ekuo lH;rk osQ fy, dyad gSA gekjs
ns'k esa gh ugha cfYd iwjs fo'o esa bldk ”kgj bruh rhozrk ls iSQy jgk gS fd ;fn bls le; jgrs ugha jksdk x;k rks ;g iwjh
ekuo lH;rk osQ fy, [krjk cu ldrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh leL;k gS tks vkt iwjs fo'o esa iSQyrh tk jgh gSA vkradokn ,d
,slh Hk;adj izo`fRr gS] ftlosQ n~okjk euq"; viuh mfpr vFkok vuqfpr ek¡xksa dks euokus osQ fy, vkrad] Hk; rFkk ekjihV
dk ekxZ pqurk gSA vkradoknh ges'kk vkrad iSQykus osQ u,&u, rjhosQ vktekrs jgrs gSaA HkhM+ Hkjs LFkkuksa] jsy&clksa bR;kfn esa
ce foLiQksV djuk] jsy&ykbuksa dh iVfj;k¡ m[kkM+ nsuk] ok;q;kuksa dk vigj.k dj ysuk] funksZ"k yksxksa ;k jktuhfrK dks canh cuk
ysuk] cSad MoSQfr;k¡ djuk bR;kfn oqqQN ,slh vkradoknh xfrfof/;k¡ gSa] ftUgsa iwjk fo'o fiNys oqQN n'kdksa ls lg jgk gSA ekSdk
feyus ij csxqukgksa dks ekSr osQ ?kkV mrkjus essa vkradokfn;ksa dk fny ugha ilhtrkA gekjs HkwriwoZ ;qok iz/kuea=kh Loñ jktho
xka/h blh vkrad :ih nkuo dh ozwQjrk dk f'kdkj cusA /jrh dk LoxZ dgs tkus okys d'ehj esa rks [kwu dh ufn;k¡ cguk vke
vuqPNsn&ys[ku 67
ckr gks xbZ gSA ljdkj dks vkradokn dks [kRe djus osQ fy, l[r dne mBkus pkfg,] mls fdlh Hkh :i esa iuius ugha nsuk
pkfg,A fo'o osQ lHkh jk"Vªksa dks ,d gksdj blosQ lewy fouk'k dk ladYi ysuk pkfg, rkfd vkus okyh ih<+h dks ge ,d
lqugjk Hkfo"; iznku dj losaQA
25- ehBh ok.kh@e/qj ok.kh (CBSE 2009)
laosQr fcanqµ • e/qj ok.kh • ,d ojnku • izHkko vkSj iz;ksx • thou esa egRoA
ehBh ok.kh osQ izHkko ls dksbZ lkjs tx dks viuk cuk ysrk gS vkSj dVqHkk"kh vius gh ?kj esa ijk;k gks tkrk gSA tgk¡ e/qjHkk"kh
dks yksx fnykstku ls I;kj djrs gSa] ogha dVqHkk"kh osQ ikl iQVoQrs Hkh ughaA ehBh ok.kh cksyus ls pkjksa vksj lq[k mitrk gSA ;g
fdlh dks o'k esa djus okys ea=k dh rjg dke djrk gS] ;fn bl o'khdj.k ea=k dks izkIr djuk gS rks dBksj opuksa dks R;kx
nksA tgk¡ dVqok.kh ân; esa ”k[e djrh gS] ogha e/qj Hkk"kk ân; esa vkuan] vkg~ykn mRiUu djrh gSA D;k dks;y yksxksa dks oqQN
vyx ls ns tkrh gS ;k dkSvk fdlh ls oqQN Nhu ysrk gSA ij ;g vkok”k dk gh tknw dgk tk,xk fd yksx dks;y dh cksyh
lquus osQ fy, rjlrs gSa] olar ½rq vkus dk barT+kkj djrs gSa vkSj mldh ok.kh lqudj iziqQfYyr gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkh e/qjHkk"kh dks
dks;y dh miek nh tkrh gS tcfd lgt gh lqyHk dkS, dh dk¡o&dk¡o dks lHkh ukilan djrs gSaA e/qj ok.kh tgk¡ nwljksa dks
vkuan dh vuqHkwfr djkrh gS] ogha [kqn gekjk eu Hkh larqf"V vkSj 'khryrk ls Hkj nsrh gSA e/qj ok.kh cksyus okys vkSj lquus okys
nksuksa dks vPNh yxrh gS] euq"; dks thou esa mUur cuus osQ fy, e/qj Hkk"k.k dh cM+h vko';drk gSA blls lekt esa izfr"Bk]
xkSjo vkSj [;kfr izkIr gksrh gSA
vH;kl
fn, x, laosQr fcanqvksa osQ vk/kj ij yxHkx 150 'kCnksa esa vuqPNsn fyf[k,µ
1. vkt dh ;qok ih<+h
laosQr fcanqµ • HkkSfrdrk dh vksj vkd"kZ.k • Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr osQ izfr ?kVrh vkLFkk • oqQN dj xqT+kjus dh fgEerA
2. ;qokvksa osQ fy, ernku dk vf/dkj
laosQr fcanqµ • ernku dk vf/dkj D;k vkSj D;ksa • tkx:drk • vko';drk • lq>koA
3. thou ,d vfXuiFk
laosQr fcanqµ • vkj{k.k D;ksa\ • vkj{k.k dh lqfo/k,¡ • cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ • leku vf/dkjA
4. ekuork % lcls Js"B /eZ
laosQr fcanqµ • ekuork D;k gS\ • egkiq#"kksa dk mYys[k • ykHkA
5. foKku osQ vk/qfud peRdkj
laosQr fcanqµ • foKku dk vFkZ • vk/qfud vkfo"dkj • vkfo"dkjksa dh mfi;ksfxrk • ykHk&gkfuA
6. ”kgjhys /q,¡ esa Mwch fnYyh
laosQr fcanqµ • dkj.k • leL;k,¡ • dfBukb;k¡ • cpkoA
7. fe=krk
laosQr fcanqµ • fe=krk dh vko';drk • fe=k oSQls cuk,¡\ • ykHkA
8. iqLrdky;
laosQr fcanqµ • vPNs iqLrdky; dh igpku • ykHk • vf/dkf/d mi;ksxA
❑
68 fganh ^c*&10
D:\working folder\Term-2 (All Books) 23×36×8 Size Mein\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2 (1-116) (23×36×8) Proof-4 (26-11-2021)\Open_Files\2-Part B (60-99) AC\Chaps (23×36×8) 60-99 (Proof-4) AC
2 i=k&ys[ku
euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA vius thou dks ljl vkSj liQy cukus osQ fy, og vius ifjokj] lekt] lacaf/;ksa] fe=kksa rFkk
lHkh ifjfprksa ls laca/ cukdj j[krk FkkA i=k&O;ogkj u osQoy ifjfprksa osQ lkFk cfYd vifjfprksa osQ lkFk Hkh fopkj&fofue;
cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA i=kksa osQ ekè;e ls ge vius fe=kksa] vkReh; tuksa ls fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku lgtrk ls dj ldrs
gSaA i=k u osQoy O;fDrxr laca/ksa esa cfYd O;kikj vkSj O;oLFkk esa Hkh euq"; osQ fy, lgk;d fln~/ gksrs gSaA
yy i=k osQ nks izdkj gksrs gSaµ
1. vkSipkfjd i=k
2. vukSipkfjd i=k
vkSipkfjd i=kµ ;s i=k vius {ks=k esa O;kIr ijs'kkfu;ksa dh ppkZ djus] vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, mPpkf/dkfj;ksa

dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djus] ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks lwfpr djus] lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks] iz/kukpk;Z vkfn dks fy[ks
tkrs gSaA
yy vkSipkfjd i=k dks Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSaµ
1. vkosnu i=k
2. O;kolkf;d @ vkf/dkfjd i=k
vukSipkfjd i=kµ ;s i=k vius lxs&lacaf/;ksa] fe=kksa ,oa ifjfprksa dks fy[ks tkrs gSaA ,sls i=kksa esa Hkkoukvksa] vuqHkwfr;ksa rFkk

viuRo dk iqV vo'; gksuk pkfg,A
i=k fy[krs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk vko';d gSµ
yy i=k dh Hkk"kk ljy o lgt gksuh pkfg,A
yy okD; NksVs o lkjxfHkZr gksus pkfg,A
yy ys[ku esa rkjrE;rk gksuh pkfg,A
yy i=k laf{kIr o vFkZiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A
yy i=k esa vuko';d foLrkj ugha gksuk pkfg,A
yy nksuksa izdkj osQ i=k i`"B dh ckb± vksj ls fy[kus pkfg,A
yy f'kdk;rh i=k dh Hkk"kk esa foosd rFkk la;e dk Hkko gksuk pkfg,A
yy i=k esa fnukad vo'; fy[kuk pkfg,A

69
vkSipkfjd i=k dk izk:i

izk:iµ1
-------------------------------
------------------------------- ¹ftldks i=k fy[krs gSa] mldk inuke ,oa irkº
-------------------------------
fo"k; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lacks/u --------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ¹fo"k;&oLrqº
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hkonh;
-------------------------------
------------------------------- ¹fy[kus okys dk uke rFkk irkº
fnukad ---------------------------------------
izk:iµ2
-------------------------------
------------------------------- ¹tgk¡ ls i=k fy[kk tk jgk gSµ irkº
-------------------------------
-------------------------------
------------------------------- ¹ftldks i=k fy[krs gS] mldk inuke ,oa irkº
-------------------------------
fo"k; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lacks/u ---------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ¹fo"k;&oLrqº
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hkonh;
-------------------------------
uke
-------------------------------
fnukad ---------------------------------------
70 fganh ^c*&10
i=kksa osQ oqQN uewus bl izdkj gSaµ

