Physical education is an integral part of young people's education in senior cycle.

As a result of their
learning in physical education, young people can increase their enjoyment, confidence and competence
in a range of physical activities. They can learn about health-related fitness and to take responsibility for
being physically active now and in the future. Overall, they can develop positive attitudes to physical
activity and its importance in a healthy and fulfilling lifestyle.

Introduction to Physical Education and Health

Physical Education is an integral part of the educational program designed to promote the optimum development of the
individual physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, and if possible, spiritually through total body movement in the
performance of properly selected physical activities.

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE XIV

Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and
amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for
the development of a healthy and alert citizenry.

(2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with
athletic clubs and other sectors.

Introduction to PE 3 Dance

“Dance is an activity which can take many forms and fill many different needs. It can be recreation,
entertainment, education, theraphy, and religion. In its purest and most basic forms dance is art of body
movements” (Barbara Mettler, 1980)

In this module, we will examine the brief history and nature of dance, how dance came about, and where it all
began. We will also discuss the elements and characteristics of dance to better understanding the components
of dance performance. Moreover, determining the benefits of dancing and learning how to appreciate and
evaluate dance composition and performance will also be covered in this module.

Dance - refers to movement set to music where organization, structure and pattern emerge. It is a composition that
implies arrangement of parts into a form.
Dancing - is a means of expressing one’s emotions through movement disciplined by rhythm. It is an act of moving
rhythmically and expressively to an accompaniment. The word dancing came from an old German word “danson” which
means to “stretch”. Essentially, all dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing.

Every individual has rhythm. It is found in all of aspects of nature and is natural to every individual. Rhythm is most
clearly seen through dance- the art of movement
What is rhythm?

Is the regular recurrence of accented and unaccented beats.

Rhythm is a term which denotes an aspect of a quality of movement that is sometimes thought of as dance. When an
individual move in response to a particular rhythm or music, we call the movements as rhythmic movements or rhythms.
Structured forms which start creative rhythmic movements are called rhythms.

Rhythmic activities - are the physical manifestations of the mental and emotional response of the individual to rhythm.
They are activities which a child responds to physically, socially, and mentally to regular patterns of sound.
       They are also a source of enjoyment for people of all ages. Through these activities, skills and the sense of rhythm
are acquired and developed; feelings are expressed, basic principles of time, space and force can be experienced.

Rhythmic fundamentals
            In the field of dance, there are certain fundamental knowledge and rhythmic skills considered important for
proficiency and efficiency in bodily movements.

 Elements of Rhythm:

1. Beat—the underlying pulse of a rhythm.

2. Tempo—rate of speed of a movement.
3. Intensity—variation of stress of movement.
4. Pitch—lowness or highness of a tone.
5. Duration - is the length of time a note lasts for.
6. Dynamics - express how loud or quiet the music should be played.
7. Timbre - is the characteristic or quality of a sound (not counting pitch and loudness) which make it unique.
8. Accent—emphasis on certain beats.
9. Meter—the regular recurrence of beats which divides a musical design into measure.
10. Phrase—measures grouped together.
11. Bar—in music a vertical line across a staff dividing it into equal measures of time.
12. Count—a pulse beat, a time limit.
13. Note—a printed symbol of a musical tone.
14. Measure—a group of pulse beats.
15. Note pattern—refers to a note or set of notes with or without rest used for a certain dance step.
16. Step pattern—refers to the movement or movements done for each of the dance steps.

Elements of movement Space:

Direction—is the line of movement taken which maybe forward, backward, sideward, diagonal, upward, or a
combination of those mentioned.

Level—is the movement through space that may be done at a high, low, or medium level.
Range—refers to the area covered as the body moves. It may be small as when the movement is done in one’s place; or
large when movement covers a wide area as when getting away from one’s place.

Floor Pattern—the path or design that is made while moving in space is what is termed as floor pattern. It may take a
form of a circle, square, straight line or zigzag.

FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITIONS (Performance Task #1)

There are five fundamental or basic positions in dance that are commonly termed as 1st position, 2nd position,
3rd position, 4th position, and 5th position of the feet and arms.

1st position

2nd position
3rd position

4th position
5th position

The Basic Natural Movements: (Performance Task #2)

Locomotor movements

Are those that move the body in space in any direction with the feet as the moving base.

Examples: walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, leaping, galloping and sliding

Non-locomotor

Are those in which various parts of the body move in space with a fixed base. The base may be standing, kneeling, sitting
or lying.

