Q.1) Causes of American Colonization OR War of Independence?

1. Introduction

Exploration of America

-Christopher Columbus
-His Visits to to America
-Natives American (their groups)

2. Causes of Colonization
Improvement in Technology
Renaissance in Europe
Religious Conflicts in Europe
Expanding trade
Search for New Routes
Pressure of population
Trade and Agriculture
Desire for wealth
Imperial Race
Royal Proclamation

4. Conclusion

Q2. War of Independence

1. Introduction
2. Role of Spain and France
3. Role of Blacks
4. School of Thoughts

5. Mercantilism (If Required in details)

I. Navigation Act of 1651
II. Enumerated Act of 1660
III. Staple Act of 1663
IV. Duty Act of 1673
V. Enforcement Act of 1696
VI. Molasses Act 1733
VII. The Sugar Act of 1764
VIII. The Currency Act of 1764
IX. The Quartering Act of 1765
X. The Stamp Act of 1765

6. Other Causes of War of Independence

I. Letters of Samuel Adams
II. French Indian War
III. Royal Proclamation of 1763
IV. The Coercive Act/ Intolerable Act
V. Self-Government
VI. Great Awakening
VII. Boston Tea Party
VIII. British Action on Massachusetts
IX. 1st Continental Conference
X. 2nd Continental Conference
XI. Declaration of Independence
XII. Common Sense by Thomas Paine
XIII. Sons of Liberty
XIV. Boston Massacre
8. Conclusion

Q.3. Discuss the factors that led to the war of American Independence. Also analyse the reasons for the
growing popularity of Independence. (20).

Introduction:
American war of independence was a unique chapter in this history. It infused ray of hope and united
diversified ethnicities. The major actors in the war were the former 13 British colonies and the british.
According to historians, it was a unique example of a struggle between the weak and the powerful.

Nature of the war of independence:

In the beginning, there was no armed conflict. The nature of the war was much different from a revolution.
The british colonies began to reject british policies and their products.this was a reaction to the
discriminatory policies introduced by the british government. Those who waged the war were called as wigs,
rebels, revolutionists, or patriots whereas the colonists who remained loyal to the british were loyalists or
tories.

Role of france and spain

France and spain played an important but secretive role in the war of independence.france particularly helped
the Americans in rising against their british masters. The American colonists lacked an organized militia. It
was the French, which infiltered the idea of revolution and even trained the colonists in military techniques.

Role of blacks
Blacks were slaves of the british masters. They were treated in a inhuman manner. George Washington
offered blacks that if they helped America against the british masters, they would be set free. Only five
thousand blacks accepted the offer while 25 to 30 thousand blacks remained loyal to their british masters.

War of independence
Pre mature stage (1600-1775)
Mature stage (1775-1783)

Factors leading to the war of independence

a) Mercantilism:
Mercantilism was an economic theory of 15th century. It was an economic school of thought which believed
that “colonies existed only for the benefit of mother country they should add to its wealth and self
sufficiency”.
The theory remained in prevalence throughout the 16th century in the western Europe. It was a major cause
of the many wars between the british and their colonies.

Several intolerable acts introduced under mercantilism include

a)navigation act (1651)
b) enumerated act (1660)
c) duty act(1663)
d) enforcement act (1693)
e)molasses act
f) sugar act

b)intolerable acts

a major reason for the war of independence was the introduction of intolerable policies by the british. in the
first step, rules were introduced to suppress the colonists and heavy taxes were imposed. But in the second
step, even harsher taxes were imposed as a part of a discrimination policy.

c)Albany congress : in 1754, Albany congress was set up. Benjamin franklin theorized that the british
colonies should be united under a grand council and a single policy should be introduced in matters relating
to Indian affairs, defence and expansion.

d) the great awakening: between 1730 to 1740,the era is called the great awakening in the American
history. This was a religious movement. Protestant group used the benefit of religious differences and spread
the message of revolution.

e) boston massacre: in 1770, some colonists provoked an altercation with british soldiers. This led to a ding
dong battle. A large group gathered. Infuriated, the soldiers opened fire killng three colonists. This created an
ill feeling and mistrust between the british and the colonies.

f) boston tea party: in 1773, east india company was overburdened with 17 million of unused tea. They
sought the help of british government. If the company, british government would lose heavily. So they
revised 1st duty tax on import of tea to England and only 3rd duty tax revision for tea to the colonies.