1- vktdy fd'kksjksa osQ fy, nwjn'kZu ij vk jgs dk;ZozQeksa esa thou&ewY;ksa dh izsj.kk nsus okys dk;ZozQe dh vko';drk
dks crkrs gq, laiknd dks izdk'kukFkZ ,d i=k fyf[k,A
eq[; laiknd
uoHkkjr VkbEl
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % nwjn'kZu dk;ZozQeksa esa thou&ewY;ksa dh cgqyrk gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa Hkkjr ns'k dk lkekU; ukxfjd gw¡ vkSj ns'k dh ;qok ih<+h iFkHkz"V gks jgh gS] blfy, fpafrr gksdj vkidks i=k fy[k
jgk gw¡A ns'k dh ;qok ih<+h] ftlosQ oaQ/s ij Hkkjr dk Hkfo"; fuHkZj djrk gS] nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr gksus okys tknw&Vksus]
lkl&cgw osQ "kM~;a=k o pqM+Syksa osQ dk;ZozQeksa dks ns[kdj fn'kk&Hkz"V gks jgh gSA Hkkjr osQ ;qokvksa dks vkxs pydj ns'k dh
ckxMksj l¡Hkkyuh gSA ,sls esa ;fn os bu dk;ZozQeksa dks ns[kdj bu ij fo'okl djus yxsaxs rks ;g lekt vkSj ns'k nksuksa osQ
fy, [krjukd gSA Vhoh dk ;qokvksa ij cM+h tYnh izHkko iM+rk gS] blfy, bl ij bl izdkj osQ dk;ZozQe izlkfjr gksus
pkfg,] ftuls ;qod o ;qofr;k¡ ns'k&izse dh vksj mUeq[k gksaA os ns'k dh mUufr esa viuk ;ksxnku nsaA ;qokvksa esa 'kkjhfjd
cy osQ lkFk&lkFk oqQN dj xq”kjus dh reUuk o <sjksa lius gksrs gSa] ysfdu ,sls dk;ZozQe muosQ liuksa ij oqQBkjk?kkr dj
mUgsa ykpkj cuk nsrs gSaA os vius ckgqcy ij ugha bl rjg dh ckrksa ij fo'okl djus yxrs gSa tks mfpr ugha gSA
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki esjs bl i=k dks vius v[+kckj esa Nkisa] rkfd lacaf/r vf/dkjh bls i<+dj bl ij mfpr dk;Zokgh
dj losaQA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
10 tqykbZ] 20××
2. cjlkr osQ fnuksa esa ty teko osQ dkj.k gksus okyh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, uxj fuxe vf/dkjh dks i=k
fyf[k,A
vf/dkjh egksn;
uxj fuxe dk;kZy;
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % ty Hkjko ls gksus okyh dfBukb;ksa dh tkudkjh gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa jksfg.kh lsDVj&1 dk fuoklh gw¡ vkSj vius {ks=k esa o"kkZ osQ fnuksa esa gksus okys ty&Hkjko ls ijs'kku gksdj vkidks i=k fy[k
jgk gw¡A
lsDVj&1 esa o"kkZ osQ fnuksa esa xfy;ksa esa ikuh Hkj tkrk gSA 'kkSpky; Åij rd Hkj tkrs gSa] ftlls mudk xank ikuh u osQoy
xfy;ksa esa oju ?kjksa osQ vanj rd igq¡p tkrk gSA vki lksp ldrs gSa ,ssls esa ogk¡ jgus okyksa dk D;k gky gksrk gksxkA ikuh
fudy tkus osQ i'pkr ukfy;ksa dh lkjh xanxh xfy;ksa o ?kjksa esa lM+k¡/ iSnk dj nsrh gSA cPps o cw<+s chekj gksus yxrs gSaA
Msaxw] eysfj;k] gST+kk tSlh chekfj;k¡ gj ?kj esa viuk LFkku cuk ysrh gSaA vkus okys ekg esa o"kkZ vkjaHk gksus dks gS vkSj ge
mlls mRiUu gksus okyh dfBukb;ksa dks lkspdj gh fpafrr gks jgs gSaA
ge lHkh {ks=kokfl;ksa dk vkils vuqjks/ gS fd le; jgrs gekjh leL;k dk mfpr lek/ku dj nsa rkfd ge pSu dh lk¡l
ys losaQA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
31 ekpZ] 20××
i=k&ys[ku 71
3. ;k=kk djrs le; esVªks esa NwV x, vius cSx vkSj eksckby dks esVªks&deZpkjh n~okjk okfil Hkst fn, tkus ij mldh
bZekunkjh dh iz'kalk djrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A
vè;{k egksn;
esVªks dk;kZy;
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % esVªks deZpkjh dh iz'kalk gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa lsDVj vBkjg jksfg.kh dk fuoklh gw¡A vki dk è;ku ,d vPNs o bZekunkj esVªks&deZpkjh dh vksj fnykuk pkgrh gw¡A
eSa dy lqcg yxHkx 7 cts lsDVj&18 ls esVªks idM+dj ^,El* osQ fy, xbZ FkhA esjs ikl esjs NksVs cSx osQ vfrfjDr ySiVkWi
cSx Hkh FkkA ftlesa eSaus eksckby Hkh j[k fn;k FkkA MkWDVj ls feyus dh gM+cM+h esa eSa viuk cSx viuh lhV osQ uhps gh Hkwy
xbZA vLirky tkdj ;kn vk;k fd eq>s rks ;gha ls vkWfiQl tkuk Fkk] cSx rks ogha NwV x;kA cgqr nq[k gks jgk Fkk fd vc
ySiVkWi osQ fcuk oSQls dke pysxkA cSx esa yxHkx 3000 :ñ o ”k:jh dkx”kksa dh iQkby Hkh FkhA rHkh vkiosQ ujs'k uke osQ
deZpkjh dk iQksu vk;k vkSj mUgksaus og cSx ysus osQ fy, eq>s ,El esVªks LVs'ku ij cqyk;kA eSa ogk¡ igq¡ph vkSj ujs'k th us
esjk cSx T;ksa&dk&R;ksa eq>s ykSVk fn;kA eq>s le> ugha vk jgk Fkk fd eSa oSQls mudk /U;okn d:¡A lp esa vkt Hkh nqfu;k
esa bZekunkj gS] rHkh ;g nqfu;k py jgh gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd lI+kQkbZ djrs le; mUgsa esjk ;g cSx feyk] ftldh ,d tsc
ls esjk dkMZ Fkk] ftl ij esjk iQksu uañ fy[kk FkkA esjs iSls] eksckby o ySiVkWi lc oqQN ml cSx esa ekS”kwn FksA
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki vius bl deZpkjh dks iz'kalk djrs gq, lEekfur djsa rkfd nwljksa dks Hkh ,slk dk;Z djus dh
izsj.kk fey losQA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;k
d-[k-x-
10 iQjojh] 20××
4. ifjogu fuxe osQ vè;{k dks i=k fyf[k,] ftlesa vkius xk¡o ;k dkWyksuh esa cl pykus dk vuqjks/ fd;k x;k gksA
vè;{k egksn;
ifjogu fuxe] ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % xk¡o rd cl pykus dk vuqjks/ djrs gq, i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa jksfg.kh lsDVj&35 osQ ikl j”kkiqj xk¡o dk fuoklh gw¡A vkils vius xk¡o rd cl pykus dk vuqjks/ djrs gq, i=k fy[k
jgk gw¡A
Jheku th] ge lHkh ;gk¡ j”kkiqj osQ oklh [kjkc cl&O;oLFkk ls ijs'kku gSaA gekjs ;gk¡ ls lqcg&lqcg yxHkx lkS yksx dke
ij tkus osQ fy, fudyrs gSa] ysfdu xk¡o osQ ikl cl&LVSaM rks fiNys o"kZ cuk fn;k x;k] ij ogk¡ dksbZ cl vkrh&tkrh
ughaA gesa yxHkx 2 ls 3 fdyksehVj rd iSny pydj lsDVj 34 osQ ikl igq¡puk iM+rk gSA ogk¡ Hkh ,d fuf'pr le; ij
osQoy ,d gh cl vkrh gSA nksuksa xk¡oksa osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ fy, ,d gh cl esa bruh lokfj;ksa dk p<+uk yxHkx vlaHko gks
tkrk gSA dHkh >xM+k rks dHkh xkyh&xykSp gksus yxrk gSA dke ij igq¡pus esa nsjh gksus ls ekfyd dh Mk¡V Hkh [kkuh iM+rh
gSA cPpksa dks LowQy igq¡pus esa nsjh gksus ls os Hkh LowQy esa l”kk ikrs gSaA fL=k;k¡ rks dgha vkus&tkus yk;d jgrh gh ugha]
D;ksafd NksVs cPpksa dks ysdj bruh nwj rd iSny pyuk] fiQj lkeku <ksdj ykuk muosQ fy, eqf'dysa [kM+h dj nsrk gSA
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki Lo;a bl dk;Z dks vius gkFk esa ysdj gekjh leL;k dk mfpr lek/ku djsaA lHkh {ks=koklh
vkiosQ izfr vuqx`fgr gksaxsA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
24 tqykbZ] 20××
72 fganh ^c*&10
5. IykfLVd dh ph”kksa ls gks jgh gkfu osQ ckjs esa fdlh lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks i=k fy[kdj vius lq>ko nhft,A
laiknd egksn;
laè;k VkbEl] ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % IykfLVd dh ph”kksa ls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa osQ fo"k; esa i=kA
ekU;oj
ns'k dk lkekU; ukxfjd gksus osQ ukrs IykfLVd dh ph”kksa ls gks jgs uqdlku dks ysdj fpafrr gw¡] blfy, vkidks i=k fy[k
jgk gw¡A
oqQN fnuksa igys dkj[kkuk {ks=k esa tkus dk volj izkIr gqvkA ogk¡ tkdj tks ns[kk mls 'kCnksa esa c;k¡ dj ikuk vklku ugha]
D;ksafd deZpkfj;ksa dh fLFkfr o vklikl dk nwf"kr okrkoj.k ns[kdj esjs jksaxVs [kM+s gks x,A ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd IykfLVd
ckgj ls fn[kus esa ftruk lqanj yxrk gS] mruk gh curs le; [krjukd Hkh gksrk gSA blls ok;q iznwf"kr gksdj gekjh lk¡lksa
n~okjk 'kjhj osQ Hkhrj izos'k djosQ fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dks tUe nsrh gSA yksx IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ksa esa xeZ [kkuk ysdj vkrs
gSa] og Hkh nwf"kr gksdj 'kjhj osQ Hkhrj tkrk gSA ge bu lHkh ckrksa dks tkudj Hkh vutku cus ?kwe jgs gSaA vLFkek] oSaQlj]
isQiQM+ksa ls lacaf/r jksx bl IykfLVd dh gh nsu gSaA ;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd ge viuk thou vPNs ls th,¡ rks vko';d gS
fd iz.k ysa fd IykfLVd dh bu phtksa dk iz;ksx u Lo;a djsaxs vkSj u fdlh dks djus nsaxsA
vkils fouez izkFkZuk gS fd vki bl i=k dks vius v[+kckj esa Nkisa rkfd vke yksx bls i<+dj tkx:d gksa rFkk IykfLVd
dh ph”kksa ls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa dks le>dj bldk iz;ksx de dj nsa rHkh ge vius edln esa dke;kc gksaxsA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
15 fnlacj] 20××
6. {ks=k esa c<+rs vijk/ksa dh lwpuk nsrs gq, {ks=k osQ Fkkukè;{k dks i=k fyf[k,A
vè;{k egksn;
Fkkuk jkuhckx
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % {ks=k esa c<+rs vijk/ksa dh lwpuk gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa jkuhckx {ks=k dk vke ukxfjd gw¡ vkSj fiNys fnuksa {ks=k esa c<+rh vkijkf/d xfrfof/;ksa ls ijs'kku gksdj vkidks i=k fy[k
jgk gw¡A
dy 'kke dks lC”kh ysrs le; nks eksVj lkbfdy lokj yM+dksa us efgyk dh psu [khap yhA mlls igys lqcg&lqcg iQksu
ij ckr dj jgs ,d izkS<+ osQ gkFk ls eksckby iQksu Nhudj Hkkx x,A dy jkr dks lkFk okyh xyh esa pksjksa us lsa/ ekjhA
;s oqQNsd ?kVuk,¡ nks&rhu fnu osQ vanj gh ?kfVr gqbZ gSaA oqQN fnu igys jkr djhc 11 cts eSaus rhu&pkj yksxksa dks jsdh
djrs ns[kk vkSj vius {ks=k osQ iz/ku ls bl fo"k; esa ckr Hkh dhA mUgksaus vk'oklu fn;k fd os vkils feydj bl fo"k;
esa vo'; ppkZ djsaxsA oqQN vjktd rRo tku&cw>dj iM+ksl esa >xM+k rd djok jgs gSa tcfd os gekjs {ks=k osQ fuoklh Hkh
ugha gSaA bu rRoksa ls ckr djrs gq, Hkh Mj yxrk gSA cPpksa dks ckgj [ksyus osQ fy, Hkstuk Hkh ,d leL;k cu pqdk gSA
?kj dh efgyk,¡ vyx ijs'kku gSa fd cPps [ksyus ugha tk,¡xs rks lkjk fnu ?kj esa m/e epk,¡xsA laè;k le; Hkh ikoZQ [kkyh
u”kj vkrs gSaA {ks=k dk ekgkSy Mjk&Mjk&lk gks x;k gSA
vki ls fouez izkFkZuk gS fd vki bl fo"k; esa Lo;a gLr{ksi djrs gq, bl {ks=k dk nkSjk djsa vkSj lkjh fLFkfr dks le>dj
mlosQ vuqowQy iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks rSukr djsaA nq?kZVuk gksus ls igys ;fn mldk cpko dj fy;k tk, rks vf/d mfpr gSA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
4 vxLr] 20××
i=k&ys[ku 73
7. vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa vk;ksftr ôu&egksRlo* ij o`{kkjksi.k ls lacaf/r dk;ZozQeksa esa eq[; vfrfFk osQ :i esa i;kZoj.k
ea=kh] Hkkjr ljdkj dks vkeaf=kr djrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A
i;kZoj.k ea=kh
Hkkjr ljdkj
Hkkjr
fo"k; % ou&egksRlo osQ miy{; esa vkea=k.k&i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa osaQnzh; fon~;ky; dk iz/kukpk;Z vkidks ou&egksRlo ij vk;ksftr o`{kkjksi.k osQ dk;ZozQe osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djuk pkgrk
gw¡A gekjs LowQy esa yxHkx 4 ,dM+ ”kehu [kkyh iM+h gS] ftls geus fozQosQV] gkWdh osQ [ksy osQ eSnku osQ :i esa NksM+ j[kk
gSA mlh osQ pkjksa rjiQ bl ckj o`{kkjksi.k dk dk;ZozQe j[kk x;k gSA cPps cgqr mRlkfgr gSa vkSj pkgrs gSa fd vki Lo;a
vkdj mudk ekxZ&n'kZu djsa rFkk mudks lans'k Hkh nsa fd o`{k gekjs fy, o gekjh vkus okyh larkuksa osQ fy, fdrus ”k:jh
gSaA
gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd vki i;kZoj.k osQ fgr esa rFkk cPpksa dk gkSlyk c<+kus osQ fy, vo'; i/kjsaxsA vius O;Lr thou
esa ls oqQN le; ;fn bu cPpksa osQ lkFk o`{kkjksi.k esa yxk,¡xs rks cPps rks izlUu gksaxs gh lkFk gh gesa Hkh vkiosQ lkfUuè;
esa jgus dk volj izkIr gksxkA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
24 tqykbZ] 20××
8. iqfyl vk;qDr dks i=k fy[kdj f'kdk;r dhft, fd vkiosQ {ks=k esa oqQN vutch] vupkgs yksx ?kwe jgs gSa] ftuls
yksxksa esa vlqj{kk vkSj Mj dh Hkkouk c<+ jgh gSA
iqfyl vk;qDr
Fkkuk jksfg.kh
lsDVj&24] ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % vtuch] vupkgs yksxksa dh f'kdk;r gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
Jheku th] eSa lsDVj&24 jksfg.kh dk fuoklh gw¡ vkSj vius {ks=k esa ?kwe jgs vtuch] vupkgs psgjksa dks ns[kdj ijs'kku gw¡A
laè;k le; vkWf-iQl ls ykSVrs gq, eSaus yxHkx ianzg fnu igys pkj&ik¡p vtuch yksxksa dks ns[kkA eSaus lkspk fd 'kk;n fdlh
osQ esgeku gksaxs] ysfdu esjh lksp xyr lkfcr gqbZ] tc Mh&18 esa jkr dks pksjh gks xbZA ;s yksx dbZ fnuksa ls jsdh dj jgs
FksA bUgsa ns[kdj yx jgk Fkk fd u rks ;s bl {ks=k osQ gSa vkSj u gh ;s vPNs ?kjksa ls lacaf/r gSaA Jheku 'kekZ ls ckrphr djrs
gq, eSaus dgk Hkh Fkk fd lj] eq>s ;s pkj yksx vtuch yx jgs gSa] budh vk¡[ksa fdlh fo'ks"k ph”k dks <w¡<+rh gqbZ ekywe
iM+rh gSaA tc ls ;s ;gk¡ fdjk, ij dejk ysdj jgus yxs gSa rc ls gekjs {ks=k esa oqQN&u&oqQN xyr gksrk gh jgrk gSA
vki ls vuqjks/ gS fd vki bl fo"k; esa Lo;a gLr{ksi djsa rFkk bu vtuch o vupkgs yksxksa ls Lo;a ckrphr djosQ lkjh
fLFkfr dks tkuus dk iz;Ru djsaA nq?kZVuk ls igys ;fn dk;Zokgh gks tk, rks vf/d vPNk gSA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd vki
gekjh leL;k dks le> dj mfpr dk;Zokgh djsaxsA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
22 ekpZ] 20××
74 fganh ^c*&10
9. jsy;k=kk esa lkeku pksjh gks tkus dh lwpuk nsrs gq, iqfyl v/h{kd dks i=k fyf[k,A
iqfyl v/h{kd
eq[; iqfyl Fkkuk
if'pe fogkj] ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % lkeku pksjh dh lwpuk nsus gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa if'pe fogkj dk fuoklh gw¡A jsy;k=kk osQ nkSjku esjk lkeku pksjh gks x;k gS] blosQ fy, f'kdk;r nT+kZ djokuk pkgrk gw¡A
dy lqcg fnYyh ls 'kkusiatkc idM+dj eSa tkya/j osQ fy, fudyk FkkA lqcg 6%10 ij xkM+h osQ pyrs gh eSaus oqQN [kkus&ihus
dk lkeku fudkyk vkSj viuk cSx Åij dh cFkZ ij j[k fn;kA uk'rk djosQ lg;kf=k;ksa osQ lkFk ckrphr djrs gq, dc ckjg
ct x, irk gh ugha pykA lqcg tYnh mBus osQ dkj.k ckj&ckj >idh yx tkrh FkhA lHkh lg;k=kh Hkh Å¡?kus yxs Fks] eSa
Hkh oqQN nsj osQ fy, vk¡[ksa can djosQ cSB x;kA yxHkx ,d cts osQ vklikl tc xkM+h tkya/j igq¡ph rks eSaus viuk cSx
mBkus osQ fy, Åij dh cFkZ ij gkFk Mkyk rks ogk¡ ls cSx unkjn FkkA lg;kf=k;ksa ls iwNk vkSj mu lcosQ cSx Hkh ns[ks] os
ekStwn FksA osQoy esjk vkSj ,d vU; lg;k=kh dk cSx ugha FkkA ml cSx esa diM+ksa osQ vfrfjDr esjs vkWf-iQl osQ oqQN ”k:jh
dkxtkr rFkk 2000 #i;s j[ks gq, FksA lg;k=kh osQ cSx esa diM+ksa osQ vfrfjDr ,d oSQejk vkSj 5000 #i;s FksA
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd mfpr dk;Zokgh djrs gq, ”kYn ls ”kYn pksj dk irk yxkus dk iz;Ru djsa] rkfd esjs vkWf-iQl osQ lHkh
”k:jh dkxtkr eq>s fey losaQA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
4 vxLr] 20××
10. vkradokn dh leL;k ij vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks i=k fyf[k,A
laiknd egksn;
uoHkkjr VkbEl
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % vkradokn dh leL;k ij fopkj izdV djus gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa ns'k dk ,d vke ukxfjd gw¡ vkSj ns'k esa c<+ jgh vkradoknh xfrfof/;ksa ls ijs'kku gksdj vkidks i=k fy[k jgk gwA¡
igys dksydkrk vkSj fiQj iqyokek esa vkradokfn;ksa n~okjk lSfudksa dks foLiQksV dj ekj nsuk] lqudj gh fny ngyus yxrk
gSA lqcg&lqcg v[kckj mBkrs gh vkSj u tkus fdruh ,slh ?kVuk,¡ i<+us o lquus dks feyrh gSaA vly esa ge rHkh tkx:d
gksrs gSa] tc ,slh ?kVuk ?kfVr gks pqdh gksrh gSA igys ls è;ku ugha j[kk tkrkA yksxksa esa Øks/ o ykyp dkiQh c<+ x;k gSA
os bu nksuksa osQ dkj.k viuh le>&cw> [kks pqosQ gSaA ”kjk&”kjk lh ckr ij ejus&ekjus dks mrk: gks tkrs gSa vkSj jkrksa&jkr
vehj cuus dk liuk ns[krs gSaA bUgha dk iQk;nk mBkdj oqQN vlkekftd rRo muls xyr dke djokrs FksA mudh cqn~f/
rFkk foosd dks vius fu;a=k.k esa dj ysrs gSaA Hkksys&Hkkys xjhc yksx muosQ >k¡ls esa vkdj xyr dke djus dks mrk: gks
tkrs gSaA jgh&lgh dlj ;s ^lks'ky usVooZQ* us iwjh dj nh gSA
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki bl i=k dks v[kckj esa Nkisa rkfd ns'k osQ ;qok bls i<+dj le> losaQ fd ;s vjktd rkdrsa fdl
izdkj mudk 'kks"k.k dj mUgsa xqejkg dj jgh gSaA mUgsa le> vk, fd ns'k Hkh viuk gS vkSj ns'k osQ ukxfjd Hkh vius gh
gSaA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
7 iQjojh] 20××
i=k&ys[ku 75
11. ty cksMZ osQ vè;{k dks i=k fy[kdj voxr djkb, fd vkiosQ uy esa xank ikuh vkus yxk gS] bldk fujkdj.k
'kh?kz fd;k tk,A
vè;{k egksn;
eq[; ty cksMZ dk;kZy;
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % xans ikuh osQ fujkdj.k gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa lsDVj&25 jksfg.kh dk fuoklh gw¡ vkSj vkidk è;ku vius {ks=k esa vk jgs xans ikuh dh vksj fnykuk pkgrk gw¡A
Jheku] ;g esjk nwljk i=k gSA ianzg fnu igys Hkh eSaus xans ikuh dk -iQksVks [khapdj] mldh izfrfyfi osQ lkFk vkidks bl
leL;k ls voxr djk;k FkkA ikuh bruk xank vk jgk gS fd yxrk gS] dksbZ floj dk ikbi ihus okys ikuh dh ikbi osQ
lkFk tqM+ x;k gSA ikuh ls cncw vk jgh gSA dy rks gn gks xbZ] tc uy ls ikuh osQ lkFk&lkFk NksVs&eksVs dhM+s vkSj yxHkx
,d iqQV yack lk¡i dk cPpk ckgj fudykA ,slk ikuh ihus osQ fy, Hkstk tk jgk gS tks fd lk-iQ&l-iQkbZ djus osQ fy, Hkh
mfpr ugha gSA 'kgj osQ yksx ikuh dh cksrysa ykdj xq”kkjk dj jgs gSa] ysfdu vki ns[k jgs gSa fdruh xehZ iM+ jgh gS] ,sls
esa [kjhndj ikuh ihuk leL;k dk lek/ku ugha gSA cPps] cw<+s lHkh chekfj;ksa osQ f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA
vkils fouez izkFkZuk gS fd vki Lo;a bl dk;Z esa gLr{ksi djrs gq, tk¡p djsa vkSj nks"kh deZpkfj;ksa dks nafMr djrs gq,
gekjs {ks=k dks nwf"kr ty ls futkr fnyok,¡A
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
22 ekpZ] 20××
12. lw[ks ls tw>rs yksxksa dh dfBukb;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, nSfud lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks i=k fyf[k,A
laiknd egksn;
iatkc osQljh
tkya/j] iatkc
fo"k; % lw[ks ls ihfM+r yksxksa dh dfBukb;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa tkya/j fuoklh gw¡ vkSj vius vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa esa jgus okys fdlkuksa osQ thou dks ns[k vkidks i=k fy[kus dks foo'k
gqvk gw¡A
oqQN fnuksa igys ikl osQ xk¡o tkus dk volj feykA cPpksa dks lkFk ysdj x, Fks fd iatkc osQ xk¡o [kq'kgky gSaA ;gk¡ osQ
fdlkuksa dk thou LoPN okrkoj.k esa jgdj vPNk chr jgk gS] ij ogk¡ dh fLFkfr ns[kdj rks dystk eq¡g dks vkus yxkA
ckr djus ij irk pyk fd o"kkZ u gksus ls [kM+h iQlysa cjckn gks xb± vkSj fdlku nkus&nkus dks eksgrkt gks x,A cSad dk
yksu u pqdk ikus dh [kkfrj nks fdlkuksa us vkRegR;k dj yhA peuyky o gjfoanz dks rks csfV;ksa dh 'kknh djuh Fkh] lks
fj'rk gh VwV x;kA cPps Hkh oqQiksf"kr yxk jgs FksA le> esa ugha vkrk gekjh ljdkjsa oksV ysus ls igys fduosQ fy, cM+s&cM+s
okns djrh gSa] oksV nsrs gh vke vkneh dks njfdukj dj fn;k tkrk gSA ljdkj dks irk gS fd bl lky lw[kk iM+k gS rks bu
xjhc fdlkuksa gsrq dksbZ ;kstuk cukdj buosQ ?kjksa esa pwYgk tykus dk dk;Z D;ksa ugha djrhA ;s fdlku [ksrksa esa vUu mitkdj
lHkh euq";ksa dk isV Hkj ldrs gSa rks D;k ge lc feydj bu oqQNsd ifjokjksa osQ fy, oqQN ugha dj ldrs\
vkils fouez izkFkZuk gS fd vki bl i=k dks vius v[kckj esa NkisaA ftls i<+dj lacaf/r ljdkjh deZpkjh tkx:d gksa vkSj
bu xjhc fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dks le>dj fdlh mfpr dk;Zokgh dks vatke ns losaQA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
24 tqykbZ] 20××
76 fganh ^c*&10
13. efgykvksa dh vlqj{kk dh c<+rh ?kVukvksa ij ¯prk izdV djrs gq, rFkk blosQ lek/ku gsrq leqfpr mik; crkrs
gq, fdlh izfrf"Br lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks i=k fyf[k,A
laiknd egksn;
lkaè; VkbEl
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % efgykvksa dh vlqj{kk o mik; crkrs gq, i=kA
egksn;
eSa ns'k dk ,d vke ukxfjd gw¡ vkSj efgykvksa dh vlqj{kk dks ysdj c<+rh ?kVukvksa ls ijs'kku gksdj vkidks i=k fy[k
jgk gw¡A
ns'k esa c<+rh ,slh ?kVuk,¡ vius ns'k dks nwljs ns'kksa dh Js.kh esa uhsps fxjk nsrh gSaA le> esa ugha vkrk gekjk lekt tgk¡ csVh
dks y{eh o nqxkZ dk :i ekuk tkrk gS] ogk¡ dk iq#"k oxZ bruk funZ;h vkSj owzQj D;ksa gksrk tk jgk gSA gj fnu csfV;ksa&cgqvksa
osQ lkFk cykRdkj ;k NsM+[kkuh dh ?kVuk,¡ ns[kus o lquus dks feyrh gSaA fiNys fnuksa bUgha dkj.kksa ls esVªks esa fL=k;ksa osQ fy,
vyx dksp dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ] ij eq>s yxrk gS] ;g mfpr lek/ku ugha gSA ns'k osQ ;qokvksa dks cpiu esa gh ?kj ls gh
yM+fd;ksa ls b””kr osQ lkFk is'k vkus dh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,A ?kj esa yM+osQ o yM+fd;ksa esa HksnHkko ugha djuk pkfg,A yM+dksa
dks yM+fd;ksa ls o yM+fd;ksa dks yM+dksa ls Js"B lkfcr djus dk iz;Ru ugha djuk pkfg,A ?kj osQ iq#"kksa dks ?kj dh vkSjrksa
osQ lkFk xyr rjhosQ ls is'k ugha vkuk pkfg,A ;fn bu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kk tk, rks gks ldrk gS fd vkus okys le; esa
gesa bu c<+rh ?kVukvksa ls eqfDr fey tk,A
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki bl i=k dks vius v[kckj esa LFkku nsa rkfd yksx bls i<+sa] bl ij fopkj djsa vkSj vius lq>ko
nsdj ns'k osQ lPps ukxfjd dk drZO; fuHkk losaQA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
11 tqykbZ] 20××
14. jk'kudkMZ cuokus osQ fy, vius ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dk fooj.k nsrs gq, {ks=kh; [kkn~; vf/dkjh dks vkosnu&i=k
fyf[k,A
vf/dkjh egksn;
{ks=kh; [kkn~; dk;kZy;
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % jk'kudkMZ cuokus gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa oaQ>koyk xk¡o dk fuoklh gw¡ vkSj esjh ekfld vk; 7000@& ls de gSA blfy, eq>s jk'kudkMZ cuokuk gS rkfd
ljdkj osQ n~okjk fn, x, lLrs vukt dks izkIr dj eSa viuk thou&;kiu dj low¡QA esjs ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa dk fooj.k
bl izdkj gSµ
Ø-la- lnL;ksa osQ uke eqf[k;k ls laca/ mez vk/kj dkMZ ua-
1- ';ke yky firk 70 o"kZ µ
2- larjk nsoh ekrk 67 o"kZ µ
3- ?ku';ke nkl Lo;a 48 o"kZ µ
4- jaxksyh nsoh iRuh 45 o"kZ µ
5- lerk csVh 20 o"kZ µ
6- :i csVk 16 o"kZ µ
i=k&ys[ku 77
bu lHkh dh vk/kj dkMZ dh izfrfyfi Hkh lkFk esa layXu dj jgk gw¡A vkils vuqjks/ gS fd esjh ekfld vk; dks è;ku esa
j[krs gq, esjk jk'kudkMZ tYn ls tYn cuokus dh o`Qik djsaA ge lHkh vkiosQ vkHkkjh jgsaxsA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
10 tqykbZ] 20××
15. vk, fnu cl pkydksa dh vlko/kuh osQ dkj.k gks jgh nq?kZVukvksa ij fpark O;Dr djrs gq, fdlh lekpkj&i=k
osQ laiknd dks i=k fyf[k,A
laiknd egksn;
uoHkkjr VkbEl
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % cl pkydksa dh vlko/kuh ls gks jgh nq?kZVukvksa ij fpark O;Dr djrs gq, i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa ns'k dk ,d lk/kj.k ukxfjd gw¡ vkSj cl pkydksa dh vlko/kuh ls gj fnu fnYyh esa gks jgh nq?kZVukvksa ls ijs'kku gksdj
vkidks i=k fy[k jgk gw¡A
vHkh dy gh ckgjh eqfnzdk esa l-iQj djus dk ekSdk feykA eSa e/qcu pkSd ls p<+k FkkA 'kq: esa rks pkyd cl dks vkjke
ls pykrk jgkA nhikyh] eaxksyiqjh fiQj ihjkx<+h osQ ikj gksrs gh pkyd us ihNs ls vkrh 883 :V dh ,d vU; cl dks ns[k
fy;kA rc rks lokjh ysus osQ pDdj esa ge gh tkurs gSa fd HkhM+&HkkM+ okys {ks=kksa ls Hkh bu yksxksa us oSQls cl pykbZA lHkh
lokfj;k¡ pkyd ls fHkM+ xb± fd og ,slk u djsaA ge lHkh ?kj&ifjokj okys gSaA ?kj ij lHkh gekjk bar”kkj dj jgs gSaA ysfdu
pkyd rks pkyd oaQMDVj Hkh mlh osQ lkFk gks fy;k vkSj nksuksa gh lokfj;ksa osQ lkFk cnlywdh djrs gq, vi'kCnksa dk iz;ksx
djus yxsA mudk ;g Hkh dguk Fkk fd ftls Hkh gekjs bl rjg ls cl pykus ij ,rjkt gS] og uhps mrj ldrk gSA Jheku
vkidks rks ekywe gh gS fd ,d ckj fVdV ysdj bulku etcwj gks tkrk gSA rHkh vpkud ls ikl ls tkrh ,d dkj osQ
lkFk gekjh cl fHkM+ xbZA xuher ;g gqbZ fd fdlh dh Hkh tku ugha xbZ] ysfdu ftl rjg ls pkyd cl pyk jgk Fkk] ml
rjhosQ ls rks fdlh dh tku Hkh tk ldrh FkhA
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd cl ua- Mh-,y- 8970 dh la[;k osQ lkFk gh bl i=k dks vius v[kckj esa Nkisa rkfd lacaf/r
vf/dkjh bls i<+dj bl ij mfpr dk;Zokgh dj losaQA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
15 tqykbZ] 20××
16. ^mej mtkyk* osQ laiknd dks i=k fy[kdj ^;equk l-iQkbZ vfHk;ku* esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk ij
izdk'k Mkfy,A
laiknd egksn;
vej mtkyk
ubZ fnYyh
fo"k; % ;equk l-iQkbZ vfHk;ku esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gsrq i=kA
ekU;oj
eSa Hkkjr ns'k dk ,d vke ukxfjd gw¡ vkSj ns'k dh ufn;ksa osQ nwf"kr gksus ls fpafrr gw¡A blh dkj.k vkidk è;ku bl vksj
vkdf"kZr djrs gq, i=k fy[k jgk gw¡A
78 fganh ^c*&10
fiNys fnuksa eksnh th n~okjk pyk, x, LoPNrk vfHk;ku osQ rgr ^;equk&liQkbZ vfHk;ku* Hkh pyk;k x;kA blesa ljdkj dh
rjiQ ls l-iQkbZ gsrq djksM+ksa #i;s Hkh [kpZ fd, x,] ij ;equk T;ksa&dh&R;ksa nwf"kr cuh gqbZ gSA fiNys fnuksa v[kckj esa i<+us
dks vk;k fd ,d O;fDr lqcg pkj cts ;equk fdukjs tkrk gS vkSj ogk¡ ftrus Hkh ikWyhfFku o iwQy&ifRr;k¡ fxjh gksrh gSa]
mUgsa bdV~Bk dj cksfj;ksa esa Hkjdj owQM+s okys LFkku ij Mkyrk gSA mldk ;g dk;Z ljkguk osQ ;ksX; rks gS gh ekuork dh
j{kk gsrq Hkh mi;qDr gSA ;gk¡ leL;k osQoy oqQN yksxksa osQ dk;Z djus dh gSA ;fn ge lHkh feydj oqQN ?kaVs lqcg o 'kke
bl l-iQkbZ vfHk;ku dks nsa rks eq>s yxrk gS fd bl leL;k dk lek/ku ge oqQN fnuksa esa gh dj ysaxsA vko';drk gS rks
osQoy ,d ls ,d osQ feyus dhA oqQNsd yksxksa dh fnu esa rSukrh dh tk, rkfd yksx iwtk osQ uke ij ;gk¡ lkexzh u isaQd
losaQA ysfdu ;s lHkh dk;Z ge vkidh lgk;rk osQ fcuk ugha dj ldrsA
vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki gekjs bl i=k dks vius v[kckj esa Nkisa rkfd yksx bls i<+dj tkx:d gksa vkSj gekjs bl LoPNrk
vfHk;ku esa feytqydj dk;Z djus dks rS;kj gks tk,¡A ;equk dk LoPN gksuk osQoy fnYyhokfl;ksa osQ fy, gh ugha leLr
ekuork dh j{kk osQ fy, mi;ksxh lkfcr gksxkA
/U;oknA
Hkonh;
d-[k-x-
4 vxLr] 20××
vH;kl
fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij funsZ'kkuqlkj i=k fyf[k,µ