Non-locomotor movements:

• Flexing
• Extending
• Twisting
• Turning
• Rotating
• Shaking
• Wiggling
• Pulling
• Pushing

PHASES OF THE DANCE PROGRAM

Creative Rhythms

Are sometimes called fundamental rhythms or natural dances. A creative rhythm is an end product of exploration and
improvisation of movements as children learn to move the parts of their body and to use them as instruments of
expression.

Folk/ Ethnic dance

Is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generations? It communicates the customs, beliefs, rituals, and
occupations of the people of a region or country. Folk dancing belongs to the people. It emanates from them. Ethnic
tribes have their specific tribal art forms originated and danced by the people of the tribe.

Examples of folk dances are the rural and country dances, jotas, mazurkas, pandanggos, among others with foreign
influence.

Examples of ethnic dances are the dances of the mountain peoples of the Cordilleras, dances of the ethnic groups in
the Cagayan Valley Region and the ethnic dances in the Mindanao Regions.

Social and Ballroom Dance

The setting of the social and ballroom dance is a social gathering with the more formal atmosphere than the simple and
informal parties in which the recreational dances are the usual forms. Social and ballroom dancing are generally held in
the evenings. The participants are usually in formal attire.

Recreational Dance

Includes dance mixers, square dance round and couple dances. Many of these dances have simple patterns and
combinations of walking steps, polka step and the waltz step. The setting is usually informal gatherings and parties,
reunions etc.

Creative Dance

Is the highest form of dance. It is the end-product of exploration and improvisation of movements as the dancer or the
choreographer expresses his feelings or emotions, ideas, and interpretations. This is a dance with a definite form, a
beginning and an ending. The principles of art form are all observed in the composition of the dance.

Examples of creative dance are ballet, jazz, and modern or contemporary dance.

Benefits of Dance

1. INCREASED PHYSICAL STRENGTH

Dancing is one of the few activities that offers a full body workout. Dancing allows you to work your legs, core,
and arms all at the same time. Dancing provides a high-intensity, low-impact workout without the monotony of
counting reps or doing sets.
2. INCREASED FLEXIBILITY
Dance enables you to move your body in ways that may not be typical in your day to day life. This allows you to
build your range of motion and give your muscles a good stretch
3. IMPROVED HEART AND LUNG HEALTH
 Dance also improves your heart health and lung capacity. Your heart rate and breathing rate both increase
while dancing. There are many long-term health benefits to getting an extra cardiovascular workout.
4. STRONGER BONES AND REDUCED RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS
Dancing is one of the best ways you can prevent and even treat osteoporosis. Weight bearing exercises, or
forms of exercise that force your body to fight against gravity, have been shown to be effective ways of
strengthening your bones. The increase in strength and balance can also help to prevent falls and broken bones.
5. IMPROVED MEMORY
Dancers also get a mental workout. Remembering dance steps and patterns gives dancers a memory boost.
Focusing on different parts of the body simultaneously also gives dancers a mental challenge. This mental
workout helps the mind to stay sharp.
6. INCREASED CONFIDENCE
One of the biggest benefits of dance is increased confidence. Learning and mastering a new skill, in general, is
great for your confidence. It can give you a sense of accomplishment and pride. Dance also has the added
bonus of learning to move your body in beautiful new ways.
7. REDUCED STRESS
Dancing can be a great stress reliever. It reduces the levels of cortisol, also known as the stress hormone, in
your body while giving you an endorphin boost. Many people leave dance class feeling almost elated. Attending
an evening dance class can be a great creative outlet and leave you feeling refreshed and ready for work the
next day.
8. SOCIAL CONNECTION
Another wonderful benefit of dance is an increased social connection. Both solo and partner dance can be a
great way to meet new people. It can establish connections if you just moved or relocated. Even if you’ve lived
in the same place a while, dance can be a great way to meet people outside of your social circle.

WEEK 2
Online Discussion

Folk Dance

Folk dances are traditional dances of a country which evolved naturally and spontaneously in connection with everyday
activities and experiences of the people who developed them. Folk dancing is the heartbeat of the people.

Types of Folk dance:

1. National – traditional dances of a given country.

2. Regional – local dances of a group of people.
3. Character – created by individual or group.

OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCES

Below are the primary aims of teaching folk dances in schools:
1. to foster patriotism and nationalism through the study of our dance.
2. to arouse better appreciation of Philippine music and folk dances.
3. to provide through dancing, a healthful form of relaxation and recreation.
4. to develop a graceful and rhythmic coordination of body movements that will improve posture.
5. to preserve for posterity, folk dances and music indigenous to the different regions of the Philippines.
 6. to demonstrate the growth of Filipino culture through the evolution of Philippine dances.