g) first continental congress:

the killing of colonists in massachustets by the british masters had created animosity amongst the colonists.
As a result, first continental congress was convened in Philadelphia in 1774. Although it was expected that
all the 13 colonies would participate, in effect only 8 or 9 colonies attended the congress. Virginia was
missing.

h) second continental congress: the news of the killing of colonists spread like wild fire. As a result second
continental congress was convened in 1775.they would look into the possibility of

• Reviewing charges levied by the british

• Prepare for war.

i) declaration of independence: in 1775, declaration of independence was passed. Earlier the same year, a
resolution had been passed by the john adams which made the declaration inevitable. thomas Jefferson
drafted the declaration. whereby it was stated that the former british colonies which were at war with the
british considered themselves to be independent.

j) common sense: it was a revolutionary pamphlet written by Thomas paine. He was inspired by the
teachings of locke and considered liberty to the right of people.

k) sons of liberty: it was an organization which worked for the freedom of the Americans. They loathed
stamp act and stormed the roads shouting liberty and no stamp.

l) treaty of paris: treaty of paris was concluded between the british colonies and the british masters whereby
independence of America was recognized. It was postulated in the treaty

• independence of American colonies was recognized

• the boundaries of the country were vaguely designed
• both America and british were to have perpetual access to mississipi river.

Critical analysis: in many ways, france was at the losng end. They had hoped of getting a client state in
America and also aspired of getting lands in india, instead they had to be content with Tobago, Senegal,
Pondicherry. Americans also concluded a treaty with the spain and kept Gibraltar themselves and the rest
was given to spain. France had spent huge sums of money on the war which left their treasury drained and
contributed to the crises of 1789.

Q.4 Some American historians insist that the American Revolution was a social upheaval as well as a
political revolt. Discuss the social and economic results of the Revolutionary Years. (20).

The war left an indelible mark on every section of the society. Although it was not a revolution like the
French or the Russian in which the labour class overthrew the ruling class, it brought a paradigm shift in the
American society.nothing remained untouched from voting, to civil rights including slavery, political laws.

political impact of the war:

Impassioned by the spirit of republicanism during the revolutionary years, the Americans set themselves to
the task of materialing the goals. The consequence was the presence of 13 laboratories at diverse places in
U.S aimed at establishing a republicanism. Articles of confederation was the consequence of intensive
deliberations

many states had conferred bill of rights for the citizens. Deliberate attempts were made at curtailing the
power of the governors from preventing any individual from becoming a autocrat or a monarch.
Representatives to judiciary were also selected after regular time period to ensure accountability.
Although a disproportionate number of seats in the congress still belonged to the influential class, there was
an overall decline in the monopoly. States shifted their capitals from economic hubs to smaller towns such as
the shifting of capital of new york city.
Before the establishment of first federalist government in 1789, colonies remained under the control of the
congress and article of confederation served as the consitituition. The article of confederation reduced the
power of the centre and gave more authority to the states.

Social impact

a) Laws: before the war of independence, colonies operated under the british rule. However, after gaining
independence, they were no longer under any obligation to follow the british rules. Among the british, law of
inheritance was goverened by primogeniture i.e the elder son inherits all. This led to accumulation of wealth
in a few hands. Americans detested the system and within 15 years of independence not a single book existed
which contained this law of inheritance.

b) Slavery: the instituition of slavery was very old in united states. The independence of Americans from the
british did not free the slaves altogether. but it laid the foundation of their freedom. As promised, the 5
million blacks that had supported Americans in the war were set free. Northern states abhorred the system
and so the institution ended in the northeren states. It however persisted for a century longer in the southern
states. the first anti slavery congress was set up in 1775, the same year war of independence began. Soon, it
had established 13 clubs in different parts of the country. This was the world’s first antislavery association.

c) Other civil rights:

The war of independence had both short and long term changes. It did not confer all the civil rights
immediately. But, it laid the foundation for future demands of women rights, blacks rights etc.

d) Religious effects:
With the end of the british rule in America, the catholic church which operated under the british monarch
could no longer exist. Thomas Jefferson, the third u.s president also took steps for religious liberty which
further diminished the effect of church on the society

Q.4. Discuss the struggle between the Federalists and anti-Federalists in America (1787-1800). What were
their respective political and economic ideas? (20)

Introduction:

After U.S gained independence, attempts were made to realize republican ambitions. the first representative
government was formed in 1789. Between 1789 to 1789, the country was governed by a congress made up of
6 governors. It was at this time, that differences emerged in the country over political ideology. This gave
rise to two strong groups, federalists and anti-federalists.
federalists: george washington, john jay
antifederalists: thomas jefferson, thomas lee
the striking differences between the two groups were:

Form of government:
Federalists believed that power should be in the hands of those who had been used it earlier. They felt,
common man was not capable of running the government and so he should not e allowed to govern.
Antifederalists, on the other hand believed that common man should also be given the right to govern and
that they had all the capabilities needed to run a government.

Economic differences:
Federalists held a view that wealth should remain in the hands of the aristocrats and land should be
controlled by the government. They were not willing for equitable distribution of wealth. They also wanted
protocol for the elite. They also felt that there should be federal reserve bank and money should remain in the
centre.

Antifederalists differed from federalists and earnestly desired equal distribution of wealth. they felt that
security and protocol should also be given equally to all, elite and common man alike. they held the view
that state should have more financial powers.

Political ideology:

Perhaps, the most striking difference between federalists and anti federalists was the concept of federation
and federating units. Federalists wanted a strong centre and relatively weak states. But antifederalists
propounded contrary views i.e strong federating units and a weak centre. They felt that a strong federation
would be similar to the former British domination.

Congress
federalists felt that the representation in congress should be in accordance to the population of a state. But
anti federalists wanted equality. They wanted that the all the states should have equal representation in
congress.

Bill of rights: bill of rights was the first amendment to the u.s constitution. Basically, it consisted of 12
amendments, out of which only 10 were accepted. The clauses of bill of rights are
• Freedom of assembly, association, press and religion
• Right to possess weapon
• Not to quarter soldiers
• No illegal searches and seizures
• Speedy trials
• Right to jury if theft above 12 dollars
• No excessive bails and punishments
• Should not be tried under due laws
• Should have rights other than those mentioned in the bill
• Should have powers other than those mentioned in the constitution.

Federalists did not consider the bill of rights to be necessary whereas, anti federalists were bent upon the
acceptance of bill of rights.

Constituition
Federalists wanted the newly approved constitution to be ratified. On the contrary, anti federalists were not
willing to ratify the constitution without bill of rights.

Critical analysis:
Dual federalism is the name given to the type of government between 1789 to 1900. From 1900 to 1960 was
a cooperative federalism. Under johnson’s government there was a creative federalism between 1960 to
1968. Grant in aids were increased. From 1968 till present, contemporary federalism has been in trend.

Q.5. The American Constitution is a system of “checks and balances.”? Give Silent Features of US
Constitution and what were the flaws in Article of Confederation?

NOTE: Candidates should carefully analyze that what is been asked AOC/Salient feature or check and
balance? And then answer accordingly

1. Introduction

2. Flaws in AOC
One house congress
No separate executive
Considerable powers to state
Lack system of judiciary
Central government had insufficient power to regulate commerce.
It could not tax, generally impotent in setting commercial policy
It could not effectively support a war effort.
It had little power to settle quarrels between states.

3. Salient feature of US Constitution

Checks and Balances:
Brief & Simple:
Written Constitution:
Dual Citizenship:
Secular State:
Supremacy of the Constitution:
Strong Federation:
Bill Of Rights:
Rigid Constitution:
Separation of Powers:
Bicameralism:
Independent Judiciary:
Universal Suffrage:
Division of Powers:
Spoils System:
Presidential form of government:
Republicanism:
Sovereignty of the People:
5. Conclusion

Q.6. System of Check and Balance in American Constitution

1. Introduction
The national government is divided into three branches:
Legislative
Executive
Judicial

a. The Legislative Branch of Government Makes the Laws

• May override presidential vetoes with a two-thirds vote
• Has the power over the purse strings to actually fund any executive actions
• May remove the president through impeachment
• Senate approves treaties
• Senate approves presidential appointments

b. The Legislative Branch has the following checks over the Judicial Branch:
• Creates lower courts
• May remove judges through impeachment
• Senate approves appointments of judges

c. The Executive Branch of American Government

• Veto power
• Ability to call special sessions of Congress
• Can recommend legislation
• Can appeal to the people concerning legislation and more

d. The Executive Branch has the following checks over the Judicial Branch:
• President appoints Supreme Court and other federal judges

e. The Judicial Branch of United States Government

• Judges, once appointed for life, are free from controls from the executive branch
• Courts can judge executive actions to be unconstitutional through the power of
• Judicial review

f. The Judicial Branch has the following checks over the Legislative Branch:
• Courts can judge legislative acts to be unconstitutional.