1. vius {ks=k esa isM+&ikS/ksa osQ vfu;af=kr dVko dks jksdus osQ fy, ou foHkkx osQ lfpo dks i=k fyf[k,A
2. iqLrd foozsQrk ;k izdk'kd ls oh-ih-ih- n~okjk olar Hkkx&2 vkSj 3 dh iqLrossaQ e¡xokus osQ fy, i=k fyf[k,A
3. viuh jpuk izdkf'kr djokus gsrq ^vkt rd* lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks i=k fyf[k,A
4. Msaxw dh jksdFkke gsrq LokLF; vf/dkjh dks i=k fyf[k,A
5. vkiosQ {ks=k esa dksbZ Hkh vLirky ugha gS] blfy, vius {ks=k esa ,d vLirky cuokus dh ek¡x gsrq vius {ks=k osQ f”kykf/dkjh
dks i=k fyf[k,A
6. fctyh osQ fcy esa xM+cM+h dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, fctyh n-Ýrj osQ vf/'kklh vfHk;ark dks i=k fyf[k,A
7. Lo;a dks ,d O;kikjh ekudj vius {ks=k osQ lkaln dks lhfyax vfHk;ku can djus osQ iz;kl gsrq ,d i=k fyf[k,A
8. LokLF; foHkkx osQ ykijokg joS;s osQ dkj.k [kkn~;&inkFkks± esa feykoV dh leL;k xaHkhj gksrh tk jgh gSA foHkkx osQ funsZ'kd
osQ uke i=k fy[kdj bl leL;k dh vksj mudk è;ku vkdf"kZr dhft,A
❑
i=k&ys[ku 79
3 lwpuk&ys[ku
de 'kCnksa esa vkSipkfjd 'kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ laf{kIr tkudkjh lwpuk gksrh gSA fdlh fo'ks"k lwpuk dks lkoZtfud djuk lwpuk&ys[ku
dgykrk gSA vaxzsT+kh esa bls Notice Writing dgrs gSaA
lwpuk fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,µ
� lwpuk dh Hkk"kk ljy gksuh pkfg,A � le; vkSj fnukad Li"V gksus pkfg,A
� lwpuk yach ugha gksuh pkfg,A � LFkku vkSj irk lgh fy[kk gksuk pkfg,A
� lwpuk tkjh djus okys dk inuke fy[kk gksuk pkfg,A
lwpuk&ys[ku osQ izeq[k fcanqµ
� laLFkk @ laxBu dk uke � Li"V fo"k; @ 'kh"kZd
� lwpuk tkjh djus dk fnukad � lwpuk dk laf{kIr rFkk laisz"k.kh; dF;
� ljy rFkk lqcks/ Hkk"kk
lwpuk&ys[ku dk izk:i
laLFkk @ laxBu dk uke

lwpuk
fo"k; @ 'kh"kZd % ---------------------------------------------------------------------
fnukad % ------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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lwpuk tkjh djus okys dk uke
inuke
gLrk{kj
lwpuk&ys[ku osQ mnkgj.k

