Marissa B.

Rodrigo

REVIEWER

FIRST AID
First- preceding all others in time or order
Aid- to provide with what is useful or necessary

What is first aid?

- is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
- it includes self help or home care if medical assistance is not available or delay.

GOALS OF FIRST AID

1. Alleviate Suffering- one of the main objective is to be able to help to reduce or totally alleviate
suffering.
2. Prevent Further Injury or Danger- sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or
danger of further injury.
3. Prolong Life- first aid aim to preserve and sustain life. Also to save the victim in imminent
danger.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER

1. Gentle- first aider should not cause, inflict pain as much as possible.
2. Resourceful- makes the best use of things at hands.
3. Observant- should notice all signs. Aware of what is happening or what may happen.
4. Tactful- handling the victim with utmost care and in a clam manner.
5. Emphatic- should be comforting.
6. Respectable- maintains a professional and caring attitude.

WOUNDS
- Is a break in the continuity of tissue of the body either internal or external.

Classifications
 Closed Wound
 Open Wound

Closed Wound
- Break in the continuity of a body tissue without the skin being broken down.
Causes:
 Blunt object result in contusion or bruises.
 Application of external forces.
Sign and Symptoms:
 Pain and tenderness
 Swelling
 Discoloration
 Hematoma
First Aid Management:
  Rest the affected area. Movement may aggravate the closed wound condition.
 Ice compress. Apply ice compress to the affected area. It promotes vasoconstriction and it has an
anesthetic effect.
 Compression. Application of firm pressure. To avoid further hematoma.
 Elevate the affected area (for extremities). To promote the venous return of blood and avoid
pooling in the area.
 Splinting. For immobilizing the affected area. This help in avoiding unnecessary movement.

Open Wound
 Classifications:
~ Puncture- wound caused by sharp and pointed object penetrating the skin.
~ Abrasion- caused by rubbing/scrapping of the skin against rough surfaces.
~ Laceration- the skin is torn by sharp objects with irregular edges.
~ Avulsion- tissues are forcefully separated from the body.
~ Incision- skin and tissues are cut by a sharp bladed instrument.

Burns
- Is an injury involving skins, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels.
- Results from exposure to direct heat(fire), chemicals, electricity, solar or other forms or radiation.

Classifications:
 Thermal burns
 Chemical burns
 Electrical burns

Thermal burns:
- Caused by direct or indirect contact to flames or other hot objects, steams or liquid.

Classified into 3 according to depth and severity.

First degree burn
- Affects only the first(epidermis) of the skin.
- Very painful and skin is red.

First Aid Care for Thermal Burns

For the first and second degree of burn
Relieve Pain- by immersing burned area into clean top water/ iced water for maximum 5mins. to iced
water and 10 mins. to top water.
Cover- cover the burned area with clean cloth or dressing and make sure it will not sticking.
For the third degree of burn
Prepare for an emergency transfer
- continuously monitor for sign of dehydration and shock.
- Keep the victim by covering with blankets during the transfer.
- Extend the flexed burned extremities to avoid contractions.

Chemical Burns
- Caused by direct contact of chemical into skin.
 Car battery solutions
 Hydrochloric Acid(Muriatic)
 Bleach
 Ammonia
First Aid Care for Chemical Burns
- Immediate remove the chemical by flushing with water.
- Remove the victims contaminated clothing.
- Use mild soap for the final rinse.
- Pat dry the area using clean cloth and apply dressing into affecter area.
- If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at least 20minutes using low pressure.
- Seek medical attention immediately for chemical burns.

FAINTING: SYMPTOMS AND SOLUTIONS

1. When someone feels faint, help him to lie down with his head low and his legs rise(without
having to fight gravity) so that normal blood can flow to the brain can resume.
2. If the person feels faint and unable to lie down, he should sit with his head between the knees
and his hands between the legs.
3. Fainting caused by dehydration and/or exercise causes loss in blood pressure and loss in
electrolytes. Upon recovery and once a person is aware of his surroundings, a little water
and/or electrolyte solution can be taken gradually.
4. Because fainting is a brief loss of consciousness, after return to consciousness getting up
quickly may result in dizziness or cause a person to faint again.
5. Some symptoms to watch out are blurred or loss of vision, turning pale, sweating of feeling
sick. If you feel any of those symptoms, sit and call for an immediate help.