3. Conclusion

Q.7. What were the major flaws in the Articles of Confederation (the first constitution of the United States of
America) that led to the Philadelphia Convention and the drafting of a new constitution? Discuss the salient
features of the present constitution of the United States of America. (20)

Q.8. The American Constitution is a system of “checks and balances.” Discuss. (20)

Introduction:
u.s constitution is a unique chapter in the history of constitution making. It opeates well today as it did at the
very time of its inception, some 200 years ago. The constitution was passed by the constitutional convention
held in Philadelphia in 1787. The members of the congress had met to ammed existing articles of
constitution, but instead started afresh and ended up with the U.s constitution.

Consitituition making
The constitution is a compromise of two ideals. There were two plans i.e Virginia plan and new jersey plan.
Proponents of Virginia plan wanted the authority of congress to remain in the hands of the larger states,
whereas the opponents or the advocates of new jersey plan wanted equal representation of all the states in
congress. For many days, deliberations continued and finally a compromise was proposed in the form of
“Connecticut plan”. The plan was advanced by Samuel Johnson. According to the suggestion it was decided
that congress will consist of two houses i.e house of representatives and senate. There will be an equal
representation of all the states in senate with two senators representing each state, whereas representation in
house of representatives would be in accordance with the population.

Articles of confederation:

Before the u.s constitution was passed, the country operated under articles of confederation which gave more
power to the states then the national government. the basic principle of the articles of confederation was to
produce some sort of a constitution to defend the country against foreign intervention. Due to dissatisfaction
arising from the articles of confederation, the members of congress decided to alter it. However, they ended
up with the u.s constitution. Following flaws of the articles of confederation led to the creation of new
constitution:

• Gave more authority to state:

Articles of confederation gave more authority to the state government then the national government.
Although congress was allowed to raise an army, it had to seek permission from the state governments.
Similarly, even if it wanted to generate revenue by raising taxes, it was dependent on the permission of the
state governments.

• Single house congress: under the articles of confederation, there was no separation of power of the
government. Hence, a congress of 6 governors existed.

• No separate executive: because of the absence of separation of power in matters of government, separate
executive was absent.

• Judiciary was not independent: juidiciary did not exist independently. Infact, there was no office of
judiciary.

• Weakness of centre: as articles of confederation had given more authority to the state government, centre
was relatively weak. People would often protest against their state policies, but centre could do nothing in
this regard.

salient features of U.S consituition

1. System of check and balance: the three branches of the government exercise check and balance over
each other.
• Presidential check over judiciary
a) can appoint judges in case of vacancies
• Presidential check over congress
a) Right of veto
b) Can call upon special sessions of congress
c) Recommend legislation

• Congressional check over president

A) impeachment
B) appointment of president by senate approval
C) approves treaties

• Congressional check over judiciary

a) Impeachment
b) Right to appointment of supreme and high court judges

• Judicial check over executive

a) Passes validity of acts of president and federal offices

• Judicial check over congress

a) Judicial review

2. Written and brief: the constitution is written and brief consisting of 10 articles and 27 ammendments. It
was designed as a skeleton which is effectively clothed by legislations and judicial reviews.

3. Rigid consitituion: the u.s constitution is perhaps the most rigid constitution as it can be amended only by
a cumber some process.consequently, there are only 27 amendents. Often it takes a long time for an
amendment proposed to be approved.

The process of ammemdment is possible only if 3\4 states ratify the proposal.

4. Federal in nature: the constitution is federal in nature. It grants certain executive, legislative and judicial
rights to the national government
Federal nature of constitution:
• It reserves certain rights for state government
• It refuses certain rights to both state and national government, certain only to state and certain to national
government
Personnel to each office would be held by a process and a term independent of the other.

5. Open sovereignty: the u.s constitution acknowledges human rights. It holds a concept of sovereignty of
people called as popular sovereignty.

