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BODY MASS INDEX AND WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

Weight management is a struggle for many Filipinos but controlling body weight has many benefits. Filipinos, nowadays,
have adopted the Western culture of excessive intake of unhealthy, high-calorie food coupled with physical inactivity
which often results in a society called “obesogenic” (a tendency to have a fat citizenry). This transformation towards over
fatness does not occur overnight. The number of overweight and obese Filipinos has already grown, according to the
National Nutrition and Health Survey by the FNRI (Food and Nutrition Research In statute) and DOST (Department of
Science and Technology) and it will most likely contribute to the development of related diseases.

BMI is commonly used because it is very easy to measure, and it also correlates strongly with the percentage of body
fats. Excess levels of body fat contribute to several health concerns including heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and
some cancers. Typically, body fat levels are higher as BMI increases. A BMI between 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 is considered
normal, with a healthy body weight. This is because BMI within this range is associated with the lowest risk of developing
a chronic disease or dying. People classified as overweight have an increased risk of disease and death, and those who
are obese have the highest risk of developing several diseases.

Waist Circumference
People have different patterns of body fat distribution, and these patterns correspond to different risk levels for disease.
The location of body fat accumulation influences a person’s health risk. The risk is lower for those who have fat
distributed more around the hips and thighs (called gynoid obesity and commonly referred to as a pear-shaped
physique) than for those who carry fat on the trunk or abdominal area (called android obesity, commonly called an
apple-shaped physique). Because of the concern with abdominal obesity, waist circumference alone can help identify
whether you are at risk of health concerns.
Physical Activity and Exercise
Defined Physical activity refers to bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles. It requires energy expenditure and
produces progressive health benefits. Physical activity typically requires only low to moderate intensity effort. Exercise is
a type of physical activity that requires planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement to improve or maintain one
or more components of physical fitness.

Intensity of Exercise
When trying to develop the CR (cardio-respiratory) system, many people ignore intensity of exercise. For muscles to
develop, they must be overloaded to a given point. The training stimulus to the biceps muscle, for example, can be
accomplished with arm curl exercises using increasing weights. Likewise, CR is stimulated by making the heart pump
faster for a specified period.
Health and CR fitness benefits result when a person is working between 30 to 85 percent of heart rate reserve (HRR)
combined with an appropriate duration and frequency of training. Health benefits are achieved when training at a lower
exercise intensity, that is, between 30 to 60 percent of the person’s HRR. Even greater health and cardio protective
benefits, and higher and faster improvements in CR fitness (VO2max), however are achieved primarily though
vigorousintensity programs (at an intensity above 60 percent).
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ACTIVE RECREATION
Recreation may be classified into two, active and passive. Passive recreational activities are those which you spend your
leisure without exerting much of your physical prowess such as playing board and card games, listening to music,
reading, watching TV, and surfing the internet or playing computer games. Active recreational activities, on the other
hand, are those that require deliberate physical efforts which may range from light to vigorous intensities. These include
walking, jogging, taking the stairs, gardening, doing household chores, playing sports, swimming, dancing, and even
hiking or mountaineering.
Common Injuries Involved in Recreation
Sprains
A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band of connective tissues that joins the end of one bone with another.
Sprains are caused by trauma such as a fall or a blow to the body that knocks a joint out of position and, in the worst
case, ruptures the supporting ligaments.
Strains
A strain is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon - a cord of tissue connecting muscle to bone. It is an acute, non-
contact injury that results from overstretching or over-contraction. Symptoms of a strain include pain, muscle spasm and
loss of strength. On the other hand, it is hard to tell the difference between mild and moderate strains, severe strains not
treated professionally can lead to permanent damage and loss of function.
Knee Injuries
Knee injuries can result from a blow to or twist to the knee, from improper landing after a jump or from running too
hard, too much or without proper warm up. Other common sports injuries suffered by athletes are shin splints, Achilles’
tendon injuries, patella dislocation and hamstring, quadriceps, and calf injuries.
Fractures
A fracture is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, one-time injury to the bone (acute fracture) or from
repeated stress to the bone over time (stress fracture).
Dislocations
When two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the joint is dislocated. Contact sports such as
football, basketball, and lacrosse, as well as high impact sports that can result in excessive stretching or falling, cause
most dislocations. A dislocated joint is an emergency that requires medical treatments.