DIZZINESS TREATMENT
1. Treat Symptoms
 The person should sit or lie still.
 If the person gets light-headed when standing, the person should stand up slowly.
 Avoid sudden changes in position.
 If the person is thirty, have him or her her drink fluid.
 Avoid bright lights.

NOSEBLEED TREATMENT
1. Stop the bleeding
 Have the person sit up straight and lean forward slightly. Don’t let the person lie down or tilt the
head backward.
 With thumb and index finger, firmly pinch the nose just below the boned up against the face.
 Apply pressure for 5 minutes.
 If the bleeding continues after 5 minutes, repeat the process.

HEAT EXHAUSTION
o Faint or dizzy
o Excessive sweating
o Cool, pale, clammy skin
o Rapid weak pulse
o Nausea or vomiting
o Muscle cramps

HEAT STROKE
o Throbbing headache
o No sweating
o Body temperature above 103 degrees. Red, hot, dry skin.
 o Rapid strong pulse
o Nausea or vomiting
o May lose consciousness

HEAT STROKE
Step 1. Move the person into a cool place away from direct sunlight.
Step 2. Have the person lie down with feet elevated.
Step 3. Remove the person’s unnecessary or tight clothing.
Step 4. Apply dump cloth or ice packs to armpits, neck and groin.
Step 5. Give water and fan him.

HEAT EXHAUSTION
Step 1. Rest in the shade or cool place
Step 2. Drink plenty of water or electrolyte fluid.
Step 3. Loosen clothing to allow your body to cool.
Step 4. Use cool wet rags to aid cooling

BITES AND STINGS

What to do?
 Ask the victim if he or she had a reaction before.
 Wash the sting site with soap and water to prevent infection.
 Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
- Because bee venom is acidic, a paste made of baking soda and water can help.
 Seek medical attention if necessary.

FIRST AID MEASURES

For minor bites:
- Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water.
- Apply a typical antibiotic( prevent infection).
- Cover the bite with a clean bandage or gauze.

TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS

Tendons- a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscles to bones.
Ligaments- a fibrous tissue that connect bones to other bones.

STRAINS
- Affect muscles or tendons(thick branch that attach muscles to bones)
- Occur in reaction to a quick tear, twist or pull of the muscles.
- Usually result from over stretching or over contraction.
- Typical symptoms are pain, weakness, and muscles spasms.
SPRAINS
- Occurs in ligaments( thick bands of cartilage that attach bone to another).
- Occurs in response to a stretch of ligaments.
- Usually results from traumas like a fall, or an external force that displace the surrounding joint
from its normal alignment.
- Typical symptoms are bruising, swelling, instability and painful movement.

SPRAIN AND STRAINS

R-I-C-E
Rest
Ice, apply a cold pack, do not apply ice directly to skin.
Compress, use an elastic or comforting wrap, do not tight.
Elevate, above heat level to control internal bleeding.

POISON
- Any substance that is harmful to the body.
- When ingested, inhale, injected or absorbed through the skin.
- Does not include adverse reactions to medications taken correctly.

POISONING FIRST AND AND MEASURES

Conscious Victim
- Give water or milk
- Recognize the poison substance if possible
- Call doctor or poison center
- Induce vomiting
- Observe for breathing
Unconscious Victim
- Observe for cardiac and respiratory arrest
- Keep him on his side and transfer him
- Do not induce vomiting
Note: do not induce vomiting incase of:
(kerosene, petroleum and its derivatives, strong alkalies and acids)

SEIZURE FIRST AID

- Stay with the person
- Time the seizure
- Protect from injury
- Loosen tight around the neck
- DO NOT restrain the person
- DO NOT put anything in the mouth
- Roll the person on his/her side as the seizure subside
- After the seizure, talk to the person reassuringly.

“Safety is as simple as abc, always be careful”