6. Supremacy of constitution: consituition is supreme. Neither state nor national government can override
it.

7. Republican: the u.s should be a republican government with president as head of state.
8. Presidential: the form of government would be presidential. President is chosen by an indirect method,
although in practice it is a real election. He cannot be removed by the congress during his 5 year tenure.

9. Separation of power: the government is divided into

• Executive
• Judiciary
• Legislative
Congress passess the laws which are enforced by the executive. In case of a deadlock between national and
state government judiciary is the final judge.

10. Dual citizenship: the most unique part of the us constitution is that individuals hold dual citizen ship,
one of the country and other of their respective state.

11. Spoilt system: according to spoilt system a president upon assuming the charge of office has the right to
appoint ment of his own choice to higher offices. This system is linked to Andrew Jackson.

12. Independent judiciary: a fair, impartial and independent judiciary should be there.

13. Judicial review: this term refers to the interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary. judiciary has
the right to declare any law as unconstitutional. Therefore, the study of constitutions is infact a study of
judicial reviews.

14. Bill of rights: the foremost amendment to the constitution was the bill of rights which acknowledges the
right of individuals of person,property and privacy among other civil rights.

Q.9) In what ways did the philosophy and purposes of Jacksonian democracy differ from those of the
Jeffersonian democrats? OR a question on founding fathers.

1. Introduction
2. Jacksonian democracy v/Jeffersonian democrats

I. Political
a. Universal Suffrage
b. citizens considered eligible for office holding
c. candidates for president chosen

II. Economic
d. “Chosen class”
e. Industrialization
f. Attitude toward the Bank of the United States

III. Social
g. Views on education
h. attitude toward equality for women
i. attitude toward American Indians
j. attitude toward slavery?

IV. Religious
k. To what extent was separation of church and state accomplished in each period?

Q10. Discuss impact of Jacksonian presidency on American politics of the time.

Introduction

Andrew Jackson as born in 1768 to a scottish family near the border of north and south Carolina. He became
an orphan at the tender age of 14 and even worked as a saddle maker. As he grew up, he started teaching law
to earn money. He became a member of house of representative from tenessee. But he was interested in
military career and he joined militia. he earned repute for the great victory against british. He also became a
governor of florida in 1821 but resigned in 1823. In 1825 he was reelected to senate but resigned again.
Finally, he became the 7th president of u.s in 1828.
There is a legacy associated with Jackson that he was irritated by british as one of the british soldiers had
chopped off his hand with a sword in a battle

impact on american politics

a) Rise of common man: Jackson was himself a commoner. His election was the election of a common man
by the common men. Therefore, he did whatever a common man would do. He was much against the holding
of offices by elite only.he felt common men were also capable and that political offices should be held in
rotation. His period is often known as the “era of common man” or “rise of common man”

b) Spoilt system: the system is associated with Jackson.10% of officials were removed from their work and
were replaced by common men and people from his political party.

c) Kitchen cabinet: although cabinet served as consultative and advisory board, but Jackson introduced the
system of kitchen cabinet. According to this concept, he would consult one or two members of the cabinet
and his informal friends as advisors. These include general duff green, major carol

d) Suffrage system: according to suffrage system, only such individuals who held certain property were
liable to vote. He suspended suffrage system. he believed that common men should be allowed to vote as
they were fully aware of the importance of voting. The number of voters increased in his period from 37 %
to 59%.

e) Animosity towards bank: Jackson felt that national bank failed to protect the interest of common men.
He introduced a sound national currency.

f) Reaction towards Calhoun: Calhoun was a member of democratic republic party. he had been chosen as
an election nominee by the party of Jackson. Calhoun wanted to assert power even before assuming charge.
jackson showed animosity towards him. He himself said

“ I have never liked banks much”

g) Indian policy: Jackson did not like Indians much.during his two tenures, he concluded 94 treaties with
Indians either to acknowledge them or force them to leave. He believed,

” a good Indian is a dead Indian”

h) Anti-federalist: all the presidents before Jackson favored a strong central government. Jackson deviated
from this line of thinking. He gave more power to the states.

i) Foreign policy: Jackson developed a tolerant foreign policy. With French all the pending issues since
1815 were resolved. Even with Britain, he adopted a lenient attitude.

j) Preservation of union: for the first time, threat to union was experienced. A treaty was concluded to
benefit the sheep rearers. however it was rejected by farmers of Carolina who introduced a nullification
ordinace. Government introduced force law and finally through compromise act union was preserved.