1. vius fon~;ky; osQ okf"kZd mRlo esa ukVd eapu gsrq bPNqd Nk=kksa dks tkudkjh nsus osQ fy, ,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
foosdkuan ifCyd LowQy

lwpuk
ukVd eapu dk vk;kstu
fnukad % 20 vxLr] 20××
fon~;ky; osQ lHkh Nk=kksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd fon~;ky; osQ okf"kZd mRlo esa ukVd eapu dk vk;kstu
fd;k tk,xkA tks Hkh Nk=k@Nk=kk ukVd esa vfHku; djus osQ bPNqd gkssa] os 10 flracj 20×× dks vafre dkyka'k
esa tkdj Nk=k lfpo dks viuk uke nT+kZ djok nsaA
jksfgr
Nk=k lfpo
80
2. ty foHkkx] fnYyh uxj fuxe osQ lfpo dh vksj ls ,d lwpuk&i=k fyf[k,] ftlesa gfj uxj osQ fuokfl;ksa dks
fnukad 18 vxLr dks lqcg 7 cts ls nksigj 3 cts rd ikuh dh dVkSrh osQ fo"k; esa lwfpr fd;k x;k gksA
fnYyh uxj fuxe

lwpuk
ikuh dh dVkSrh gsrq
gfj uxj osQ lHkh fuokfl;ksa dks fnYyh uxj fuxe dh vksj ls lwfpr fd;k tk jgk gS fd vkidh dkWyksfu;ksa dks
ikuh igq¡pkus okyh eq[; ikbiykbu ij dk;Z py jgk gSA ftl dkj.k fnukad 18 vxLr dks lqcg 7 cts ls nksigj
3 cts rd ikuh dh dVkSrh dh tk,xhA vki lHkh ls lg;ksx dk vuqjks/ gSA
jk/keksgu
lfpo
fnYyh uxj fuxe
3. lwpuk cukb, fd fon~;ky; esa ^vk'kqHkk"k.k izfr;ksfxrk* esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, fon~;kFkhZ dks dc] dgk¡ vkSj fdlls
laioZQ djuk gSA (CBSE 2014)
Dohal dkWUosaV LowQy] jksfg.kh

lwpuk
vk'kqHkk"k.k izfr;ksfxrk
fnukad % 15 flracj] 20××
d{kk uoha ls X;kjgoha rd dh Nk=kkvksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd gekjs fon~;ky; esa ^vk'kqHkk"k.k izfr;ksfxrk*
dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g izfr;ksfxrk 22 flracj dks LowQy osQ lHkkxkj esa vk;ksftr dh tk,xhA bPNqd
Nk=kk,¡ 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz Jherh fiz;k vxzoky] fganh foHkkxkè;{kk ls laioZQ djsaA
izxfr
gsM xyZ
4. eksgYyk lfefr osQ lfpo dh vksj ls dkWyksuh esa vk;ksftr gksus okys ^fnokyh esys* dh lwpuk fyf[k,A
eksgYyk lfefr
lwpuk
fnokyh esyk
fnukad % 2 uoacj] 20××
eksgYys osQ lHkh yksxksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd bl ckj 'kghn ikoZQ esa 8 uoacj ls 10 uoacj rd ^fnokyh
esys* dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA esys esa fofHkUu izdkj dh nqdkusa yxkbZ tk,¡xhA tks Hkh O;fDr esys esa nqdku
yxkuk pkgrs gSa] os 5 uoacj rd eksgYyk lfefr osQ lfpo Kkuflag ls laioZQ djsaA
Kkuflag
lfpo
eksgYyk lfefr
lwpuk&ys[ku 81
5. vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa LFkkuh; iz'kklu dh rjI+kQ ls nks fnolh; vkink izca/u dk;ZozQe dk vk;kstu gksus okyk
gSA vkBoha ls ysdj ckjgoha rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lwfpr djus gsrq ,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
xq#ukud ifCyd LowQy

lwpuk
vkink izca/u dk;ZozQe oQk vk;kstu
fnukad % 31 tqykbZ] 20××
vkBoha ls ysdj ckjgoha rd osQ lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd LFkkuh; iz'kklu dh rjI+kQ ls fnukad
6 vxLr] 20×× ls ysdj 7 vxLr] 20×× rd nks fnolh; vkink izca/u dk;ZozQe dk vk;kstu fon~;ky; osQ
fozQ;kdyki d{k esa fd;k tk,xkA lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gSA
eksfgr
Nk=k lfpo
6. vki uotkxj.k laLFkku esa eSustj osQ in ij dk;Zjr gSaA O;fDrxr dkj.kksa ls vkius viuk vkokl cny fy;k
gSA vius u, vkokl dk irk nsrs gq, ,d lwpuk fyf[k,A
uotkxj.k laLFkku
lwpuk
vkokl cnyus dh lwpuk
fnukad % 10 fnlacj] 20××
loZlk/kj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd eSaus viuk vkokl cny fy;k gSA vc ls Mkd laca/h ;k vU; dk;Z gsrq
bl irs ij laioZQ fd;k tk,µ
eñuañµ106] xyh uañµ6
fodkliqjh
iwohZ fnYyh
jktoqQekj
eSustj
7. Lora=krk fnol osQ volj ij viuh lkslkbVh dh rjiQ ls fryd ikoZQ esa èotkjksg.k dk;ZozQe laca/h lwpuk nsaA
dYir# lkslkbVh
lwpuk
èotkjksg.k dk;ZØe gsrq
lkslkbVh dh rjI+kQ ls vkidks ;g lwfpr djrs gq, eq>s vikj izlUurk gks jgh gS fd 15 vxLr dks Lora=krk fnol
osQ miy{; ij lkslkbVh dh rjI+kQ ls èotkjksg.k dk vk;kstu fryd ikoZQ esa izkr% 8 cts fd;k tk,xkA lHkh tu
mifLFkr gksdj dk;ZozQe dks liQy cuk,¡A
d- [k- x-
vè;{k
82 fganh ^c*&10
8. ckjgoha d{kk osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa gsrq fon~;ky; esa 'khrdkyhu vodk'k esa vfrfjDr d{kkvksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA
iz/kukpk;Z dh vksj ls lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, lwpuk fyf[k,A
lkxj ifCyd LowQy

lwpuk
vfrfjDr d{kkvksa gsrq
fnukad % 22 fnlacj] 20××
fon~;ky; us ckjgoha d{kk osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, 'khrdkyhu vodk'k esa 1 tuojh ls ysdj 12 tuojh rd
vfrfjDr d{kkvksa dh O;oLFkk dh gSA ;s d{kk,¡ lqcg ukS cts ls ,d cts rd pysaxhA bu d{kkvksa esa cksMZ
vk/kfjr iz'uksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk,xkA lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gSA
Jherh izdk'k flag
iz/kukpk;kZ
9. fon~;ky; esa LoPNrk vfHk;ku pykus osQ fy, ;kstukcn~/ dk;ZozQe osQ fu/kZj.k gsrq lHkh d{kkvksa osQ izfrfuf/;ksa
dh cSBd osQ fy, le;] LFkku vkfn osQ fooj.k lfgr lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
xaxk baVjus'kuy LowQy

lwpuk
LoPNrk f'kfoj dh cSBd gsrq
fnukad % 28 flracj] 20××
fon~;ky; osQ lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd fon~;ky; esa LoPNrk vfHk;ku pykus gsrq ,d ;kstukcn~/
dk;ZozQe dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tkuk izLrkfor gSA bl dk;ZozQe osQ fu/kZj.k gsrq lHkh d{kkvksa osQ izfrfuf/;ksa dh cSBd
fnukad 30 flracj dks izkr% ukS cts fon~;ky; lHkkxkj esa gksxhA lHkh izfrfuf/;ksa dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gSA
jfo fd'ku
lnu lapkyd
10. xqe'kqnk yM+dh dh ryk'k gsrq v[+kckj esa izdkf'kr djus gsrq lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
eksgu uxj iqfyl pkSdh

lwpuk
xqe'kqnk yM+dh dh ryk'k
fnukad % 12 ebZ] 20××
loZlk/kj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd ,d yM+dh ftldk uke eksuk gS] iq=khµ jfo 'kadj] fuoklhµ eksgu uxj]
xkft;kckn] mezµ Ng lky] dnµ rhu iqQV] psgjkµ xksy] jaxµ xksjk] vk¡[ksaµ Hkwjh] ckyµ dkys] xqykch jax dh
izQkWd vkSj iSjksa esa lI+ksQn lSafMy igus gq, gS] tks fnukad 10 ebZ] 20×× ls eksgu uxj] xkft;kckn ls ykirk gSA
bl xqe'kqnk yM+dh dh dksbZ lwpuk feyus ij rqjar fuEufyf[kr irs ij lwfpr djsaA
eksgu uxj iqfyl pkSdh
nwjHkk"k uañ 9846xxxxxx
bZ- esy- mnp@xxxx.com
dhjr flag
Fkkukè;{k
eksgu uxj] xkft;kckn
lwpuk&ys[ku 83
11. dy oS'kkyh :V ij esVªks ugha pysxh] bl fo"k; ij ;kf=k;ksa osQ fy, ,d lwpuk fyf[k,A
fnYyh esVªks
lwpuk
esVªks dh lwpuk gsrq
oS'kkyh :V ij tkus okys lHkh ;kf=k;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd dy 15 vxLr] 20×× dks Lora=krk fnol
osQ dkj.k bl :V ij esVªks dh vkoktkgh ckf/r jgsxhA bl vlqfo/k osQ fy, gesa [ksn gS] ysfdu lqj{kk dkj.kksa
dh otg ls ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA vk'kk gS vki vo'; lg;ksx djsaxsA
ckcwjke
LVs'ku v/h{kd
oS'kkyh
12. fon~;ky; esa ^jDrnku f'kfoj* dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA mldh tkudkjh nsus gsrq LowQy osQ iz/kukpk;Z dh
vksj ls ,d lwpuk fyf[k,A
loksZn; dU;k fon~;ky;

lwpuk
jDrnku f'kfoj gsrq
fnukad % 10 uoacj] 20××
fon~;ky; osQ lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd 14 uoacj] 20×× dks cky fnol osQ volj ij
^jsMozQkWl* dh vksj ls jDrnku f'kfoj dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA f'kfoj dk vk;kstu izkr% 9 cts ls 'kke 6
cts rd jgsxkA vius ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dks tudY;k.k gsrq tkx:d dj bl f'kfoj esa yk,¡ vkSj ^jDrnku* tSls
egku dk;Z esa lg;ksx djsaA
dkark izlkn
iz/kukpk;Z
13. vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa iqLrd izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA fon~;kFkhZ la?k osQ lfpo dh gSfl;r ls vki
,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
Hkkjr ifCyd LowQy

lwpuk
iqLrd izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu
fnukad % 18 vizSy] 20××
fon~;ky; osQ lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd fnukad 23 vizSy] 20×× dks fon~;ky; osQ lHkkxkj
esa iqLrd izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA ;gk¡ fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa dh jkspd vkSj egRoiw. kZ tkudkjh mtkxj
djus okyh iqLrosaQ miyC/ gksaxhA vr% vki lHkh ogk¡ vk,¡ vkSj viuh T+k:jr osQ vuqlkj euilan iqLrosaQ [kjhnsaA
vuZo BkoqQj
Nk=k la?k lfpo
84 fganh ^c*&10
14. Hkkjrh; dyk Hkou rkulsu t;arh ij varjkZ"Vªh; laxhr egksRlo dk vk;kstu dj jgk gSA lekpkj&i=k esa izdk'ku
gsrq bl egksRlo dh lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
Hkkjrh; dyk Hkou

lwpuk
varjkZ"Vªh; laxhr egksRlo
fnukad % 20 iQjojh] 20××
loZlk/kj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tk jgk gS fd izfr o"kZ dh Hkk¡fr bl o"kZ Hkh Hkkjrh; dyk Hkou esa fnukad 22 iQjojh
ls 24 iQjojh] 20×× rd lk;a 6 cts ls 9 cts rd varjkZ"Vªh; laxhr egksRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA
vki lHkh vknj vkeaf=kr gSaA dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk bl izdkj gSµ
22 iQjojh] 20×× Hkkjr dh izLrqfr
23 iQjojh] 20×× izQkal@tkiku dh izLrqfr
24 iQjojh] 20×× teZuh@:l dh izLrqfr
jkekuqt
lfpo
Hkkjrh; dyk laLo`Qfr foHkkx
15. fganh fodkl ifj"kn~ dh vksj ls nloha dh cksMZ ijh{kk esa fganh esa 100 vad izkIr djus okys fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks
iqjLo`Qr fd;k tk,xkA bldk fooj.k nsrs gq, ,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
xqyeksgj ifCyd LowQy

lwpuk
fganh xkSjo lEeku
fnukad % 31 tqykbZ] 20××
nloha osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd fganh fodkl ifj"kn~ dh vksj ls nloha dh cksMZ ijh{kk esa fganh
esa 100 vad izkIr djus okys fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks fganh xkSjo lEeku fn;k tk,xkA ftu fon~;kfFkZ;ksa us fganh fo"k; esa
100 vad izkIr fd, gSa] os viuk uke vkSj vad&rkfydk fganh vè;kfidk Jherh dksey flag dks fnukad 3 vxLr
rd tek djok nsaA
jhrk flag
fganh foHkkxkè;{kk
vH;kl
fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij yxHkx 50 'kCnksa esa lwpuk rS;kj dhft,µ
1. fon~;ky; esa vk;ksftr gksus okyh dfork izfr;ksfxrk dh tkudkjh nsus gsrq ,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
2. NB ioZ osQ volj ij f'kouknj LowQy 12 uoacj] 20×× dks can jgsxkA bldh lwpuk iz/kukpk;Z dh vksj ls rS;kj dhft,A
3. vki ,d laLFkk pykrs gSa] tgk¡ xjhc cPpksa dks f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gSA bldk ykHk vkSj Hkh yksx mBk losaQ] blosQ fy,
bl laLFkk dh tkudkjh v[+kckj esa izdkf'kr djokus gsrq ,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
4. ^ck<+&ihfM+r lgk;rk eap* dh vksj ls ck<+ ihfM+rksa dh lgk;rkFkZ ,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
5. lkslk;Vh esa Msaxw cq[kkj dh tkudkjh nsus gsrq LokLF; foHkkx osQ lnL; vk jgs gSaA bldh lwpuk lHkh fuokfl;ksa dks nsus gsrq
6. fon~;ky; esa dyk izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA bldh tkudkjh nsus gsrq ,d lwpuk rS;kj dhft,A
7. vkidks fon~;ky; izkax.k esa ,d v¡xwBh feyh gS] mldh lwpuk] lwpukiV~V ij fy[kdj nhft,A
8. ljdkj n~okjk ;ksx fnol ij vkidh dkWyksuh esa ;ksx f'kfoj yxk;k tk jgk gSA bldh tkudkjh dkWyksuh okyksa dks nsus gsrq
❑
lwpuk&ys[ku 85
4 foKkiu&ys[ku
foKkiu 'kCn ^fo$Kkiu* nks 'kCnksa ls feydj curk gSA ^fo* dk vFkZ gksrk gSµ fo'ks"k vkSj ^Kkiu* dk vFkZ gksrk gSµ lkoZtfud
lwpukA ftls lkoZtfud lwpuk dks fo'ks"k :i ls cuk;k tk, og foKkiu dgykrk gSA
foKkiu xzkgdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djosQ oLrq dks cspus dk ,d ekè;e gSA foKkiu osQ tfj, foozsQrk vius mRikn osQ xq.kksa
dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, xzkgdksa dks yqHkkrk gSA
foKkiu fy[krs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,µ
� foKkiu esa Lyksxu dk iz;ksx gksA � ;g lqanj v{kjksa esa fy[kk gqvk vkSj vkd"kZd gksuk pkfg,A
� vkd"kZd cukus osQ fy, fp=k dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A � blesa ml ph”k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa egRo osQ ckjs esa crk;k x;k
gks] ftl ph”k dk foKkiu gksA
� Hkk"kk ljy o lgt gksuh pkfg,A � Lyksxu ;kn j[kus yk;d gksus pkfg,A
� foKkiu 'kCn&lhek (25&50 'kCnksa) osQ varxZr gksuh pkfg,A
foKkiu&ys[ku osQ oqQN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaµ
►►dksfpax lsaVj osQ fy, foKkiuA
[kqy x;k! [kqy x;k!! [kqy x;k!!!
vaxzs”kh tho foKku
xf.kr L=kh dks¯px lsaVj jlk;u foKku
HkkSfrd foKku f'k{kk ls peRdkj rd dk l-Qj fganh
lqo`Qfr xxZ
lh-ch-,l-bZ- VkWij] d{kk&12 fues'k izsj.kk of.kZdk o#.k lehj meax yM+fd;ksa osQ fy,
xf.kr&100] tho foKku&99 xf.kr
99
fganh
99
tho foKku vaxzs”kh
100 99
xf.kr
99
xf.kr
99 30» NwV
tYn gh laioZQ djsaµ ch- 6@12] lsDVj&16] jksfg.kh] fnYyh&85] iQksu ua- 983264××××
►►pkV okys dh nqdku osQ fy, foKkiuA
y”kh”k
e'kgwj ”kk;dk pkVokyk ”kk;osQnkj
'kqn~/rk 20»
ls Hkjiwj dh NwV
xksyxIis HkYys&ikiM+h Hksy&iwjh iko&Hkkth
gekjs ;gk¡ pViVs idoku cuk, tkrs gSaA
ckfj'k osQ ekSle dk vkuan gekjs lkFk mBk,¡A
laioZQ djsaµ ”kk;dk] 113] lsDVj&7] xq#xzke] iQksu ua- 986723××××
86
►►ernku djus gsrq tkx:drk iSnk djus osQ fy, foKkiuA
20 uoacj] ns'kfgr esa

ns'k esa iSQy jgh fo"kerkvksa dks 20×× ernku djsa
feVkus esa ;ksxnku nhft,] pquko
osQ fnu ernku dhft,A lksp&le>dj
ns[k vkSj tkudj
ernku ,d vfèkdkj] lgh usrk dks djsa ernkuA
u tkus nhft, bls yksdra= dk R;ksgkj gS

csdkj ernku ,d lek/ku ns'k dks migkj gS
pquko vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj n~okjk tufgr esa tkjh
►►LohV fcLoqQV gsrq foKkiuA
lkFk esa f[kykSus eq-Ýr LohV fcLoqQV 4 iSd osQ lkFk