Cheer dance
is coined from the words, cheer, and dance. To cheer is to shout out words or phrases that may help motivate and boost
the morale of a playing team and perform better during a game. Dance, on the other hand, is a physical activity where
one expresses emotions or gestures while performing bodily movements usually in time with rhythm. Cheer dancing
rooted from cheerleading. Cheerleading is the performance of a routine, usually dominated by gymnastic skills such as
jumps, tumbling skills, lifts and tosses combined with shouting of cheers and yells to lead the crowd to cheer for a certain
team during a game or sport. It originated in the United States. Due to Filipinos’ love for dancing, they added more dance
routines to their cheers and came up with the term cheer dance wherein it is a routine composed of yells and cheers,
gymnastic skills (pyramids and tosses, stunts, tumbling skills, arm and hand positions and jumps), and dance (fusion of
different dance genres). Today, cheer dancing is identified as one of the most spectacular events in one of the biggest
collegiate sports events in the country, the UAAP (University Athletic Association of the Philippines.

MUSIC
The Phantom of the Opera
The Phantom of the Opera is a broadway musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Richard Stilgoe, with lyrics by Charles
Hart and music by Lloyd Webber. It is based on the novel The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux. The story focuses
on a beautiful singer Christine Daaé as she is seduced by a mysterious disfigured musical genius known as The Phantom
of the Opera.

II. MUSICAL PLAYS IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the Philippines, the musical play is a more recent development than Broadway and West End, relying mostly on
adaptations from novels, literary works, or biographical sketches of famous artists.
1. ANDRES BONIFACIO, ANG DAKILANG ANAK-PAWIS, THE MUSICAL
The musical play Andres Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis is a five-act work commissioned by Alfonso Puyat in 1979,
depicting the life of revolutionary hero Andres Bonifacio. It was co-produced by the Cultural Center of the Philippines
and the Andres Bonifacio Music Foundation, Inc., and was staged again at the CCP Main Theater on August 20 and 21,
1994 with Jerry Dadap as composer-conductor and the late Elmo Makil as Bonifacio.
2. ATANG - DULANG MAY MUSIKA
Atang - Dulang May Musika is a musical based on the life of the first superstar of the Philippines, Atang de la Rama.
3.Atang, The Musical
The musical play Atang, written by Floy Quintos, directed by Alexander Cortes, and with music by Von de Guzman, was
shown at the Guerrero Theater, Palma Hall in UP.
4.KATY! THE MUSICAL
The musical Katy! is about the life of bodabil (vaudeville) star Katy de la Cruz. It was initially presented by Actors Studio
East Production in 1988. The play commissioned Ryan Cayabyab for the music and Jose Javier Reyes for the lyrics. starred
Mitch Valdes in the title role.
5.FLORANTE AT LAURA, THE MUSICAL
The musical Florante at Laura was presented by Tanghalang Pilipino at the CCP Little Theater (Tanghalang Aurelio
Tolentino) from July 7 to 24, 1988. This was in celebration of the 200th birth anniversary of the author Francisco
Balagtas- Baltazar. The musical was selected as the official Philippine entry to the first ASEAN Theater Festival in August
1988.
6.DARAGANG MAGAYON
The musical play Daragang Magayon is a production for poetry and mixed media for male and female narrators, female
voice, two percussionists, two pianists, and two dancers. It was first presented at the Cultural Center of the Philippines
Loading Dock in March 1991. It was produced by the CCP Women’s Desk and the Coordinating Center for Dance to mark
Women’s Month based on a poem by Merlinda C. Bobis.
7. NOLI ME TANGERE, THE MUSICAL
The musical play Noli Me Tangere was staged at the CCP Little Theater from February 1 to 4, 1996 as a production of
tanghalang Pilipino.
8.EL FILIBUSTERISMO, THE MUSICAL
The musical play El Filibusterismo is a two-act play that was staged at the CCP Main Theater from August 8 to 10, 1997 as
a production of Tanghalang Pilipino.
9.MAGSIMULA KA, THE MUSICAL
The musical play Magsimula Ka by Gines Tan was staged at the CCP Main Theater from April 7 to 24, 1988. As the winner
of the CCP Playwriting Contest in 1983, it became one of the longest running musicals at the CCP.