k) Rise of political parties: before the presidency of Jackson, there were only two political parties, federalist
and democratic republic. Jacson acknowledged political parties to be the beauty of a political culture. As a
result a number of parties appeared including Masonic party.
Critical analysis:

Jackson has been much appreciated for delivering upon his words. unlike Jefferson who was criticized for
only paying a lip-service, Jackson took concrete steps. he took practical steps to uplift the status of common
men. As he was a self made man, he was fully aware of the issues of the common men and addressed them
likewise

Q.11. What developments lead to the war of 1812? How did the war increase American prestige?
(2008)

Introduction:

The war of 1812 was the first and decisive war between U.S and Britain. It paved the way for their future
relationship. many critics hold the view that the war of 1812 was fought by the u.s to uphold national honour.

Causes of war of 1812

i) Trade restrictions:
british imposed trade restrictions on U.S for trading with French with whom they were at war. They refused
the right of the U.S to remain neutral. Through grand council, they imposed trade restrictions.

ii) Threat of u.s maritime supremacy and commercial growth:

according to critics “ a large section of british in the government and civilian were resentful of the u.s
maritime which posed a threat to the british supremacy”. Between 1800-1808, u.s military had nearly
doubled. British were the largest trade partner of u.s and they were also envious of commercial growth of u.s.

iii) Impressments:
during napoleonic wars, british increased the total number of ships to 600. In peaceful times, volunteers
manned the ships. However, during the war, they resorted to forced impressments. While, u.s recognized the
right of british born to naturalization, british rejected it. They were not willing to accept any individual from
changing his allegiance from the british crown. Following this concept, they even forced the british-born to
serve in Napoleonic wars.

iv) Tension in the north-west territory:

in the treaty of paris, north west territory had been ceded to the u.s. following this, an agreement was signed
between the u.s and the north western territory to maintain peace. However, they were inspired by
indigenous leaders, namely techmseh, tenskwatwa and Shawnee prophet. Particularly, Tecumseh held the
view that he wanted to expel “children of evil” from u.s which meant the Americans. British found a strong
ally in north west territory and so supplied them with arms. They always wanted to create a neutral buffer
state in the north-west. Consequently, there was an alarming increase in the number of Americans killed in
the north west. this further aggravated the tension between british and the u.s.

v) American expansionism.:
many critics before 1940s held the view that America wanted to expand into Canadian territory. British were
much opposed to the expansion. However, later critics belief that war of 1812 was not due to the
expansionist desire of the America.

vi) Political causes:

while the british were busy in Europe, u.s was passing through a tug-of-war between the federalists and the
non-federalists. The federalists were those who wanted strong central government and friendly relationship
with the british. On the other hand, democratic-republicans wanted states to be more powerful than the centre
and were not willing to maintain relationships with british at the expense of their own interests. Madison,
was elected as the president. He was towards the end of his first tenure. The anti-federalists had consolidated
their position in the political arena. Following this, Madison expressed the resentment of u.s against the
british policies before the house of representatives. Congress deliberated for a few days and finally agreed
upon declaring a war. Madison put the measure into law.

All the federalists opposed the move and thus, the war is known as the madison’s war.

Peace negotiations:

In 1814, both u.s and british were tired and weary over fighting. They had already obtained their objectives
and did not find any reason to continue fighting. Stalemate ensued. both the actors of the war sent their
representatives to a neutral place, ghent, Belgium to negotiate. The talks started in august and ended in
December.by the time, both the players were thinking of new invasions

British began to blockade the English ports to reduce the American trade to a trickle. This move however,
affected their interest more in Canada. Soon the landowners also began to protest and asked the government
to resume trade.

Critical analysis:
Many critics hold the view that with neither side ending or losing territory, the war ended peacefully. Both
the countries were able to develop a friendly policy towards each other on equal footings. In addition, they
also devised a welcoming policy towards Canada. Still, there is a section of the society, which believes that it
was a british victory, as America failed to expand into Canada. Impressments had ended before the war with
the culmination of Napoleonic wars. But the fact remains, that the war helped u.s to maintain its prestige in
international politics.

Following the war, rush-bagot treaty was concluded, which was aimed the demilitarization of lake
champlain. This was a great move as british had still deployed their armed forces in the area. Both the
countries developed a strategic policy and worked as allies in the 20th century.