Characteristics of Philippine Folk dances:

1. In general, dancers stand apart.

2. There is little, if any, bodily contact.
3. Most of the dances are done by pairs or couples.
4. Hand movements play an important part.
5. Most dances are in long formation.
6. Most dances begin and end with “saludo.”
7. Dances from the lowlands have more foreign elements than those found in the uplands.
8. War dances are found among non-Christian tribes.

Classification of Philippine Dances

A. Geographical extent of origin

National dances- are found throughout the islands with little or no modification.
Examples: Rigodon, Carinosa, Jota, Balitaw, Pandanggo

Local dances- are found in a certain locality.

Examples: Tinikling-Leyte, Maglalatik-Binyang, Esperanza-Nabua, Subli-Batangas, Biniganbigat-Abra

B. Nature
1. Occupational-depicting action of certain occupation, industry, or human labor.
Examples: Planting, Harvesting, Pounding, Winnowing, Pabirik, Mananguete, etc.

2. Religious or Ceremonial – performed in connection with religious vows and ceremonies.

Examples: Dugsu, Sua – sua, Putong, Sta. Clarang Pinong-pino, etc.

3. Comic dances – depicting funny movements for entertainment.

Examples: Kimbo – kimbo Makonggo, Kinoton

4. Game dances – with play elements (dance mixers)

Examples: Lubi – lubi, Pavo

5. Wedding dances – performed during wedding feast.

Panasahan, etc.

6. Courtship dances – depicting love making.

Examples: Hele – hele, Bago Quiere, Maramion, Tadek, Daling – daling

7. Festival dances – suitable for special occasion or any social gathering.

Examples: Pandanggo, Habanera, Jota, Surtido.

8. War dances: showing imaginary combat or duel.

Examples: Sagayan, Palu-palo, etc.

C. Movements
1. Active – with fast energetic movements.
Examples: Tinikling, Maglalatik
Sakuting, Polkabal, etc.
2. Moderate – with average speed of movements
 Examples: Cariñosa, Tagala
Habanera, Purpuri, etc.
3. Slow –with slow and gentle movements
Examples: Pasakat, Amorosa
Tiliday, Kundiman, etc.
4. Slow and Fast – with gentle and energetic movements
Examples: Putritos, Ba-Ingles
Habanera Botoleña
Alcamfor, etc.
D. Formation
1. Square or Quadrille
Examples: Rigodon, Los Bailes de Ayer, etc.
2. Long formation (two or more parallel lines)
Examples: Lulay, Sakuting
3. Set – consisting of two or more pairs as a unit, partners facing each other or standing side by side.
Examples: Binadyong, Haplik, Kakawati, etc.

Common Basic Dance Steps (Performance Task #3)

1. Brush – Weight on one foot, hit the floor with the ball or heel of the other foot and lift that foot from the floor
to any direction.
2. Cut – To quickly displace one foot with the other.
3. Hop – A spring from one-foot landing on the same foot in place or in any direction.
4. Jump – A spring on one foot or both feet landing on both feet in any direction.
5. Kumintang – moving the hand from the wrist either in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
6. Leap – A spring from one-foot landing on the other foot in any direction.
7. Pivot – To turn with the ball, heel or whole foot on a fixed place or point.
8. Point – Touch the floor lightly with the toes of one foot, weight of the body on the other foot.
9. Masiwak – To turn the hand from the wrist half-way clockwise then raise and lower wrist once or twice. This is
an Ibanag term.
10. Patay – To bend the head downward and to support the forehead with the R forearm or with the crook of the R
elbow while the left hand supports lightly the palm of the right hand. This is usually done with the left foot
pointing in rear and knees slightly bent. This is an Ilocano term and the movement is commonly found in Ilocano
dances.
11. Salok – To swing the arm downward-upward passing in front of the body as if scooping, the trunk is bent
following the movement of the arm doing the salok. This is a Tagalog term.
12. Saludo – Partners bow to each other, to the audience, opposite dancers, or to the neighbors with feet together.
This is of Spanish origin and is used in almost all Philippine dances.
13. Sarok – Cross the R foot in front of the L, bend the body slightly forward and cross the hands down in front of
the R hand over the L. This is a Visayan term.
14. Slide – To glide foot smoothly along the floor. The movement may be finished
15. with or without transfer of weight.
16. Stamp – To bring the foot forcibly and noisily on the floor with or without transfer of weight.
17. Tap – To rap slightly with the ball or toe of the free foot, flexing the ankle joint keeping weight of the body on
the other foot. There is no change or transfer of weight.
18. Whirl – To make fast turns by executing small steps in place to right or left.