OPERA IN THE PHILIPPINES
Opera is an art and music form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto)
and a musical score, usually in an elaborate theatrical setting. It incorporates many of the elements of spoken theater,
such as acting, scenery, costumes, and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house,
cultural center, theater, or auditorium. It is accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. The dialogue is
entirely sung and not spoken. Opera is part of the Western classical music form and tradition. It started in Italy at the end
of the 16th century and soon spread through the rest of Europe.
Local Theaters and Early Philippine Operas
Local theaters, including the Zorilla, Principe Alfonso, Variedades, Quiapo and Tondo Theaters, were the choice venues
for the mainly Italian operas that came to the country, such as Lucia di Lammermoor, La Boheme, La Traviata, and Aida.
Later, other opera venues were established, led by the Manila Grand Opera House and the Metropolitan Theater (Met).
The first Filipino opera is said to be to Sandugong Panaginip by Pedro Paterno, a poet, novelist, musician, and
government official. This was first presented at the Zorilla Theater on August 2, 1902. It was later translated by the
Englishman M.W. Loving with the title The Dreamed Alliance. Subsequent Filipino operas followed sporadically, such as
Lakangbini by Patricio Mariano that was staged at the Metropolitan Theater on December 19, 1933.The establishment
of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) by then First Lady Imelda Romualdez-Marcos in 1969 paved the way for
other Filipino operas to be staged at a legitimate venue of international standard.
NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Operas based on Rizal’s two novels. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were composed by National Artist Felipe
Padilla de Leon. These were presented at the CCP Main Theater in 1970 and 1975, respectively. Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo were later restaged also at CCP as musical plays with new music composed by Ryan Cayabyab and new
creative team.
I. LA LOBA NEGRA
La Loba Negra (The Black She-Wolf) is a three-act Filipino opera. Acts I and II are based on history. Act III is based on a
legend attributed to Fr. Jose Burgos. He was one of the three martyred priests, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora who were
executed in Bagumbayan (now Luneta) in 1872. The music was composed by National Artist Francisco Feliciano, with
libretto by soprano Fides Cuyugan-Asensio. La Loba Negra was presented by the Cultural Center of the Philippines in
cooperation with the Asian Institute for Liturgy and Music at the CCP Main Theater from August 16 to 25, 1984 and the
2nd season in 1985. Ms. Asensio alternated with Eleanor Calbes as Dona Luisa/La Loba.
Background of the Opera
The story of La Loba Negra takes place during the 17th century of Spanish rule in the Philippines. It revolves around the
tragic assassination of Spanish Governor-General Bustamante. It also focused on the bitter reaction and planned
vendetta (revenge) by his wife Doña Luisa (La Loba Negra) on the religious perpetrators.
II. NOLI ME TANGERE, THE OPERA
The three-act opera Noli Me Tangere was composed by National Artist Felipe Padilla de Leon, with libretto by National
Artist Guillermo Tolentino. It premiered in 1957 at the FEU Auditorium. The cast included Juanita Javier Torres as Maria
Clara, Don David as Ibarra, Fides Cuyugan-Asensio as Sisa, Milo Cristobal as Padre (Father/priest) Damaso, and Morli
Daram as the director.
III. EL FILIBUSTERISMO, THE OPERA
The opera El Filibusterismo was composed by National Artist Felipe Padilla De Leon in 1970, with libretto by Anthony
Morli. It was in three acts and written in Tagalog. The casts included Fides Cuyugan-Asensio as Paulita, Constancio
Bernardo as Simoun, and Irma Potenciano as Juli. It was staged at the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
BALLET IN THE PHILIPPINES
The medium of dance and ballet to interpret novels, folktales, and stories provides visual excitement as the characters
come alive not in spoken dialogue but in body movements. Much of the communication is relayed in pantomime. It is a
performance in which a story is told without words by using body movements and facial expressions. The lack of spoken
words or sung lyrics is more than made up for by the creative steps and arm gestures of the dancers. Their facial
expressions and body movements add more meaning to the story being revealed. The performance is further enhanced
by colorful costumes, elaborates sets, visually suggestive music, and synchronized choreography. Together, the dance or
ballet production makes for a complete drama by itself without a single word being spoken. Filipino ballets vividly
present folktales based on local fables for example, Lola Basyang as well as epics from neighboring regions, such as
India’s Ramayana. Highly communicative movements and steps dramatize the actions in the respective stories.