Conclusion:
the war of 1812 was fought due to the british domination and intervention in American domestic affairs. The
ruling anti-federalist were irritated by the british policies and sought to put an end to the dictatorial attitude.
The war of 1812 ended up with neither side winning and losing. Treaty of ghent established status quo ante
bellum.Moreover, it also helped both the combatant nations to develop friendly policy towards each other.
Except for a few clashes, they have continued to be great allies

Q:12. The American first war with the Britain made them independent; the second made them a formidable
power. Discuss.
Outline:
War of independence led to the independence of former british colnies. The colonists had been irritated by
the dictatorial and discriminatory policies of the british such as mercantilism, woolen act, hat act, boston
massacre, boston tea party etc. as a result, they fought against their british masters. Even after independence,
british continuedits efforts to curb the liberty of u.s. as a result, the ruling government of u.s declared war of
1812

I think 2 headings are very important in answering this question

1. How the 1st war with Britain Made them Independent

 a. No More Mercantilism Acts

 b. Collect and Spend Tax on their on People

 c. Native Leaders

 d. No more trade embargoes

 and many more heading can be added [Brainstorming Needed ]

2. How 2nd war made them a Formidable Power

 a. Started believing in their Abilities

 b. Defeat the then World Super Power twice

  c. [Brainstorming again ]

Federalist vs. Anti Federalist

Federalist

i. Strong Federation
ii. Representation according to Population
iii. No need of Bill of Rights
iv. Wanted to Ratify the Constitution
v. Property and land should be managed by aristocrats

Anti Federalist

i. Strong States
ii. Equal Representation
iii. In favor of Bill of Rights
iv. Opposed Constitution because wanted more powers for state
v. Equal distribution of wealth

Q13. Thomas Jefferson described his election to the American Presidency in 1800 as “the Second
American Revolution”. Was the claim justified? Support your answer with evidence.

Introduction

"My Presidency is the 2nd American Revolution"

The answer to the 1st question will discuss the difference between federalist and anti federalist to prove that
Jefferson victory as the president was 2nd American revolution.

the Second American Revolution

1st common man to become US President

rejected Washington's Idea of no need of political parties in USA.

Justifying the Claim of 2nd American Revolutions

We simply have to write the achievement of Thomas Jefferson and the services he rendered to the conman
man of USA.
1. Rise of common man
2. Laissez Fair Economy
3. understandable budget for common man
4. Immigration Policy
5. Religious Tolerance
6. Belief and importance to common man
7. Autonomy to States (As of popular demand by US citizens)

Conclusion

"Thomas Jefferson was the best man ever to occupy American Presidency"
"John F. Kennedy"

Q.14. Discuss Thomas Jefferson as president,politician and political theorist?

1. Introduction

"Thomas Jefferson was the best man who ever occupied American Presidency"
John F. Kennedy

2. Jefferson As President
The Louisiana Purchase
Albert Galton and Federal Budget
Laissez Fair Economy
Autonomy to States
Judicial Impeachment
Slavery Issue

3. Jefferson As Politician
Belief and importance to common man
Drafted Declaration of Independence
An Effective Statesman

4. Jefferson As Theorist
Proposed an Idea of Anti Federalism
Always believed in Separation of Church from Politics

When the people fear their government, there is tyranny; when the government fears the people, there is
liberty. Thomas Jefferson

"My Presidency is the 2nd American Revolution"

Thomas Jefferson

Q15.Discuss Thomas Jefferson as president, politician and political theorist.

Introduction

Jefferson was born in 1743. He was a member of the house of burgesse from 1776-1782. He was a minister
to france in the term of George Washington. He was the third President and second vicepresident. He was the
only vice president to serve for two terms as the president.

Thomas Jefferson was a member of the first continental congress. In addition he drafted the famous
“declaration of independence” whereby former british colonies declared themselves independent. He also
drafted land ordinance.

The first antifederaist president, Jefferson considered his period to be the “second American revolution.” He
was the first commoner to become a president. He had full faith on the abilities of common men and even
showed lenience towards immigrants. He has been received much appreciation for his foreign policy.