WEEK 3
Basic Dance Steps (Performance Task #4)
The Table below show the different kinds of dance steps according to time signature it composes of dance steps, step
pattern, and counting’s.
2/4 Time Dance Steps
Dance Steps Step Pattern Counting
Bleking step heel-place, close 1,2
Touch step point, close 1,2
Close step step, close 1,2
Hop step step, hop 1,2
Cross step step, cross or cross, step 1,2
Change step step, close, step 1 and 2
jump (one ft. in front and the other in 1,2
Changing step rear) there are two Changing steps in
a measure

Contraganza step leap, cross-step, step 1 and 2

Habanera step step, close, step 1,2 and
heel-place, toe-point, step, close, step 1,2/1and 2
Heel and toe Change step

with both feet flat on floor, take tiny 1 and 2 and

Shuffling step Slide steps

WEEK 4
MIDTERM PRACTICAL EXAM
Online Discussion

Continuation of the Topic: Folk Dance

TIKLOS

A Peasant dance is from Leyte. Having made a previous arrangement, farmers or workers get together to work on a
project. While resting at noon, before or after lunch, they play tiklos music and dance. There are only four figures in the
dance so it may be repeated with a slight change in formation. Patadiong for women and barong tagalog with white
pants for men is the usual attire.

Figure I
A. Dancers take 2 heel and toe change step forward……………………………… 4 M
B. 2 change steps sideward right and left…………………………….………….………..2 M
C. 3 steps and a close moving backward…………………………………..……………...2 M
D. Repeat all………………………………………………………………………………..…………….8 M
Figure II
A. 4 cut steps backward and forward………………………………………………2 M
B. 3 gallops and a step sideward right……………………………………………..2 M
C. 4 cut steps backward and forward………………………………………………2 M
D. 3 gallops and a step sideward left………………………………………………2 M
E. Repeat all……………………………………………………………………………………..8 M

Figure III
A. 1 change step sideward right and 2 hops on right………………………………2 M
B. Repeat change step left and hops………………………………………………….…….2 M
C. 3 steps turn right and point close with left foot…………………………………...2 M
D. Repeat 3 steps turn left and point close with right foot………………………..2 M
E. Repeat all………………………………………………………………………………….……….8 M

Figure IV
A. 2 touch steps with right and left foot……………………………………..…...........2 M
B. 4 changing steps turning to face right about ……………………………...........2 M
C. Repeat touch steps with the left and right foot……………………….………....2 M
D. 4 changing steps turning left about to face front……………………………….2 M
E. Repeat all………………………………………………………………………………….…….8 M

For more info about the dance steps of tiklos you may watch the video with the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKyDtqVaj4Q

WEEK 5-6

Dance Competitions
Understanding the nature of specific dance and mastering several of its techniques are just the first few steps in
learning the dance as a whole. Bringing it to a different level such as a dance competition, challenges the dancer to a
certain extent and further enhance experience.

Dance Competitions are where dancers show off and compare their skills with other dancers. Depending on what is
required of the dancers, competition is the main focus. Several dance genres such as cheer dance, ballroom, street
dance, and hip-hop dance, are done not just for entertainment but for also competition.

“You earn your trophies at practice. You pick them up at competitions.”

Cheer Dance

Introduction to Cheer dancing

Cheerleading nowadays is considered to be a competitive sport which is “based on an organized routine which contains
the basic elements of dance, tosses, jumps, tumbling, passes, and stunts”. Before this well-known definition of
cheerleading as a sport, cheerleading originated as a venue for promoting school spirit. This sport originally emerged in
the United States before spreading into various parts of the globe.

History
Cheerleading traces its roots from the late 19 th century, specifically in November 2, 1898, when Johnny Campbell, an
undergraduate in University of Minnesota, encouraged the crowd to chant and yell to encourage their team. His
famous "Rah, Rah, Rah! Ski-u-mah, Hoo-Rah! Hoo-Rah! Varsity! Varsity! Varsity, Minn-e-So-Tah!” made him the very first
cheerleader or “yell-leader”. Soon after, yell-leader squad of six male students was organized, a practice that gained
currency at numerous other universities in America.

Great traditions in the art of cheerleading have developed over the years.

In the 1920s, drums and noisemakers were used by the yell leaders. Moreover, for the first few decades of its history,
cheerleading was an all-male activity, but by this time, women also became active.

In the 1930s, universities and high schools began performing pom-pom routines and using paper poms.

In the early 1940's, when men went to war, women not only went to work, but also on to cheerleading squads.
Cheerleading then became more as a female sport. Women were revitalizing the spirit when it was needed. When the
men returned from war, new twists and turns were added. Gymnastics were always done by men, while the girls
danced. This gave rise to dance teams. 