I. TATLONG KUWENTO NI LOLA BASYANG
Lola Basyang is a ballet adaptation of Severino Reyes’ folktales MgaKuwentoni Lola Basyang. It was meant to instill and
rekindle the interest of the Filipino youth in the beauty, richness, and heritage of Philippine literature. The typical
storytelling scene shows the grandmother (Lola Basyang, the pen name of the author) on a rocking chair with her
grandchildren listening to her fascinating tales. Two episodes of such stories were presented by Ballet Manila, with Lisa
Macuja-Elizalde as the company’s Executive Director and prima ballerina.
1. Ang Kapatid ng Tatlong Marya
-This is a fantasy story set to neo-ethnic music in a contemporary style. It is about a hero’s fantastic journey to different
kingdoms in pursuit of his bewitched sisters.
2. Ang Mahiwagang Biyulin
-This is a local version of the Pied Piper tale where the main character mesmerizes his followers through the music of his
violin. The story instills in them the moral lesson that “good triumphs over evil.”
3. Ang Prinsipe ng MgaIbon
-This is a love story where a princess falls in love with a bird. The second episode, Tatlo Pang Kuwento ni Lola Basyang,
included the following stories:
1. Ang Palasyo ng Mga Dwende
-This is a romantic adventure wherein the heroine Yani is being maltreated by her envious stepmother and stepsisters.
The cursed bird is changed back into a prince with the help of Yani. It depicts Mindanao and the ancient Pintados
through its neo-ethnic movements.
2. Labindalawang Masasayang Prinsesa
-This is a romantic fantasy of the twelve daughters of the king. The twelve daughters secretly leave their bedroom at
night to travel to an enchanted land and dance with the princes.
3. Anting-Anting
-This is a horror-comedy wherein the cowardly hero Huan tries to overcome his fears to win his love. The slapstick
comedy is enhanced by exaggerated movements as Huan is later haunted by ghosts that add to his fears for which he
looks for an anting-anting (lucky charm) to ward them off.
II. RAMA HARI
Rama Hari, translated as King Rama, is the Philippine adaptation of the Indian epic Ramayana set to music, dance, and
drama. Originally presented on February 8 to 17, 1980, the creative team consisted of Ryan Cayabyab (Music), National
Artist Alice Reyes (Choreography), National Artist Bienvenido Lumbera (Literature), and National Artist Salvador Bernal
(Theater Design), with the CCP Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Cayabyab. The major roles were performed by Basil
Valdez (Rama), Kuh Ledesma (Sita), and Leo Valdez (Ravana).
The Indian Epic Behind the Musical Production
The Ramayana is one of the two great Indian epics that talk about Indian life around 1000 BC and how dharma was
practiced. Later, it became a model of behavior for the whole Hindu population. Dharma is a type of behavior said to be
in accordance with the order that makes life and the universe possible. According to its meaning, it explains the
expectations in fulfilling duties, respecting rights, observing proper conduct, practicing virtues, and maintaining a rightful
way of living.The story revolves around Prince Rama, the eldest son of Dasaratha, King of Ayodha, who had three wives
and four sons
– Rama, Bharata, and the twins Lakshmana and Satrughna. Rama considered the incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. He
was in line to the throne after his father decided to retire. But the intercession from his stepmother prevented this
succession. She relied on the king’s promise to her that he would grant any two wishes she desired. She opted to have
Rama banished to the forest for 14 years. She wanted to have her own son and Rama’s younger stepbrother, Bharata, to
ascend the throne despite the king’s pleadings.
HEALTH
There is a high demand for workers in the healthcare industry not just locally but also, globally. Health careers are among
the most lucrative job options available all over the world, especially these days, with an aging population and medical
advances. There is a continuous demand for health professionals. A health career offers a good salary and job security.
Educational learning is widely available in the country with a path for advancement in different specialized fields of
interests. You get to work with people and more importantly make a difference in the life of others.
What is a career?
A career is an occupation or profession that requires special training. Health careers are designed to familiarize students
with the various careers in the medical profession and allied health services. Students will learn skills necessary for their
career path, which in this case is in healthcare. These include working with others, communication skills, legal and ethical
responsibil ities, cultural considerations in healthcare industry, problem solving, decision making, accepting personal
responsibility, and self- management.