1 iSd eq-Ýr
Lokn ls Hkjiwj] eq¡g esa tkrs gh
bldk vyx gS uwjA ?kqy tk,¡A
gj Lokn esa miyC/
vkt gh ys tkb,A
xsgw¡ osQ vkVs ls cus] fcuk #- 10 esa miyCèk LohV fcLoqQV
feykoV okysA
u”knhdh LVksj esa miyC/A igkM+ xyh osQ e'kgwj fcLoqQV Øhe fcLoqQV
laioZQ djsa % LohV fcLoqQV] t;iqj
►►ty laj{k.k ij foKkiuA
ty dh ty gS rks thou gS gks u ;g

ve`r csdkj
vusd cwn¡ as feydj
j[kuk gS gesa
cukrh gSa lkxj è;kuA
;g gS vkus okyh
ihf<+;ksa
fLFkfr dks le>sa] osQ fy, mfpr
dne c<+k,¡] lekèkkuA
pyks vkt ls ty cpk,¡A ty dk u djks nq#i;ksx
viuk dy cpk,¡A Hkkjr ljdkj n~okjk tufgr esa tkjh
laioZQ djsa % 881234××××
foKkiu&ys[ku 87
►►fugkj nar eatu dk foKkiuA
,slk nar eatu tks tknw fc[ksjs! fli

ykSax&panu esa ZQ #
dh [kq'kcw
ls ;qDr fugkj nar eatu mi - 30
yC
èk
pednkj nk¡r] f[kyh gqbZ eqLdku]

elw<+ksa fugkj nar eatu c<+k, psgjs dh 'kkuA nk¡rksa dks
dk
nnZ Hkxk, vkt gh u”knhdh LVksj ls yk,¡ pedk,
vkSj vius nk¡rksa dks pednkj cuk,¡A
►►LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku ij foKkiuA
¶lk-iQ&l-iQkbZ vkSj LoPNrk jktuhfrd

vk”kknh ls dgha vf/d egRoiw.kZ gSA¸
µegkRek xka/h
LoPNrkiw.kZ O;ogkj djsa]
leL;kvksa dks nwj djsaA l M
saxw] eysfj;k]
l cuk,¡ lqanj ns'k
LoPNrk fpduxqfu;k
l jgsa LoLFk gekjk ,dek=k l xanh cncw
l [kq'kcw gks okrkoj.k esa èkeZ gS
l eD[kh&ePNj
l gks /jrh ek¡ izlUu LoPNrk viukvks] l c
nlwjr n`'; ls gkas eqDr
ns'k dks lqanj cukvksA
►►jDrnku ij foKkiuA
jDrnku jDrnku oSaQi egknku
A+– A+–
B+– B+–
AB + – AB + –
O+– O+–
jDrnku cpk, dbZ ¯”knxh
vkb, xka/h t;arh osQ egku volj ij djsa ;s egku nku] djsa jDrnkuA
laioZQ djsa % Vkoj ua- 2] usg: Iysl] ubZ fnYyh
vf/d tkudkjh osQ fy, laioZQ djsa % 946269××××
88 fganh ^c*&10
►►Lojkt isafly dk foKkiuA
Lojkt isafly
cl pyrh tk, vc fy[kks lqanjrk osQ lkFk eq-Ýr!
#- 2 ,oa
esa miyCèk lu luk lu lk,¡ lk,¡
Lojkt isafly yk,¡
vyx&vyx jaxksa esa miyCèkA
;fn viuk,¡xs Lojkt] rks djsaxs fy[kkoV ij uk”kA
vius u”knhdh nqdkunkj ls ik,¡A viuh fy[kkoV dks lqanj cuk,¡AA
►►lkM+h lsy dk foKkiu
lsy! lsy! lsy!

ehuy lkM+h LVksj
#-
1500 ls
4000 rd 70»
dh NwV
[kwclwjrh esa pkj pk¡n yxk nsA

vyx&vyx jaxksa vkSj fp=dkjh esa miyC/k
laioZQ djsa % ih-&4@28] cM+k ck”kkj] dksydkrk] nwjHkk"k% 366498××××
►►,d u`R; laLFkku osQ fy, foKkiuA
jkf/kdk u`R; laLFkku

vkb, vkSj vius gquj dks igpkudj
viuh dyk dks fu[kkfj,A
vuqHkoh HkjrukV~;e~] oqQfpiqM+h] ef.kiqjh] dRFkd eap dk
dykdkjksa vkfn lHkh izdkj osQ u`R; lh[ksaA volj
ls lh[ksaA ik,¡A
le; % 'kke 5 ls 9 cts
'kqYd % #- 1200@& izfr ekg
laioZQ djsa % xyh ua- 6] lsDVj&6] ehjkuxj] y[kumQA nwjHkk"k % 634256××××, 642930××××
foKkiu&ys[ku 89
►►iqjkuh dkj cspus gsrq foKkiuA [CBSE 2016]
gS iqjkuh dkj ij vHkh gS nenkj! mfpr nke ij ys tk,¡A
vkWYVks 800
ekWMy 2018
laiw.kZ dkx”kkr osQ lkFk
l ,-lh- ;qDr l ubZ rduhd ls ;qDr l ikoj LVh;fjax ys tk,¡ gkFkksagkFk
vPNh oaQMh'ku vPNk ekbys”k osQoy 20] 000 fdyksehVj pyh gSA
laioZQ djsa % xyh ua- 10] eqjknuxj] xkf”k;kcknA nwjHkk"k % 682345××××

►►vius iqjkus edku dks cspus gsrq foKkiuA
nks eafT+kyk edku fcdkÅ gS!

nks csM:e izR;sd ry ij ,d jlksbZ?kj] ,d 'kkSpky; ,d Mªkbax:e
goknkj ,oa jks'kuh ls Hkjiwj vk/qfud

<ax ls
izQh gksYM ek=k 25 yk[k #i;s esa 120
fufeZr
xt esa iSQyk gqvk
l ikl esa lqij ck”kkj l vPNk LowQy rFkk vLirky Hkh ikl esa
l cPpksa osQ [ksyus osQ fy, ikoZQ dh lqfo/k Hkh miyC/
laioZQ djsa % xyh ua- 6] ekyoh; uxj] ubZ fnYyhA nwjHkk"k % 623478××××
►►[kq'kcwnkj lkcqu gsrq foKkiuA
,yksosjk
xqykc lkcqu pkj
osQ iSd
o panu ls ij ,d
cuk xqykc dh [kq'kcw ls Hkjk]
lkcqu izQh
ugkus osQ ckn eu j[ks gjk&HkjkA
Ropk dks j[ks eqyk;e vkSj egdnkj] xqykc lkcqu dk gS ,slk peRdkjA
xqykc lkcqu esa brus xq.k lek,¡ rks nsj dSlh

vk,¡ vk,¡ tYnh vk,¡] xqykc lkcqu ys tk,¡A
l vPNh xq.koRrk l lcls lLrk l ?keksfj;k¡ gVk, l dhVk.kq Hkxk,

l fnuHkj rk”kxh fnyk, l lqanjrk esa pkj pk¡n yxk,
90 fganh ^c*&10
►►liuk x.kos'k oL=k HkaMkj gsrq foKkiuA
liuk x.kos'k HkaMkj

gekjs ;gk¡ lHkh fon~;ky;ksas osQ x.kos'k miyC/ gSaA
esa oa
de nkeksa 'kVZ] iSaV] LdVZ] VkbZ] eksts fVdkmQ ,
e”kcwr
lHkh oLrq,¡
vkb,&vkb,] de dher esa vPNh Mªsl ikb,A

16» dh NwV Hkh gj lkb”k esa miyC/

laioZQ djsa % nqdku ua- 414] djeuxj] tEewA nwjHkk"k % 987623××××
►►lehj fdrkc HkaMkj gsrq foKkiuA
lehj fdrkc HkaMkj

,d nke dh nqdku
ij
r k c
fd h NwV
sd d
izR; 20»
'kSf{kd
ukWoy
eSX”khu
cPpksa dh fdrkcsa
fp=kdyk vkfnA ,d nke dh nqdku
laioZQ djsa&nqdku& ,&340] valkjh uxj] fnYyh nwjHkk"k& 011-2439XXXX, 987921XXXX,
vH;kl
fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij yxHkx 25&50 'kCnksa esa foKkiu rS;kj dhft,µ
1. dud iQuhZpj gsrq ,d foKkiu rS;kj dhft,A
2. eksecRrh dh fcozQh gsrq foKkiu rS;kj dhft,A
3. oh.kk laxhr dyk osaQnz osQ izpkj gsrq ,d foKkiu rS;kj dhft,A
4. lk{kjrk vfHk;ku osQ izpkj&izlkj gsrq ,d foKkiu cukb,A
5. esfMdy LVksj gsrq ,d foKkiu rS;kj dhft,A
6. veu vkblozQhe osQ fy, foKkiu cukb,A
7. Åuh oL=kksa dh lsy gsrq ,d foKkiu cukb,A
8. ojnku eSfjt gkse osQ fy, ,d foKkiu cukb,A
❑
foKkiu&ys[ku 91
5 y?kq dFkk&ys[ku
lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kvksa esa ^dgkuh* dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA dgkuh lquuk&lqukuk lHkh dks vPNk yxrk gSA cPPkksa dks rks dgkfu;k¡
cgqr fiz; gksrh gSaA
lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kvksa esa dgkuh] lcls iqjkuh fo/k gS vkSj tuthou esa lcls vf/d yksdfiz; gSA dgkuh esa fdlh lR;
vFkok dkYifud ?kVuk dk bl izdkj dFku fd;k tkrk gS] ftls Jksrk #fpiwoZd lqurk gSA blhfy, dgkuh easa ,d dgkuh dgus
okyk vkSj ,d dgkuh lquus okyk vo'; gksrk gSA
igys dgkuh dk mn~ns'; mins'k nsuk vkSj euksjatu djuk ekuk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu vkt bldk y{; ekuo&thou dh fofHkUUk
leL;kvksa vkSj laosnukvksa dks O;Dr djuk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izkphu dFkk ls vk/qfud ¯gnh dgkuh fcYkoqQy fHkUUk gks xbZ gSA
tgk¡ rd ^y?kq&dFkk* dk iz'u gS rks ;g Hkh dFkkRed fo/k gS] ij dgkuh ls fHkUUk gSA D;ksafd nksuksa osQ dysoj esa varj gksrk
gS blfy, nksuksa dks ,d ekudj ugha pyuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh dgkuh dks laf{kIr dj nsus ls y?kq&dFkk ugha cu tkrhA gk¡] ;g
lR; gS fd y?kq dFkk dgkuh ls lcls vf/d fudV gksrh gSA blhfy, vaxsz”kh esa ^dgkuh* dks ‘Story‘ dgrs gSa rks ^y?kq dFkk*
dks ‘Short Story’A
^y?kq dFkk* fn[kus esa NksVh vo'; gksrh gS] ij ikBd osQ eu ij bldk izHkko cgqr xgjk iM+rk gSA dgkuh dh rqyuk esa y?kq
dFkk fy[kuk vf/d Jelkè; gSA y?kq dFkk osQ izeq[k xq.k gSaµ laf{kIrrk] lw{erk vkSj lkaosQfrdrkA dgkuh dh rjg y?kq dFkk
esa o.kZu vkSj fooj.k dk vodk'k ugha gksrk cfYd laosQr vkSj O;atuk ls dke pyk;k tkrk gSA
è;ku jf[k,] ^y?kq dFkk* dk egRo mldh y?kqrk esa gS tks og dFkk dks iznku djrh gSA NksVh&NksVh ckrksa esa cM+s vFkZ fudkyuk
mldh ,d [-kkfl;r gS vkSj viuh ckr lans'k :i esa de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa ikBd rd igq¡pkuk] blh esa mldh liQyrk Nqih
gksrh gSA y?kq dFkk dk lkSan;Z mldh viuh 'kSyh] cukoV] dlkoV] dF; vkSj f'kYi esa fufgr gksrk gSA
y?kq dFkk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡

dFkkudµ tgk¡ dgkuh osQ dFkkud esa ?kVukvksa dk foLrkj gksrk gS ogha y?kq dFkk osQ dFkkud esa ?kVukvksa osQ foLrkj dk vHkko
gksrk gSA dgkuh esa tgk¡ la?k"kZ dh rhozrk gksrh gS ogha y?kq dFkk esa la?k"kZ dh rhozrk ugha gksrh gSA
ik=k&;kstukµ dgkuh dh rqyuk esa y?kq dFkk esa ik=kksa dh la[;k ,d&nks rd gh lhfer gksrh gSA y?kq dFkk esa ekuo osQ vykok
i'kq&i{kh Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
dYiuk dh mM+kuµ y?kq dFkk esa ;FkkFkZ osQ lkFk&lkFk dkYifud vfHkO;fDr Hkh gks ldrh gSA vFkkZr y?kq dFkk esa jktk] jkuh]
i'kq&i{kh vkfn dkYifud ik=k Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj dkYifud ?kVuk,¡ HkhA
'kSyhµ y?kq dFkk esa ys[kd viuh ckr laosQrksa osQ ekè;e ls O;Dr djrk gSA vr% ^laosQrkRedrk* y?kq dFkk dh 'kSyh dk
fof'k"V xq.k gSA y?kq dFkk ys[kd esa fdlh ckr dks la{ksi :i esa dgus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls y?kq dFkk
fdlh xn~;&xhr tSlh lqxfBr gksrh gSA
mins'kkRedrkµ y?kq dFkk esa dksbZ&u&dksbZ misn'k vo'; gksrk gSA vr% mins'kkRedrk Hkh mldk izeq[k xq.k gSA
laf{kIrrkµ y?kq dFkk dk lkjk dysoj mldh y?kqrk esa fufgr gksrk gSA vr% dgkuh dh rjg mlesa foLrkj dh xqatkb'k ugha gksrhA
mn~ns';µ y?kq dFkk esa mldk dksbZ&u&dksbZ mn~ns'; vo'; fufgr jgrk gSA ^y?kq dFkk* dks i<+us osQ ckn ;g mn~ns'; ikBoQ osQ
le{k fctyh dh dkSa/ dh rjg vfHkO;Dr gks tkrk gSA blesa tks mins'k fn;k tkrk gS og Hkh ,d rjg dk mn~ns'; gks ldrk gSA
fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks y?kq dFkk&ys[ku esa n{k cukus osQ fy, vè;kidksa n~okjk fuEufyf[kr fof/;k¡ viukbZ tk ldrh gSaµ
1- izLFkku fcanq osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/µ
(d) izLFkku&¯cnqµ
,d xk¡o esa ,d xjhc ydM+gkjk jgrk FkkA og taxy ls ydfM+;k¡ dkVdj ykrk vkSj mUgsa cspdj xqtkjk djrk FkkA ,d fnu og
unh osQ fdukjs osQ isM+ ij p<+dj ydfM+;k¡ dkV jgk FkkA vpkud mlosQ gkFk ls oqQYgkM+h NwVdj unh esa fxj iM+h] ydM+gkjk
lkspus yxk fd vc eSa viuk thou&fuokZg oSQls d:¡xk\ lksprs&lksprs mldh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk x,] og oqQN nsj rd jksrk jgkA
brus esa unh ls ty&nsork izdV gq,A mUgksaus ydM+gkjs ls iwNkµ¶rqe jks D;ksa jgs gks\¸ ydM+gkjs us nsork dks lkjh ckr crkbZ -------A
92
y?kq dFkkµ
,d xk¡o esa ,d xjhc ydM+gkjk jgrk FkkA og taxy ls ydfM+;k¡ dkVdj ykrk vkSj mUgsa cspdj xqtkjk djrk FkkA ,d fnu og
unh osQ fdukjs osQ isM+ ij p<+dj ydfM+;k¡ dkV jgk FkkA vpkud mlosQ gkFk ls oqQYgkM+h NwVdj unh esa fxj iM+h] ydM+gkjk
lkspus yxk fd vc eSa viuk thou&fuokZg oSQls d:¡xk\ lksprs&lksprs mldh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk x,] og oqQN nsj rd jksrk jgkA
brus esa unh ls ty&nsork izdV gq,A mUgksaus ydM+gkjs ls iwNkµ¶rqe jks D;ksa jgs gks\¸ ydM+gkjs us nsork dks lkjh ckr crkbZA
ty&nsork us dgk] ¶rqe jksvks erA eSa vHkh tkdj rqEgkjh oqQYgkM+h ysdj vkrk gw¡A¸ ty&nsork unh osQ vanj x, vkSj lksus dh
,d oqQYgkM+h ysdj ckgj vk,A mUgksaus bls ydM+gkjs dks nsrs gq, dgk] ¶;g yks] rqEgkjh oqQYgkM+hA¸ ydM+gkjk ,d bZekunkj
O;fDr FkkA mlus dgk fd ;g mldh oqQYgkM+h ugha gSA rc ty&nsork fiQj unh esa x, vkSj ,d pk¡nh dh oqQYgkM+h ysdj vk,A
ydM+gkjs us bl oqQYgkM+h dks Hkh ysus ls euk dj fn;kA rhljh ckj ty&nsork yksgs dh oqQYgkM+h ysdj vk,A oqQYgkM+h dks ns[krs
gh ydM+gkjk [kq'k gks x;kA mlus dgk] ¶;gh esjh oqQYgkM+h gSA¸ ydM+gkjs dh bZekunkjh ns[kdj ty&nsork cgqr izlUUk gq, vkSj
mUgksaus mls rhuksa oqQYgkfM+;k¡ ns nhaA (iapra=k ls)
'kh"kZdµ bZekunkj ydM+gkjk
f'k{kkµ iapra=k dh ;g izsjd y?kq dFkk gesa f'k{kk nsrh gS fd euq"; dks dHkh Hkh bZekunkjh dk jkLrk ugha NksM+uk pkfg,] bZekunkjh
dk iQy lnk ehBk gksrk gSA
([k) izLFkku&¯cnqµ
,d ckj nks fe=k O;kikj djus osQ fy, ?kj ls pysA nksuksa us ,d&nwljs dks opu fn;k fd fdlh Hkh eqlhcr osQ le; os ,d&nwljs
dh lgk;rk djasaxsA pyrs&pyrs os nksuksa ,d Hk;adj taxy esa tk igq¡psA
taxy cgqr fo'kky rFkk ?kuk FkkA nksuksa fe=k lko/kuh ls taxy esa ls xqtj jgs FksA ,dk,d mUgsa lkeus ls ,d Hkkyw vkrk gqvk
fn[kkbZ fn;kA Hkkyw dks ns[kdj nksuksas fe=k cgqr Hk;Hkhr gks x,A Hkkyw dks ikl vkrk ns[kdj ,d fe=k rks TkYnh ls isM+ ij p<+dj
iRRkksa esa fNidj cSB x;k] nwljs fe=k dks o`+{k ij p<+uk -------A
y?kq dFkkµ
,d ckj nks fe=k O;kikj djus osQ fy, ?kj ls pysA nksuksa us ,d&nwljs dks opu fn;k fd fdlh Hkh eqlhcr osQ le; os ,d&nwljs
dh lgk;rk djasaxsA pyrs&pyrs os nksuksa ,d Hk;adj taxy esa tk igq¡psA
taxy cgqr fo'kky rFkk ?kuk FkkA nksuksa fe=k lko/kuh ls taxy esa ls xqtj jgs FksA ,dk,d mUgsa lkeus ls ,d Hkkyw vkrk gqvk
fn[kkbZ fn;kA Hkkyw dks ns[kdj nksuksas fe=k cgqr Hk;Hkhr gks x,A Hkkyw dks ikl vkrk ns[kdj ,d fe=k rks TkYnh ls isM+ ij p<+dj
iRRkksa esa fNidj cSB x;k] nwljs fe=k dks o`+{k ij p<+uk ugha vkrk FkkA og ?kcjk x;k] ysfdu mlus fgEEkr ugha gkjhA mlus dgha
lquk Fkk fd Hkkyw ejs gq, vkneh dks ugha [kkrk] og >V ls viuh lk¡l jksddj ”kehu ij ysV x;kA Hkkyw us ikl vkdj mls
lw¡?kk vkSj ejk gqvk le>dj ogk¡ ls pyk x;kA oqQN nsj ckn igyk nksLr isM+ ls uhps mrjk] mlus nwljs fe=k ls dgkµ¶mBks nksLr]
Hkkyw pyk x;k] ;g rks crkvks fd mlus rqEgkjs dku esa D;k dgk Fkk\¸ Hkwfe ij ysVus okys fe=k us dgk fd Hkkyw osQoy ;gh
dg jgk Fkk fd LokFkhZ fe=k ij fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A
'kh"kZdµ nksLr dh igpku
f'k{kkµ vlyh nksLr dh igpku eqlhcr osQ le; gh gksrh gSA fe=k ogh gS tks foIkfRRk osQ le; dke vk,A LokFkhZ fe=k ls
ges'kk nwj jgksA
(x) izLFkku&¯cnqµ
,d taxy esa ,d 'ksj jgrk FkkA ,d fnu nksigj dks og ,d isM+ osQ uhps vkjke dj jgk FkkA vpkud ,d pwgk mlosQ Åij
vkdj owQnus yxkA blls 'ksj dh uhan VwV xbZA vius Åij pwgs dks ns[kdj og cgqr Øksf/r gqvk vkSj xjtdj cksykµ¶rsjh ;g
fgEEkr! eSa vHkh rq>s tku ls ekj nw¡xkA¸
cspkjk pwgk Hk; ls dk¡ius yxkA mlus 'ksj ls fourh dh -------A
y?kq dFkkµ
,d taxy esa ,d 'ksj jgrk FkkA ,d fnu nksigj dks og ,d isM+ osQ uhps vkjke dj jgk FkkA vpkud ,d pwgk mlosQ Åij
y?kq dFkk&ys[ku 93
vkdj owQnus yxkA blls 'ksj dh uhan VwV xbZA vius Åij pwgs dks ns[kdj og cgqr Øksf/r gqvk vkSj xjtdj cksykµ¶rsjh ;g
fgEEkr! eSa vHkh rq>s tku ls ekj nw¡xkA¸
cspkjk pwgk Hk; ls dk¡ius yxkA mlus 'ksj ls fourh dhµ¶egkjkt] eq>s er ekfj,A eq>s NksM+ nhft,A oSls rks eSa cgqr NksVk vkSj
nqcZy gw¡] exj eSa oknk djrk gw¡ fd vkidk ,glku thou Hkj u Hkwyw¡xkA dHkh ekSdk feyk rks vkidh enn vo'; d:¡xkA¸
mldh ckr ij 'ksj g¡lrs gq, cksykµ¶rqe tSlk cgqr gh de”kksj vkSj NksVk tho] esjh D;k enn djsxk\ pyks rqe dg jgs gks rks
eSa rqEgsa ekiQ djrk gw¡A¸ ;g dgdj 'ksj us pwgs dks NksM+ fn;kA
,d fnu dh ckr gS] fdlh f'kdkjh us taxy esa tky fcNk j[kk FkkA 'ksj f'kdkj dh ryk'k esa taxy esa HkVd jgk Fkk fd f'kdkjh
osQ tky esa i¡Ql x;kA ?kcjkdj og ngkM++us yxkA exj tky cgqr e”kcwr FkkA cspkjs 'ksj dh ,d u pyhA tky rksM+dj ckgj
fudyuk mlosQ fy, laHko ugha FkkA pwgs us nwj ls 'ksj dh ngkM+ lquh rks og Hkkxdj 'ksj osQ ikl igq¡pk vkSj mlus ns[krs&gh&ns[krs
ml tky dks oqQrj fn;kA tky osQ dVrs gh 'ksj mlls vk”kkn gks x;kA tky ls ckgj vkdj 'ksj us pwgs dk vkHkkj O;Dr fd;k
vkSj mls /U;okn fn;kA fiQj os nksuksa f'kdkjh osQ vkus ls igys ogk¡ ls pys x,A
'kh"kZdµ 'ksj vkSj pwgk
f'k{kkµ dHkh fdlh Hkh tho dks NksVk vkSj de”kksj ugha le>uk pkfg,A gj izk.kh dh dkssbZ&u&dksbZ mi;ksfxrk gksrh gSA
2- laosQr fcanq osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/µ
(d) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• unh osQ fdukjs ,d tkequ osQ isM+ ij ,d canj • unh esa jgus okys exjePN ls mldh fe=krk gksuk • exjePN dks [kkus
osQ fy, tkequ nsrs jguk • ,d fnu exjePN n~okjk oqQN tkequ viuh iRuh dks f[kykuk • iRuh dk lkspuk fd Lokfn"V tkequ
[kkus okys canj dk dystk ehBk gksuk • vius ifr ls canj dk fny ykus dh f”kn djuk • exjePN n~okjk canj dks Hkkstu ij
fueaf=kr djuk • viuh ihB ij canj dks cSBkdj ys pyuk • unh osQ chpksachp igq¡pdj Hksn [kksyuk • canj n~okjk /S;Z u [kksuk
• isM+ dh [kks[ky esa fny dks l¡Hkkydj j[kus dh dgkuh crkuk • fny ykus gsrq okil pyus osQ fy, dguk • exjePN n~okjk
canj dks okil ykuk • canj dk mNydj isM+ ij okil igq¡puk • exjePN ls nksLrh lekIr djukA
y?kq dFkkµ
,d unh osQ fdukjs ,d tkequ osQ isM+ ij ,d canj jgrk FkkA mldh fe=krk mlh unh esa jgus okys exjePN ls gks xbZ FkhA canj
jks”k isM+ ls rksM+dj ehBs&ehBs tkequ [kkrk Fkk vkSj exjePN dks Hkh [kkus osQ fy, nsrs jgrk FkkA ,d fnu ml exjePN us oqQN
tkequ ysdj viuh iRuh dks Hkh f[kyk,A Lokfn"V tkequ [kkus osQ ckn mldh iRuh us lkspkµ^tc tkequ brus Lokfn"V gSa rks bu
tkequksa osQ [kkus okys canj dk fny fdruk ehBk gksxk*A mlosQ fny esa canj dk dystk [kkus dh bPNk iSnk gqbZ vkSj vius ifr
ls ml canj dk fny ykus dh f”kn dhA
exjePN us mlss cgqr le>k;k ij og u ekuhA iRuh osQ gkFkksa etcwj gq, exjePN us canj ls tkdj dgk fd mldh HkkHkh
mlls feyuk pkgrh gSA mlus mldks Hkkstu ij cqyk;k gSA canj us dgk fd og ikuh esa oSQls tk ldrk gS rks exjePN us dgk
fd og mls viuh ihB ij cSBkdj ys pysxkA vius fe=k dh ckr dk Hkjkslk dj] canj isM+ ls unh esa owQnk vkSj mldh ihB ij
lokj gks x;kA tc os unh osQ chpksachp igq¡ps rc exjePN us Hksn [kksyrs gq, dgk fd mldh iRuh mldk fny [kkuk pkgrh gS
blfy, og mldks vius lkFk ys tk jgk gSA
exjePN dh ckr lqudj canj dks cgqr /Ddk yxk] ysfdu mlus viuk /S;Z ugha [kks;k vkSj cksykµ¶vksg] rqeus ;g ckr eq>s
igys D;ksa ugha crkbZ Fkh D;ksafd] eSaus rks viuk fny tkequ osQ isM+ dh [kks[ky esa l¡Hkkydj j[kk gqvk gSA igys gh crk nsrs rks eSa
viuh HkkHkh osQ fy, ogha fudkydj fny ns nsrkA vc tYnh ls eq>s okil unh osQ fdukjs ys pyks rkfd eSa viuk fny ykdj
viuh HkkHkh dks migkj esa nsdj_ mls [kq'k dj lowQ¡A¸ ew[kZ exjePN canj dks tSls gh unh fdukjs ysdj vk;k] canj us tYnh ls
tkequ osQ isM+ ij Nyk¡x yxkbZ vkSj Øks/ esa Hkjdj Hkksykµ¶vjs ew[kZ] fny osQ fcuk Hkh D;k dksbZ ¯”knk jg ldrk gS\ rwus fe=krk
esa /ks[kk fd;k gSA tk] vkt ls rsjh&esjh nksLrh lekIrA¸
'kh"kZdµ canj vkSj exjePN
f'k{kkµ eqlhcr osQ {k.kksa esa dHkh Hkh /S;Z ugha [kksuk pkfg, RkFkk fe=krk dk lnSo lEeku djuk pkfg,A
94 fganh ^c*&10
3- 'kh"kZd osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/