In 1948, Laurence "Hurkie" Hurkimer (founder of the spirit industry) formed the National Cheerleaders Association (NCA)
as a way to hold cheerleading clinics) He organized the first cheerleader camp, held in Huntsville, TX, which drew 52 girls
and one boy.

In the 1950s, as collegiate sports grew in popularity,

In the 1960s, the cheerleaders began using pom poms, as its most widely recognized prop at present. Though early
crepe pom poms were first introduced in the 1930s, it was in 1965 where the modern vinyl pom was invented by Fred
Gastoff.

In 1976, the Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders performed at Super Bowl X and started an evolution of "dancing cheerleaders."
In the 1980s, cheerleading competitions, organized by the National Cheerleaders Association and other groups, started
to grow in popularity.

At present, the sport has spread from the U.S. to many other countries, making its way to our country, the Philippines.

Cheerleading in the Philippines

Cheerleading in the Philippines officially emerged in 1993 when the Cheerleading Philippines Federation (CPF) was
officially founded. “is the national confederation of Cheerleading organizations.

Cheerleading in the Philippines has three major competitions. These three competitions are the  University Athletic
Association of the Philippines (UAAP) Cheer dance Competition, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Cheerleading Competition and the National Cheerleading Championships (NCC).

The UAAP Cheer Dance Competition, founded in 1994, is an annual one-day event of the University Athletic Association
of the Philippines

The NCAA Cheerleading Competition, previously known as NCAA Cheer dance Competition is an annual one-day event of
the National Collegiate Athletic Association for cheerleading, which was recently founded in 2004.
The National Cheerleading Championship (NCC) was recently founded in 2006. The competition first started small, with
10 teams and divisions: high school and college. By 2008, 29 teams participated in the NCC, which featured squads from
around the country: thus, making NCC the first and only true National Cheerleading Organization in the Philippines. Just
like the NCAA, the NCC uses the official scoring criteria used in international cheerleading.

What are the elements of a Cheer Dance Routine?

Arm Position: Flying V, Low V, etc.
Hand Position
Bucket
Candlestick
Blade
Clap
Clasp

Arm Position
Flying V
Low V
T motion
Half T
Touchdown
Low Touchdown
Bow and Arrow (Left and Right)
Muscle Man
Overhead Clasp
Dagger
Punch (Left and Right)
L Motion (Left and Right)
Diagonal (Left and Right)
K Motion (Left and Right)
Checkmark (Left and Right)

Kick
Front Kick (Left and Right)
Side Kick (Left and Right)
Fan Kick (Left and Right)

Body Position
Beginning Stance
Cheer Stance
Side Lunge (Left and Right)
Squat
Kneel

Jumps
Tuck
Spread Eagle / Star
Toe Touch

Tumbling
Forward Roll
 WEEK 7-9
Week 7 / Day 7 – To Perform missed performance task in the previous week
Pre-Practice/Presentation
1. Preparing the things and materials need for the miss Performance Task
During-Practice/Presentation
1. The students who have miss some of the performance task will have a chance to present in synchronous class
structure but those students who finish all the performance task will practice for their Final Practical Exam in an
asynchronous class structure.
Post-Practice/Presentation
1. Listen to the teacher’s evaluation.

Week 8 / Day 8 – To Practice and Prepared for their Final Practical Exam
Pre-Practice:

1. Prepare all equipment needed: webcam, speaker, etc.)

During Practice:

1. Watch other group’s practice and list down points for evaluation and give some advice for their performance
2. Asking them what are the difficulties they may encounter and asking them ideas also for the upcoming Final
Practical Performance Task

Post-Practice:

1. Listen to the teacher’s evaluation.

Week 9 / Day 9 – To Perform Final Practical Exam

Pre-online streaming:

1. Prepare all equipment needed: webcam, speaker, etc.)

During Online Streaming:

1. Watch other group’s performance and list down points for evaluation.

Post-online Streaming:

Listen to the teacher’s evaluation.

PERFORMANCE TASK
Performance Task for 1st semester
Fundamental Dance Position (Performance Task #1)
Creating own Locomotor and Non-Locomotor Dance (Performance Task #2)
Common Basic Dance Steps Performance (Performance Task #3)
Basic Dance Steps (Performance Task #4)
Tiklos (Midterm Practical Exam)

Executing Elements of Cheer dance Hand Position, Arm Position, and Kick Position
(Performance Task #1)
Executing Elements of Cheer dance Body Position, Jumps, and Note if Possible, Tumbling
(Performance Task #2)
Cheer dance Chant (Performance Task #3)
Final term Practical Exam Cheer Dance Routine using the elements of cheer dance with
chant