Health career Planning refers to an individual’s plan to make a career choice, growing in the chosen career or making a
career shift. Career planning involves the very important step of self-assessment.
Self-assessment is necessary to understand one’s capabilities and drawbacks. The various career options should be
explored in detail to find a fit between one’s abilities and the opportunities provided by a career option. It involves
continuous learning and improvement to build and grow in the chosen career path. These are the common allied health
professionals practicing in the country with available education and professional training.
Audiologist – identifies and rehabilitates hearing impairments and related disorders. Clinical psychologist - assesses,
diagnoses, treats and helps prevent mental disorders.
Dietitian / Nutritionist - promotes good health through proper diet and treatment of diseases.
Medical Assistant- performs under the direction of a physician.
Medical Technologies- performs a variety of tasks on body fluids, from simple blood test.
Occupational therapist - uses purposeful activity and interventions to maximize the independence and health of any
client.
Paramedic - gives emergency medical treatment or assists medical professionals in emergency situations.
Radiologic Technologist/Radiographer - healthcare professionals who perform imaging procedures, such as x-ray
examinations.
Physical Therapist - examines, evaluates, and treats physical impairments through use of special exercise.
Radiation therapist - administers radiation therapy services to patients and observes patients during treatment.
Pedorthist- are foot orthotic and orthopedic footwear experts trained in the assessment of lower limb anatomy and
muscle and joint function.
Exercise physiologist- body of knowledge concerning physiologic, metabolic, and structural responses to short-term and
long- term physical activity.
HEALTH CAREER PATHWAYS
Career pathways are clusters occupations that are grouped because of shared skills. All pathways include a variety of
occupations that require different levels of education, skills, and training. Selecting a career pathway provides you with
an area of focus, along with flexibility and a variety of ideas to pursue for personal development. What are examples of
health career pathways?
1. Disease Prevention and Control -People who specialize in this career path focus on communicable and non-
communicable diseases. Their work includes immunization, screening of newborns, promotion of breastfeeding, infant
diseases prevention, adolescent healthcare, and life skills.
Sample Careers: * Community Health Work Education and Research
2. Personal Healthcare - Professionals in this field perform healthcare related tasks in a personal care level. These
include monitoring patients; administering and assisting in personal care and hygiene; performing housekeeping duties;
and advising clients on related healthcare issues like infant care, hygiene, and nutrition.
3. Maternal and Child Care -These health workers deal with complex public health issues that affect women, children,
and their families. These include providing information on reproductive health, family planning, healthcare of pregnant
women and their children, and improvement of health delivery system through advocacy, education, and research.
Sample Careers: • Midwifery Community Health Educator Outreach Specialist
4. Mental HealthCare -These medical professionals specialize in dealing with interpersonal and intrapersonal
relationships and life skills. These include cognitive and psychosocial development, promotion of healthy self-esteem
through feelings and anger management and identifying warning signs or red flags of learning disorders, such as ADHD,
anxiety, mood disorders, stress, and bullying.
Sample Careers:• Social Work Clinical Psychology Psychiatry Guidance Counselling
5. Community Healthcare -Specialists in this area focus on the maintenance, protection, and improvement of the health
of all community members.
Sample Careers: • Barangay/Community Health Work Rural Sanitary Inspection
6. Environmental Healthcare Management -These health workers try to establish the correlation between and among
the physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the surrounding environment. These include
monitoring the quality of environment and impact of human activities on ecosystems and developing strategies for
restoring ecosystems.
Sample Careers: • Air quality monitoring Soil science analysis Hazardous and solid waste management Environmental
noise control Radiological assessment
7. Drug Prevention and Control -People whose careers revolve around this area seek to reduce community and
individual problems related to alcohol and drug abuse through evidence-based programs and policy advocacy.
Sample Careers: • Drug Enforcement Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation
8. Nutrition - Specialists in this area find ways to balance individuals’ food and nutrition and their impact on patients’
health. These include meal planning, food preparation and economics.
Sample Careers: • Clinical Dietetics Food and Nutrition Management Public Health Nutrition
9. Health Education - Those who work in this field are tasked with promotion of healthcare and training of health workers
on managing change in healthcare. Their work involves assessing individual and community needs, planning,
implementing, and evaluating health programs, promoting the understanding of various health-related behaviors plus
coordinating health education services.