(d) 'kh"kZdµ vH;kl dh 'kfDr
y?kq dFkkµ
izkphu Hkkjr esa ,d ckyd FkkA og i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ esa cgqr de”kksj FkkA tc og ik¡p o"kZ dk Fkk] rHkh og xq#oqQy f'k{kk
osQ fy, vk x;kA nl o"kZ chr tkus osQ ckn Hkh og vkxs ugha c<+ ik;kA lHkh lkFkh mldk e”kkd mM+krs gq, mls ojnjkt]
(cSyksa dk jktk) dgk djrs FksA ,d fnu xq# th us mls vius ikl cqyk;k vkSj dgk] ¶csVk ojnjkt¸ rqe fdlh vkSj dke esa
”;knk l{ke gks ldrs gks] blfy, viuk le; u"V er djks vkSj ?kj tkvksA oqQN vkSj dke djksA¸ xq# th dh ckr ls ojnjkt
dks cgqr gh nq[k igq¡pkA mlus fon~;k foghu gksus ls thou dks [kRe djuk csgrj le>kA ;g xq#oqQy ls pyk x;k vkSj vkRegR;k
djus dk mik; lkspus yxkA jkLrs esa mls ,d oqQvk¡ fn[kkbZ fn;kA ogk¡ efgyk,¡ jLLkh ls ikuh fudky jgh FkhaA og ogha cSB x;kA
rc mlus ns[kk fd jLlh osQ vkus&tkus osQ dkj.k iRFkj ij fu'kku iM+ x, gSaA ojnjkt us lkspk fd tc bruk dBksj iRFkj] dksey
jLlh osQ ckj&ckj jxM+us ls f?kl ldrk gS] rks ifjJe djus ls eq>s fon~;k D;ksa ugha izkIr gks ldrh\
mlus vkRegR;k dk fopkj R;kx fn;k vkSj xq#nso osQ ikl ykSV vk;kA mlus xq#nso ls oqQN fnu vkSj j[kdj f'k{kk nsus dh izkFkZuk
dhA ljy ân; ls xq#nso jkth gks x,A vc ojnjkt us eu yxkdj vè;;u djuk vkjaHk fd;kA mlesa Kku izkIr djus dh bPNk
bruh izcy gks xbZ Fkh fd mls u vius [kkus&ihus dk è;ku jgrk vkSj u gh le; dkA
;gh ojnjkt vkxs pydj laLo`Qr osQ egku fon~oku cusaA yksxksa dks laLo`Qr vklkuh ls le> esa vk, bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdj
mUgksaus ^y?kq fln~/kar dkSeqnh* dh jpuk dh] tks laLo`Qr dk egku xzaFk gSA ;g xzaFk ikf.kuh osQ O;kdj.k dk laf{kIr lkj gSA ojnjkt
dh dgkuh ls fuEufyf[kr yksdksfDr izpfyr gks xbZ tks dgkuh dh f'k{kk dks pfjrkFkZ djrh gSµ
djr&djr vH;kl osQ tM+efr gkssr lqtkuA
jljh vkor&tkr rs] fly ij ijr fulkuAA
f'k{kkµ vH;kl liQyrk dk ewYkea=k gSA
([k) 'kh"kZdµ tSls dks rSlk
y?kq dFkkµ
,d xk¡o esa th.kZ/u uked xjhc yM+dk jgrk FkkA /u dekus dh n`f"V ls mlus ijns'k tkus dk fopkj fd;kA mlosQ ikl dksbZ
/u&nkSyr rks Fkh ugha] osQoy ,d cgqr Hkkjh yksgs dh rjktw FkhA ml rjktw dks xk¡o osQ egktu osQ ikl /jksgj osQ :i easa j[kdj
og ijns'k pyk x;kA ijns'k ls vkus osQ ckn mlus egktu ls viuh /jksgj okil ek¡xhA egktu us dgk] ¶ml rjktw dks rks
pwgs [kk x,A¸
yM+dk le> x;k fd egktu mldh rjktw nsuk ugha pkgrk] ysfdu og oqQN dj Hkh rks ugha ldrk FkkA mlus egktu
ls dgk] ¶dksbZ ckr ugha blesa vkidh dksbZ xyrh ugha gSA lc pwgksa dk nks"k gSA¸ ;g dgdj og fcuk oqQN dgs vius
?kj pyk x;kA vxys fnu og egktu osQ ikl tkdj cksyk] ¶lsB th! eSa unh ij Luku djus osQ fy, tk jgk gw¡A vki vius iq=k dks
esjs lkFk Hkstuk pkgsa rks Hkst ldrs gSaA og Hkh unh esa Luku dj ysxkA¸ egktu yM+osQ dh lTTkurk ls cgqr izHkkfor Fkk] blfy,
mlus vius iq=k dks mlosQ lkFk Luku osQ fy, Hkst fn;kA th.kZ/u us egktu osQ iq=k dks ogk¡ ls oqQN nwj ys tkdj ,d xqiQk esa
Nqik fn;k vkSj fiQj egktu osQ ikl igq¡pkA egktu us iwNkµ¶esjk csVk Hkh rks rqEgkjs lkFk LUkku osQ fy, x;k Fkk] og dgk¡ gS\¸
th.kZ/u us dgk] ¶mls rks phy mBk ys xbZA¸
egktuµ¶;g oSQls gks ldrk gS\ dHkh phy Hkh brus cM+s cPPks dks mBkdj ys tk ldrh gS\¸
th.kZ/uµ¶;fn pwgs yksgs dh rjktw dks [kk ldrs gSa rks phy Hkh cPPks dks mBkdj ys tk ldrh gSA¸ egktu dks viuh Hkwy dk
vglkl gks pqdk Fkk] mlus th.kZ/u ls ekiQh ek¡xrs gq, rjktw okil dj nhA rjktw fey tkus ij mlus egktu osQ csVs dks Hkh
xqiQk ls ykdj ykSVk fn;kA
f'k{kkµ tks tSlk djrk gS mlosQ lkFk oSlk gh djuk pkfg,A (iapra=k ls)
y?kq dFkk&ys[ku 95
4- f'k{kk osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/µ

(d) f'k{kkµ osQoy cqn~f/eku dks lh[k nks] ew<+ dks ugha
y?kq dFkkµ
,d taxy osQ ,d ?kus o`{k ij xkSjS;k dk ,d tksM+k jgrk FkkA mUgksaus viuk ?kksalyk ml o`{k dh ?kuh Mkyh ij cuk j[kk FkkA
os nksuksa vius ?kksalys esa cM+s lq[k ls jgrs FksA
lfnZ;ksa dk ekSle 'kq: gks x;k FkkA ,d fnu lqcg BaMh gok py jgh Fkh vkSj lkFk esa cw¡nk&ck¡nh Hkh 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA ml le;
,d canj fBBqjrk gqvk ml o`{k dh 'kk[kk ij vk cSBkA BaM dh o”kg ls mldk lkjk 'kjhj dk¡i jgk Fkk vkSj mlosQ nk¡r dVdVk
jgs FksA mls ns[kdj xkSjS;k us dgk] ¶vjs! rqe dkSu gks\ ns[kus esa rks rqEgkjk psgjk vknfe;ksa tSlk yxrk gSA rqEgkjs rks gkFk&iSj Hkh
gSaA fiQj Hkh rqe ;gk¡ cSBs gks] viuk ?kj cukdj D;ksa ugha jgrs\¸
;g lqudj canj xqLlss esa cksyk] ¶rw pwi jg vkSj viuk dke djA esjk migkl D;ksa dj jgh gS\¸
xkSjS;k us dgk] ¶vxj rqeus Hkh viuk ?kj cuk;k gksrk rks vkt bl rjg ekjs&ekjs u fiQj jgs gksrsA ns[kks] rqEgkjk iwjk 'kjhj xhyk
gks pqdk gS vkSj lkjk cnu Hkh BaM ls dk¡i jgk gSA¸ bl rjg ls xkSjS;k canj dks rkus nsrs gq, oqQN&u&oqQN dgrh jghA
xkSjS;k dh ckrksa ls canj cqjh rjg >YYkk x;kA Øks/ esa vkdj cksyk] ¶rw dkSu gksrh gS eq>s mins'k vkSj lh[k nsus okyhA rw vius
ftl ?kj dks ysdj brjk jgh gS eSa mls gh u"V dj nsrk g¡wA¸ ;g dgdj canj us cspkjh xkSjS;k osQ ?kksalys dks rksM+&iQksM+ fn;kA
blhfy, dgk x;k gS fd cqn~f/eku~ dks nh xbZ f'k{kk gh iQynk;d gksrh gS] ew[kZ dks nh gqbZ f'k{kk dk ifj.kke dbZ ckj foijhr
Hkh gks ldrk gSA (iapra=k ls)
'kh"kZdµ xkSjS;k vkSj canj
([k) f'k{kkµ fcuk fopkjs tks djs lks ikNs iNrk;A

y?kq dFkkµ
nsooekZ uked ,d czkg~e.k FkkA mlosQ ?kj ftl fnu iq=k dk tUe gqvk] mlh fnu mlosQ ?kj esa jgus okyh uoqQyh us Hkh ,d
usoys dks tUe fn;kA nsooekZ dh iRuh cgqr n;kyq LoHkko dh L=kh FkhA mlus ml uotkr usoys dks Hkh vius iq=k osQ leku gh
iky&iksldj cM+k fd;kA
og usoyk lnk mlosQ iq=k osQ lkFk [ksyrk FkkA nksuksa esa cM++k izse FkkA nsooekZ dh iRuh Hkh nksuksa osQ isze dks ns[kdj izlUUk jgrh
FkhA ¯drq] dHkh&dHkh mlosQ eu esa ;g 'kadk Hkh mBrh jgrh Fkh fd dHkh ;g usoyk mlosQ iq=k dks dkV u [kk, D;ksafd usoyk
,d i'kq gh rks FkkA
,d fnu nsooekZ dh iRuh vius iq=k dks lqykdj ikl osQ rkykc ls ikuh Hkjus xbZA tkrs le; mlus vius ifr ls dgk fd og
cPPks dk è;ku j[ksA dgha ,slk u gks fd usoyk mls dkV [kk,A iRuh osQ tkus osQ ckn nsooekZ FkksM+h nsj rd rks cPPks osQ ikl cSBk
jgk] ij FkksM+h nsj ckn fHk{kk osQ fy, ckgj fudy x;kA mlosQ tkus osQ ckn ogk¡ ,d dkyk ukx dgha ls vk x;kA usoys us mls
ns[k fy;kA mls yxk fd dgha ;g ukx mlosQ fe=k dks u Ml ys] blfy, og ml ukx ij VwV iM+k vkSj Lo;a cgqr {kr&fo{kr
gksrs gq, Hkh mlus ukx osQ VqdM+s&VqdM+s dj fn,A ukx dks ekjus osQ ckn og mlh fn'kk esa py iM+k] ft/j nsooekZ dh iRuh xbZ
FkhA mlus lkspk fd og mldh bl cgknqjh dh iz'kalk djsxh] ¯drq gqvk blosQ foijhrA
usoys osQ eq¡g ij yxs [kwu dks ns[kdj nsooekZ dh iRuh dks yxk fd bl usoys us mlosQ iq=k dks ekj fn;k gSA ;g fopkj vkrs
gh og Øks/ ls Hkj xbZ vkSj vius flj ij j[ks ?kM+s dks usoys ij isaQd fn;kA NksVk&lk usoyk ty ls Hkjs ?kM+s dh pksV ls ogha
ej x;kA czkg~e.k&iRuh tc ?kj igq¡ph rks mlus ns[kk fd mldk iq=k cM+s vkjke ls lks jgk gS vkSj mlls oqQN nwjh ij ,d dkys
ukx dk 'kjhj VqdM+s&VqdM+s gqvk iM+k gSA rc mls viuh xyrh- dk vglkl gqvkA ftl usoys us ukx ls mlosQ iq=k dh tku cpkbZ
Fkh] mlus mlh cspkjs dh tku ys yhA tc mldk ifr ?kj okil vk;k rks mlus mldks jksrs&jksrs lkjh ?kVuk crkbZA usoys dh e`R;q
ls mldk eu cgqr vkgr FkkA nsooekZ us mlls ;gh dgk fd fcuk fopkjs tks dke fd;k tkrk gS mldk ,slk gh ifj.kke gksrk
gSA vr% gj dke lksp&le>dj gh djuk pkfg,A (iapra=k ls)
'kh"kZdµ czkg~e.kh vkSj usoyk
96 fganh ^c*&10
5- 'kh"kZd vkSj f'k{kk osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/µ