Sample Careers: • Education and Research Community Health Work
10. Dental Health -Dental health workers deal with various oral conditions which include chronic mouth and facial pain,
oral sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay and tooth loss, other diseases and disorders that affect the oral cavity,
and risk factors for oral diseases which include unhealthy diet, tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, and poor oral hygiene.
Sample Careers: • Dental Hygiene Dental Nursing Dental health support
11. Occupational Safety -Careers in this path are related to the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment. These include protecting workers from sickness, disease, and injury arising from possible hazards of their
employment and workplace.
Sample Careers: • Occupational Health and Safety Technician Health Inspector Industrial Hygienist
12. Emergency Medical Services - People assigned in this work specialize in out-of-hospital medical care. Their skills
include first-aid procedures, emergency medical treatment and transport of patients, rapid emergency medical response
and immediate medical attention.
Sample Careers: • Emergency Medical Aid Paramedic
MEDICAL AND ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSION
Along with medical professions, there are hundreds of allied health professions which complete the workforce in
contributing to the whole-person care of patients, support to healthcare professionals, and the efficient operation of
healthcare organizations. Medical and Allied Health Professions The medical profession is a group of individuals qualified
to practice medicine. Allied health professions, on the other hand, are lines of work that still deal with healthcare, but
are distinct from medicine. They have distinct and specialized knowledge and skills that actively work with people
accessing health and disability that are offered services across a range of settings. These professions include clinical
laboratory or medical technology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, dietetic services, medical record personnel,
radiologic services,speech language pathology and audiology, and respiratory therapy. These are the common allied
health professionals practicing in the country with available education and professional training.
1.Chiropractor- diagnosis and treats neuromuscular disorders with emphasis on treatment through manual adjustment
and/or manipulation of the spine.
2.Masasage therapist- performs the scientific manipulation of the soft tissues of the body for the purpose of normalizing
those tissue.
3. Emergency Medical Technician- also known as ambulance technician.
4.Guidance Counselor- assists students with personal, family, education, and career decisions and concerns; also helps
them develop job-finding skills and other life skills needed to prevent and deal with problems.
5. Health Educator- specializes in health education and promotes the development of health knowledge, life skills, and
positive attitudes toward the health and well-being of students.
6. Midwife - professionals with the expertise and skills in helping women maintain healthy pregnancies, assist in, or
perform childbirth delivery, and help in women’s recovery process through the postpartum period.
7. Nurse - trained to provide care for people who are sick or injured; monitors patients’ health and records symptoms,
assists physicians during examinations and treatment, and administers medications.
8. Paramedic - gives emergency medical treatment or assists medical professionals in emergency situations.
9. Audiologist – identifies and rehabilitates hearing impairments and related disorders.
10. Dietitian / Nutritionist - promotes good health through proper diet and treatment of diseases. There are also allied
medical professions whose specialized trainings is available in other countries.
1.Cardiovascular technologist - uses imaging technology to help physicians diagnose patients with cardiac (heart) and
peripheral vascular (blood vessel) ailments.
2.Clinical officer - performs general medical duties such as the diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury,
recommendation and interpretation of medical tests, performance of routine medical and surgical procedures, and
referral of patients to other practitioners.
3.Neurophysiologist- specializes in the diagnosis of conditions affecting the nervous system such as neuromuscular
diseases, epilepsy, and nerve entrapments.
4.Medicaldosimetrist- designs treatment plans for patients by means of computer and/or manual computation to
determine a treatment field technique that will deliver the prescribed radiation dose while taking into consideration the
dose-limiting structures.
5.Orthoptist- investigates, diagnoses, and treats defects of binocular vision and abnormalities related to eye movement.
6.Dental hygienist - specializes in the removal of calcaneous deposits and stains from patients’ and provides additional
services and information on prevention of oral diseases.
7.Surgical technologist - a member of the surgical team who serves as a scrub technician or as a circulator.
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
8.Music therapist - uses music within a therapeutic relationship to address a client’s needs, such as facilitating
movement and physical rehabilitation, motivating the client to cope with treatment, providing emotional support, such
as an outlet for expressing their feelings through music.
9.Diagnostic medical sonographist - uses ultrasonic imaging devices to produce diagnostic images, scans, videos, or 3D
volumes of patients’ anatomy,
10.Kinesiotherapist - develops and monitors exercise programs to help people regain muscle strength and function lost
due to injury or disease.
ARTS
Theater is the one major art form that brings together all the other art forms—from painting and sculpture to installation
art, to music, to dance, to literature, even to computer arts—in a single production. A story is acted out on stage (or
other performance area) by actors portraying the characters, bringing them to life and developing the plot through
dialogue and actions, and sometimes through song and/or dance. The Philippines has a rich and thriving theater industry
that you may be interested to venture into in the future. Productions range from original plays with Philippine themes
and settings, to renowned theater classics from past centuries to contemporary musicals from Broadway orLondon’s
West End. Below is an overview of some of the more prominent theater and performing groups in the country and their
major productions.
PETA and Tanghalang Pilipino
With the American presence in the Philippines for the first half of the 20th century, it was inevitable that many U.S. and
European theater forms and scripts found their way here. Among them were the classics, such as the plays of William
Shakespeare, as well as the works of great American playwrights. At the same time, local theater groups staged original
Philippine zarzuelas which were plays performed in song, like the European opera. In the past few decades, modern
theater groups have continued to express the distinctly Philippine interpretation of both originally written plays as well
as adaptations of foreign works translated into Filipino. At the forefront of these are the Philippine Educational Theater
Association (PETA), founded in 1967 by Cecile Guidote-Alvarez, and Tanghalang Pilipino, the resident theater company
of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, founded in 1987. The productions of these groups span the range from daring
new presentations of classical works, to the spectacle of Philippine myths and legends, to commentaries on current
social and political issues.
Meanwhile, other Philippine theater groups are also staging original and adapted plays and musical productions,
primarily in English. Best known among these are Repertory Philippines, Trumpets, and New Voice Company. More
recently, Theater Down South has been added to their roster. And championing the cause of the more classical form of
musical performances is the Philippine Opera Company.
Repertory Philippines
In 1967, theater director Zenaida Amador fulfilled her dream of bringing the best of Broadwayand London’s West End to
Filipino audiences. Together with actress Baby Barredo, Amador established Repertory Philippines, a company that not
only staged English-language plays and musicals year- round but trained actors and actresses as well. The company
continues with this vision to this day. Multi-awarded theater actress and singer, Lea Salonga, in fact, began her career as
a child leadin productions of Repertory Philippines. From there, she went on to become an international stage superstar
in the lead role of Kim in Miss Saigon—putting the Philippines on the world map in terms of theater talent. Also, among
Repertory’s many notable achievements was the 1993 staging of the international hit musical Les Miserables in Manila
with an all-Filipino cast and production team. In its 2009 season, Repertory added a Filipino classic in English to its
productions—A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, by National Artist Nick Joaquin. To date, it continues to offer a mix of
productions ranging from literary classics to contemporary satires, comedies, and musicals.
Trumpets
In the 1990s, the Philippine theater group Trumpets also began mounting grand productions of originally written
musicals with a slant towards good values for children and the whole family. Among their plays have been Joseph the
Dreamer; First Name; The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe; Little Mermaid; Honk; N.O.A.H.; and The Bluebird of
Happiness. The intention of Trumpets is to provide wholesome theater experiences for Filipino youth while also building
up the Philippine theater- going public.
New Voice Company
Also making its own distinct contribution to the Philippine theater scene is New Voice Company, established in 1994 by
Monique Wilson—also a Repertory Philippines’ protégée who went on to star on the international stage. New Voice has
earned a reputation for staging thought-provoking productions on daring and deep topics.
Philippine Opera Company The Philippine Opera Company (POC) was founded in 1999 by a group of dedicated classically
trained singers, led by soprano Karla Gutierrez as artistic directress. The POC seeks to develop performers as well as
audiences for classical music performances, both foreign and Filipino.
Theater Down South
In 2007, Theater Down South was founded, with Philippine theater mainstay Michael Williams as artistic director. The
vision of the company is to widen the reach of stage productions beyond the traditional centers within Metro Manila,
and therefore develop a broader audience base.