(d) 'kh"kZdµ cxqyk Hkxr vkSj osQdM+k
f'k{kkµ fcuk lksps&le>s fdlh ij vk¡[k can djosQ fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A
y?kq dFkkµ
,d taxy esa ,d cgqr cM+k rkykc FkkA blesa ukuk izdkj osQ tho] i{kh] eNfy;k¡] dNq, vkSj osQoQM+s vkfn jgrs FksA ogha ,d cxqyk Hkh
jgrk Fkk] ftls ifjJe djuk fcYkoqQy vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA ges'kk ;gh mik; lksprk jgrk Fkk fd oSQls fcuk gkFk&iSj fgyk, jkst Hkkstu
fey tk;k djsA ,d fnu mls ,d mik; lw> gh x;kA og rkykc osQ fdukjs [kM+s gksdj udyh vk¡lw cgkus yxkA ,d osQdM+s us mls vk¡lw
cgkrs ns[kk rks dkj.k iwNkA cxqyk cksyk] ¶csVs] cgqr dj fy;k eNfy;ksa dk f'kdkjA vc eSa ;g iki&deZ vkSj ugha djuk pkgrkA esjh
vkRek tkx mBh gSA osQdM+k cksyk] ¶ekek] f'kdkj ugha djksxs] oqQN [kkvksxs ugha rks ¯”knk oSQls jgksxs\¸ cxqys us yach lk¡l yh vkSj cksyk]
¶oSls Hkh ge lcdks tYnh ejuk gh gSA eq>s irk pyk gS fd 'kh?kz gh ;gk¡ ckjg o"kZ dk yack lw[kk iM+sxk vkSj mlesa dksbZ ugha
cpsxkA ;g ckr eq>s ,d f=kdkyn'khZ egkRek us crkbZ gSA egkRekvksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh dHkh x- yr ugha gksrhA¸ osQdM+s us tkdj
lcdks crk;k fd oSQls cxqys us v¯glk dk ekxZ viuk fy;k gS vkSj lw[kk iM+us okyk gSA ;g lqurs gh ml rkykc osQ lkjs tho
nkSM+s&nkSM+s cxqys osQ ikl vk, vkSj cksysµ¶Hkxr ekek] vc rqEgha gesa cpko oQk dksbZ jkLrk crkvksA¸
cxqyk cksyk] ¶;gk¡ ls FkksM+h nwj ij ,d tyk'k; gS] ftlesa igkM+h >juk cgdj fxjrk gSA og dHkh ugha lw[krkA ;fn rqe lc
yksx ogk¡ pys tkvks rks cpko gks ldrk gSA¸ ¶ij ge yksx ogk¡ tk,¡xs oSQls\¸ lHkh thoksa us iwNkA rc cxqyk cksyk] ¶rqe yksx
¯prk er djksA eSa rqEgsa ,d&,d djosQ viuh ihB ij fCkBkdj ogk¡ rd ys tkÅ¡xk D;ksafd eSa rks viuk 'ks"k thou nwljksa dh
lsok esa fcrkuk pkgrk gw¡A¸ lHkh tho [kq'k gks x, vkSj cxqyk Hkxr dh t;&t;dkj djus yxsA vc cxqyk jks”k ,d tho dks
viuh ihB ij fcBkdj ys tkrk vkSj oqQN nwj ys tkdj ,d pV~Vku osQ ikl tkdj mls ekjdj [kk tkrkA /hjs&/hjs pV~Vku osQ
ikl ejs gq, thoksa dh gM~fM;ksa dk <sj c<+us yxk vkSj cxqys dh lsgr cuus yxhA og [kk&[kkdj [kwc eksVk gks x;kA cgqr fnuksa
rd ,slk gh pyrk jgkA ,d fnu osQdM+s us cxqys ls dgkµ¶ekek] rqeus brus lkjs tkuoj ml rkykc rd igq¡pk fn,] ysfdu
esjh ckjh vHkh rd ugha vkbZA¸
cxqysµ¶csVk] vkt rsjh gh ckjh gS] vk tk esjh ihB ij cSB tkA¸
osQdM+k [kq'k gksdj cxqys dh ihB ij cSB x;kA tc og pV~Vku osQ fudV igq¡pk rks Åij ls gM~fM;ksa dk <sj ns[kdj osQdM+s dk
ekFkk BudkA mls lkjh ckr le>rs nsj u yxhA og flgj mBk ijarq mlus fgEEkr ugha gkjh vkSj rqjar vius uqdhys iatksa ls nq"V
cxqys dh xnZu nck nh vkSj rc rd nck, j[kh] tc rd mlosQ izk.k u fudy x,A fiQj osQdM+k cxqys dk dVk flj ysdj
rkykc ij ykSVk vkSj lkjs thoksa dks lPPkkbZ crkbZ fd oSQls nq"V cxqyk mUgsa /ks[kk nsrk jgk FkkA
bl rjg bl y?kq dFkk ls ;gh f'k{kk feyrh gS fd fcuk lksps&le>s fdlh ij vk¡[ksa can djosQ fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A
(iapra=k ls)
([k) 'kh"kZdµ ew[kZ ckrwuh dNqvk
f'k{kkµ tks viuh okpkyrk ij fu;a=k.k ugha j[k ikrk gS] mldk ifj.kke cqjk gksrk gSA
y?kq dFkkµ
fdlh rkykc esa oaqQcqxzho uked ,d dNqvk jgrk FkkA mlh rkykc osQ fdukjs ladV vkSj fodV uked nks gal Hkh jgrs FksA bu
nksuksa ls dNq, dh xgjh nksLrh FkhA DQNqvk cgqr ckrwuh FkkA mls ckrsa djus esa cgqr e”kk vkrk FkkA og gj jks”k ikuh ls fudydj
rkykc osQ fdukjs vk tkrk Fkk vkSj nksuksa galksa osQ lkFk ckrsa djrk FkkA ,d o"kZ ml izns'k esa lw[kk iM+kA ”kjk Hkh ckfj'k ugha gqbZ]
ftlosQ dkj.k /hjs&/hjs og rkykc Hkh lw[kus yxkA galksa dks viuh ¯prk u FkhA os rks mM++dj dgha vkSj Hkh tk ldrs Fks] ij os
vius nksLr dNq, dks ysdj ¯pfrr FksA tc mUgksaus viuh ¯prk osQ ckjs esa dNq, dks crk;k rks og cksyk] ¶HkkbZ] ¯prk djus ls
D;k gksxkA rqe yksx mM+dj fdlh ,sls rkykc dh [kkst djks tks ikuh ls yckyc Hkjk gksA¸ dNq, dh ckr lqudj ladV uked
gal us dgk] ¶rkykc fey Hkh x;k rks rqe ogk¡ oSQls tkvksxs\¸ dNqvk cksyk] ¶rqe yksx eq>s fdlh ydM+h osQ VqdM+s ls yVdkdj
ys pyukA¸ dNq, dh ckr nksuksa dks Hkh mfpr yxhA
y?kq dFkk&ys[ku 97
galksa us ogk¡ ls FkksM+h nwj ij rkykc dh [kkst dj yhA mUgksaus dNq, ls dgk] ¶mM++ku osQ nkSjku rqEgsa viuk eq¡g can j[kuk gksxkA¸
dNq, us mUgsa Hkjkslk fnyk;k fd og fdlh Hkh gkyr esa viuk eq¡g ugha [kksysxkA
dNq, us ydM+h osQ VqdMs+ dks vius nk¡rksa ls dldj idM+ fy;k vkSj fiQj nksukas gal mls ysdj mM+ pysA jkLrs esa uxj osQ yksxksa
us tc ns[kk fd ,d dNqvk vkdk'k esa mM+k tk jgk gS rks os vk'p;Z ls fpYYkkus yxsA yksxksa dks fpYYkkrs gq, ns[kdj dNq,
ls jgk ugha x;kA og viuk oknk Hkwy x;kA mlus oqQN dgus osQ fy, tSls gh viuk eq¡g [kksyk fd vkdk'k ls lh/k ”kehu ij
vkdj fxjk vkSj pksV vf/d yxus osQ dkj.k mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
y?kq dFkk bl f'k{kk dks pfjrkFkZ djrh gS fd O;fDr dks viuh okpkyrk ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk pkfg,A tks ,slk ugha djrk rks mldk
cqjk gksrk gSA (iapra=k ls)
vH;kl&dk;Z
1- fn, x, laosQr&¯cnqvksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk fyf[k, vkSj mldk mfpr 'kh"kZd rFkk mlls feyus okyh f'k{kk
Hkh fyf[k,A
(d) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• fdlh xk¡o osQ eafnj eas ,d lk/q • xk¡o osQ yksxksa ls mls nku esa rjg&rjg osQ oL=k] migkj] [kkn~;&lkexzh vkSj iSls
feyuk • mudks cspdj dkiQh /u tek dj ysuk • lk/q dk fdlh ij fo'okl u gksuk • vius /u dks ,d iksVyh esa
j[kuk • iksVyh lnk vius lkFk j[kuk • mlh xk¡o esa ,d Bx dk vkuk • mldh u”kj lk/q osQ /u ij gksuk • f'k"; osQ
os'k esa Bx dk lk/q osQ ikl vkuk • f'k"; cukus dh izkFkZuk djuk • lk/q dk eku tkuk • Bx dk Hkh lk/q osQ lkFk jguk
• eafnj dh lk-iQ&l-iQkbZ vkfn lHkh dk;Z djuk • lk/q dk fo'oklik=k cu tkuk • ,d fnu lk/q osQ lkFk ikl osQ xk¡o
osQ eqf[k;k osQ ?kj ij tkuk • jkLrs esa unh ij lk/q dk Luku djus tkuk • Bx dk xBjh ysdj pair gks tkukA
([k) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• ,d fnu ,d fl;kj dk fdlh xk¡o ls xq”kjuk • xk¡o osQ ck”kkj osQ ikl yksxksa dks ns[kuk • ogk¡ nks rxM+s cdjksa dh vkil
esa yM+kbZ gksuk • lHkh yksxksa dk ”kksj&”kksj ls fpYYkkuk vkSj rkfy;k¡ ctkuk • nksuksa cdjkas dk cqjh rjg ls ygwyqgku gksuk
vkSj lM+d ij [kwu cgkuk • bruk lkjk rk”kk [kwu ns[kdj vius&vki dks u jksd ikuk • [kwu dk Lokn ysus osQ fy, cdjkssa
ij VwV iM+uk • fl;kj dks ns[kdj cdjksa osQ n~okjk viuh 'k=kqrk Hkwy tkuk • feydj fl;kj ij geyk cksy nsuk • fl;kj
dks ogha ekj nsukA
(x) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• fgeky; dh ,d oaQnjk esa ,d cfy"B 'ksj dk jguk • ,d fnu ,d HkSals dk f'kdkj dj viuh xqi- Qk esa ykSVuk • jkLrs
esa ,d efj;y&lk fl;kj dk feyuk • fl;kj n~okjk 'ksj dks naMor iz.kke djuk • 'ksj n~okjk ,slk djus dk dkj.k iwNuk
• 'ksj ls viuh 'kj.k esa ysus dh izkFkZuk djuk • 'ksj dh lsok djus dk vk'oklu nsuk • 'ksj dk mldh ckr eku ysuk •
oqQN gh fnuksa esa 'ksj n~okjk NksM+s f'kdkj dks [kk&[kkdj cgqr eksVk gks tkuk • ,d fnu 'ksj ls vius 'kfDr'kkyh gksus dk
naHk Hkjuk • gkFkh dk f'kdkj djus dh ckr dguk • 'ksj n~okjk le>kuk • ?keaM osQ dkj.k u ekuuk • igkM+ dh pksVh ls
gkfFk;ksa osQ >aqM dks ns[kuk • 'ksj dh rjg xtZuk djrs gq, ,d cM+s gkFkh osQ Åij owQn iM+uk ¯drq gkFkh osQ flj osQ Åij
fxjrs gq, mlosQ iSjksa ij tk fxjuk • gkFkh dk viuh eLrkuh pky ls pyrs gq, mlosQ flj ij iSj j[kdj c<+ tkuk •
fl;kj dk flj pdukpwj gks tkuk • izk.k i[ks: mM++ tkukA
(?k) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• taxy osQ ,d cM+s oV&o`{k dh [kksy esa cgqr ls cxqyksa dk jguk • mlh o`{k dh tM+ esa ,d lk¡i dk jguk • pqipki
cxqyksa osQ cPPkksa dks [kk tkuk • ,d cxqys dk cgqr nq[kh gksdj unh fdukjs tkdj cSBuk • vk¡[kksa osQ vk¡lw ns[kdj ,d
osQdM+s n~okjk jksus dk dkj.k iwNuk • iwjh ?kVuk crkuk vkSj mik; iwNuk • osQdM+s dk ,slk mik; crkuk] ftlls lk¡i osQ
lkFk&lkFk cxqyksa dk Hkh uk'k gks tkuk D;ksafd cxqys mlosQ tUetkr 'k=kq • usoys osQ fcy ls 'kq: djosQ lk¡i osQ fcy rd
ekal osQ VqdM+s fc[kjus dh lykg nsuk •cxqys dk ,slk gh djuk • usoys n~okjk lk¡i osQ lkFk&lkFk ml o`{k ij jgus okys
lHkh cxqyksa dks Hkh [kk tkuk • cxqys n~okjk mik; osQ ckjs esa lkspuk ij nq"ifj.kke osQ ckjs esa u lkspuk • viuh ew[kZrk dk
iQy ikukA
98 fganh ^c*&10
(Ä) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• ,d taxy esa fo'kky o`{k osQ rus osQ [kksy esa d¯itu uked rhrj dk jguk • ,d fnu vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk nwj /ku
osQ [ksr esa ubZ&ubZ dksaiysa [kkus pys tkuk • jkr dks ml o`{k dh [kksy esa ,d [kjxks'k dk vkdj jgus yxuk • oqQN fnu
ckn rhrj dk ykSVuk • [kjxks'k dks viuh txg [kkyh djus dks dguk • [kjxks'k n~okjk u fudyuk • [kjxks'k osQ n~okjk roZQ
nsuk fd ?kj esa jgus okys dk ?kj ij vf/dkj gksuk • >xM+k c<+ tkuk • rhrj dk fdlh vU; ls iSQlyk djokus dh ckr
dguk • ,d fcYYkh dk ;g lc lquuk • nksuksa dks [kk tkus osQ bjkns ls iap cuus dh ckr lkspuk • gkFk esa ekyk ysdj lw;Z
dh vksj eq[k djosQ unh osQ fdukjs oqQ'kklu fcNkdj vk¡[ksa can dj cSB tkuk vkSj /eZ dk mins'k nsuk • nksuksa dk ik[kaMh
fcYyh ls le>kSrk djkus dh ckr dguk • ftldk i{k /eZ&fo#n~/ gks mls [kk ysus dh ckr fcYYkh n~okjk dguk • nksuksa
osQ n~okjk fcYYkh dk izLrko Lohdkj dj ysuk • ikl vkdkj leL;k crkus dh ckr nksuksa ls dguk • >iV~Vk ekjdj nksuksa
dks ,d lkFk gh iatksa esa ncksp ysukA
2- fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk vkSj mlls feyus okyh f'k{kk dks fyf[k,A
(d) 'kh"kZdµ ,drk esa cy
([k) 'kh"kZdµ ykyp cqjh cyk gS
3- 'kh"kZoQ nsrs gq, ,slh y?kq dFkk,¡ fyf[k,] ftuls fuEufyf[kr f'k{kk,¡ feyrh gksaA
(d) f'k{kkµ ?kksj ladV dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh gesa lw>&cw> vkSj prqjkbZ ls dke ysuk pkfg, vkSj vkf[kjh ne rd
iz;kl djrs jguk pkfg,A
([k) f'k{kkµ HkkX; Hkh mUgha dk lkFk nsrk gS tks deZ esa fo'okl j[krs gSa tcfd HkkX; osQ Hkjksls gkFk&ij&gkFk cSBs jgus
okys dk fouk'k gksrk gSA
(x) f'k{kkµ ew[kZ fe=k dh vis{kk fon~oku 'k=kq T;knk vPNk gksrk gSA
(?k) f'k{kkµ fdlh >wB dks ckj&ckj cksyus ls og lp dh rjg yxus yxrk gSA vr% fnekx ls dke ysa vkSj vius&vki
ij fo'okl djsaA
4- fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa ,oa f'k{kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk,¡ fyf[k,A
(d) 'kh"kZdµ oqQekxZ
f'k{kkµ vius fgr osQ fy, xyr deks± dk ekxZ ugha viukuk pkfg,A
([k) 'kh"kZdµ ys Mwcrh gS vkil dh 'k=kqrk
f'k{kkµ viuksa ls cnyk ysus osQ fy, tks 'k=kq dk lkFk ysrk gS] mldk var fuf'pr gSA
5- fuEufyf[kr izLFkku fcanqvksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk,¡ fyf[k,A
(d) fdlh uxj esa ,d O;kikjh jgrk FkkA og Vksfi;k¡ cspdj viuk rFkk vius ifjokj dk xq”kkjk djrk FkkA ,d fnu og
ikl osQ uxj esa Vksih cspus fudykA xjeh dk ekSle FkkA lwjt vkx mxy jgk FkkA og yxkrkj pyrs jgus rFkk /wi
osQ dkj.k Fkd x;k FkkA mlus lkspk fd FkksM+h nsj foJke dj fy;k tk,A mlus Vksfi;ksa ls Hkjh Vksdjh ,d rjI+kQ j[k
nh vkSj FkksM+h gh nsj esa mls uhan vk xbZA ikl gh osQ ,d isM+ ij oqQN canjksa dk clsjk Fkk ----
([k) ,d /ksch FkkA mlosQ ikl ,d de”kksj&lk x/k FkkA og x/s ls cgqr dke djokrk FkkA x/k jks”k lqcg eSys diM+s
ykndj ?kkV ij ys tkrk FkkA 'kke dks /qys gq, diM+s ykndj ?kj ykrk FkkA mls [kkus osQ fy, :[kk&lw[kk gh feyrk
FkkA og jkr dks ?kweus osQ fy, fudyrk FkkA ,d jkr x/s dks xhnM+ feykA nksuksa esa fe=krk gks xbZA os nksuksa gj jkr
eDdk osQ [ksr esa tkrs vkSj nkor mM+krsA ----
❑
y?kq dFkk&ys[ku 99

Class 10th Hindi - B Writing Section CBSE

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E:\Share\Sushil\29-11-2021\EG_Hindi-10B_Term-2_(29-11-2021)\Open_Files\2-Part B (60-99) AC\Chaps (23×36×8) 60-99 (Proof-4) 60-99

\ 29-Nov-2021 Sushil Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

[kaM ^[k* µ ys[ku

fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vuqPNsn&ys[ku osQ oqQN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaµ

laosQr fcanqµ • vUunkrk dh dfBukb;k¡ • dBksj fnup;kZ • lq/kj osQ mik;A

3- LoPNrk LokLF; dh tuuh gS  (CBSE 2018)

laosQr fcanqµ • D;ksa • cnyko • gekjk mRrjnkf;Ro • LoPNrk vkanksyuA

laosQr fcanqµ • o`{k fcuk thou csdkj • mi;ksfxrk • lgk;rk • lq>koA

12- oaQI;wVj % vkt dh ”k:jr  (CBSE 2010)

17- L=kh&f'k{kk  (CBSE 2014)

laosQr fcanqµ • vko';drk • c<+rs vk¡dM+s • larku rFkk lekt ij izHkkoA

18- ns'kkVu  (CBSE 2013, 2014, 2017)

19- Je dk egRo  (CBSE 2014, 2015)

laosQr fcanqµ • rkRi;Z • liQyrk dk lksiku • Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.kA

laosQr fcanqµ • izko`Qfrd okrkoj.k • fo'kqn~/ oLrq,¡ lqyHk • euksjerk • milagkjA

laosQr fcanqµ • lnkpkj D;ksa\ oSQls • ykHkA

yy i=k osQ nks izdkj gksrs gSaµ

2. O;kolkf;d @ vkf/dkfjd i=k

i=k fy[krs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk vko';d gSµ

yy i=k dh Hkk"kk ljy o lgt gksuh pkfg,A

yy okD; NksVs o lkjxfHkZr gksus pkfg,A

yy ys[ku esa rkjrE;rk gksuh pkfg,A

yy i=k laf{kIr o vFkZiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A

yy i=k esa vuko';d foLrkj ugha gksuk pkfg,A

yy nksuksa izdkj osQ i=k i`"B dh ckb± vksj ls fy[kus pkfg,A

yy i=k esa fnukad vo'; fy[kuk pkfg,A

vkSipkfjd i=k dk izk:i

i=kksa osQ oqQN uewus bl izdkj gSaµ

fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij funsZ'kkuqlkj i=k fyf[k,µ

laLFkk @ laxBu dk uke

lwpuk&ys[ku osQ mnkgj.k

foosdkuan ifCyd LowQy

fnYyh uxj fuxe

Dohal dkWUosaV LowQy] jksfg.kh

xq#ukud ifCyd LowQy

lkxj ifCyd LowQy

xaxk baVjus'kuy LowQy

eksgu uxj iqfyl pkSdh

loksZn; dU;k fon~;ky;

Hkkjr ifCyd LowQy

Hkkjrh; dyk Hkou

xqyeksgj ifCyd LowQy

►►ernku djus gsrq tkx:drk iSnk djus osQ fy, foKkiuA

20 uoacj] ns'kfgr esa

u tkus nhft, bls yksdra= dk R;ksgkj gS

►►LohV fcLoqQV gsrq foKkiuA

lkFk esa f[kykSus eq-Ýr LohV fcLoqQV 4 iSd osQ lkFk

ty dh ty gS rks thou gS gks u ;g

►►fugkj nar eatu dk foKkiuA

,slk nar eatu tks tknw fc[ksjs! fli

pednkj nk¡r] f[kyh gqbZ eqLdku]

¶lk-iQ&l-iQkbZ vkSj LoPNrk jktuhfrd

jDrnku jDrnku oSaQi egknku

►►Lojkt isafly dk foKkiuA

lsy! lsy! lsy!

[kwclwjrh esa pkj pk¡n yxk nsA

jkf/kdk u`R; laLFkku

►►iqjkuh dkj cspus gsrq foKkiuA [CBSE 2016]

gS iqjkuh dkj ij vHkh gS nenkj! mfpr nke ij ys tk,¡A

laioZQ djsa % xyh ua- 10] eqjknuxj] xkf”k;kcknA nwjHkk"k % 682345××××

nks eafT+kyk edku fcdkÅ gS!

goknkj ,oa jks'kuh ls Hkjiwj vk/qfud

xqykc lkcqu esa brus xq.k lek,¡ rks nsj dSlh

l vPNh xq.koRrk l lcls lLrk l ?keksfj;k¡ gVk, l dhVk.kq Hkxk,

\ 29-Nov-2021 Sushil Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _____________ Date

3- LoPNrk LokLF; dh tuuh gS (CBSE 2018)

12- oaQI;wVj % vkt dh ”k:jr (CBSE 2010)

17- L=kh&f'k{kk (CBSE 2014)

18- ns'kkVu (CBSE 2013, 2014, 2017)

19- Je dk egRo (CBSE 2014, 2015)