Most visible on stage in a theater production are the actors and actresses playing their roles. However, behind the scenes
is an entire team whose work begins months in advance of the actual performance. It is they who support the actors and
enable them to truly bring the play to life. While the members of this team may vary depending on how complex or
simple the production is, below are the basic roles that most plays require.
Producer – In a professional stage production, this is the person who takes the play from a mere concept to an actual
finished presentation. He or she chooses all the team members and assigns them their functions and oversees the
casting of the actors and actresses for the different roles. He or she also decides on major logistical matters like when
and where the play will be staged, the production schedule, and in most cases either finances all the production costs or
else sources the funds needed.
Director – The director is the overall artistic coordinator of the entire production. Like a conductor of an orchestra, he or
she has a vision of the desired total effect and impact of the performance. Throughout the play’s rehearsals, the director
instructs and guides the actors as to the delivery of their lines of dialogue; their positions and movements on stage
(called “blocking”); the thoughts or feelings they are to convey through tone of voice, facial expression, and gestures.
The director also coordinates closely with the set, lighting, sound, costume/makeup designers, and the choreographer (if
the play involves dance) to create the envisioned total effect. Playwright – For a script intended for stage performance,
the writer of the script is more specifically called a playwright. The script forms the basis of the entire production. It
contains the exact lines of dialogue that each character will memorize and deliver on stage, often with notes on tone of
voice, facial expression, and even movement or blocking. It also provides a clear description of the set, props, and
lighting to be used in each scene.
Set designer – The concept and creation of the physical stage setup is the task of the set designer. He or she builds the
set (or sets) that will simulate the world that the play’s characters are supposed to live in.
Lighting designer – Coordinating closely with the set designer is the lighting designer. Lighting is critical in creating the
mood of each scene in the play, highlighting a dramatic moment, signaling the entrance of a character, focusing attention
on a specific spot-on stage, or even providing the blanket of darkness for set and prop changes. Colored lights or filters
may be used, as well as special effects such as gradual dimming or brightening, a speckled effect like sunlight through
leaves, or flickering lights.
Costume designer – The actors and actresses must look believable in their roles, and much of this is owed to the
costume designer. He or she studies the general setting (time and place) that the play is meant to take place in, as well as
each character in the script. He or she then decides what attire will not only give the audience a clear sense of the setting
but will also express each character’s personality and distinct qualities.
Sound designer – Similar to the lighting designer, the sound designer serves a vital role in creating and enhancing the
atmosphere of the performance. Sound, in this case, includes music both on stage and as background, which the sound
designer may need to source to suit the general time and place of the play, as well as scenes. Also involved are special
sound effects like thunder, birds chirping, rushing water, gunfire, passing cars, approaching footsteps, and the like.
Production manager – Coordinating all the complex behind-the-scenes details of staging a play is the production
manager. He or she is tasked with overseeing the crews for the sets and props, the sound and music, the lighting, and the
costumes. This includes ensuring that all the needed elements, facilities, and equipment are not only available, but are in
good working order, properly catalogued and labelled, and safely stored from one rehearsal to the next, up until the time
of the performance.
Technical director – The technical director shadows the play’s director throughout the entire production process. From
the time the director presents his or her vision for the play and issues instructions at every rehearsal, the technical
director carefully notes how each actor, and every member of the stage, sound, lighting, and costume crews need to be
coordinated to bring the director’s vision to life—ensuring that every instruction is properly executed.
Choreographer – In cases where a play involves dance in certain scenes, a choreographer is included in the production
team. He or she not only plans out all the dance steps to suit the music, but also rehearses the actors until they are able
to perform the dance skillfully—while remaining “in character” on stage. Should the play happen to involve fight scenes,
the choreographer will likewise program the moves of the opposing sides so these can be executed not only believably,
but safely as well.
Makeup designer – As the costume designer deliberates on the characters’ main attire, the makeup designer is brought
in to plan the hairstyles and makeup to complement the costumes. The work of the makeup designer may be as simple
as making the actors look natural for their respective roles—based on their characters’ age and personality, and the time
and place of the story. But it may also be far more challenging, such as transforming the actors into mythical creatures,
animals, a different nationality, or futuristic beings. Thus, the makeup designer works his or her magic through the
wonders of makeup, face and body painting, and hair coloring. Other accessories may be employed, like masks, wigs and
hair extensions, headdresses, andeven prosthetics to alter certain facial features or body parts.