1. Jefferson as a president

“ jefferson was the greatest man to have ever occupied the American presidency”

JFK

Lousinia purchase:
Lousionia was a part of Spanish territory, which they had given to the French under a treaty concluded in
1800. Jefferson felt that if this party of new Orleans was seeded into U.S, the threat of foreign intervention
could be averted. In 1815, napoleon, French president was eager to sell lousinia inorder to raise money to
buy weapons against british. Napoleon also felt intimidated that u.s with the support of british could colonize
it.therefore, he wanted to sell it. Jefferson sent livingstone with 10 million dollars to buy as much of the land
as possible. Living stone informed him that napoleon was willing to sell all of the land for 15 million dollars.
Jefferson, bypassed congress and gave him the desired money to buy the land. The addition of lousinia, one
of the richest lands in terms of agricultural land and passage of rivers through it, tripled the size of U.S and
also laid foundation for its future superpower claim.

Transparency of budget
Jefferson felt that budget should be such that it could be easily understood by common men and elite.
Therefore, he appointed galton to make a transparent budget.

Independent judiciary:
Thomas Jefferson stressed upon the construction of an independent judiciary. He also passed an additional
law to create more district and circuit courts.

Immigrants
Jefferson was very lenient towards immigrants and he relaxed naturalization process. He relaxed the term of
citizenship from 14 years to 5 years.

2. Jefferson as a politician

a) importance to the will of man

Jefferson gave a lot of importance to the will of common men and was a popular leader among the masses.

b) Belief in common man

Jefferson had a belief in the abilities of common men. Although he believed that ower offices should be held
by the educated elite, but he felt that common men should be educated to take up future responsibilities.

c) Republicanism:
In his inaugural speech Jefferson said,

“ we are all republicans we are all federalists”

d) Democratic ideals:
Jefferson was a great friend to democratic ideals and norms. He had all the laws lapsed that curbed the power
of media. He also had all prisoners released who had been imprisoned on media related charges. He stressed
a lot on press and said

“Had it been for me to decide to have a state without press or press without state, I would not hesitate
to favour the latter”

e) Rural democracy: as he was himself from an agrarian background, he was fully ware of the benefits of
rural democracy and thus favoured it.

3. Jefferson as a political theorist

a) Antifederalist: Jefferson was an antifederalist and he gave more autonomy to the state then the centre

b) Laissez faire economy:

Thomas Jefferson held the view that the best government was that which govered little so he stressed upon
the national government to maintain minimal control on state economic affairs

c) Slavery issue: as Jefferson held democratic views, he was much opposed to the slavery. But because of
his landlord background, he could not do much to abolish it.

e) Religious tolerance: being an atheist himself, Jefferson felt that all citizens should be allowed religious
freedom. No religious persecution should take place.

Critical analysis:
Jefferson has largely been criticized for not delivering upon his words. Although he accepted slavery as an
evil, he did nothing to abolish it, and to make matters worse, he even had slaves himself. He has also been
under fire for bypassing constitution in louisiona purchase.

Q.16) What developments lead to the war of 1863 OR Causes of Civil war?

1. Introduction

2. Background
3. Causes Leading to Civil war
I. Election of Lincoln
II. Discrimination of race
III. Slavery
IV. The abolitionist (people who wanted to stop slavery) movement
V. Difference in economy
VI. Western expansion

4. Consequences of the Civil War

I. Physical Devastation
II. Spread of Disease and Sickness
III. Hunger and Homelessness

5. Effects of the Civil War

6. Critical analysis

7. Conclusion

Q.14) President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 said “This great nation will endure as it has endured,
will revive and prosper”. Explain in light of the FDR presidency and the New Deal?

1. Introduction

2. Background (Great Depression & FDR life)

3. Purposes of the New Deal

Relief:
Recovery:
Reform:

4. First New Deal (1933-1934)

5. Second New Deal (1934-1941)

6. Reforms by FDR
I. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
II. Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
III. Emergency Banking Act/Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
IV. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
V. Civil Works Administration (CWA)
VI. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of June 1933
VII. Public Works Association (PWA)
VIII. Federal Securities Act of May 1933/ Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
IX. Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
X. Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)
XI. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (May 1993)

7. Impacts of NEW DEAL

Q.17). Discuss in Details the impacts of Obama's 2nd terms as the President and policy toward
Pakistan?

1. Introduction

2. Background of Obama 1st terms as president

I. Raymond Davis case
II. Bin Ladin Episode
III. Salala Post Attack
IV. Drone Policy
V. Pak withdrawal from Bonn conference
VI. Karry Lugar Bill

3. Obama 2nd Term and Policy toward Pakistan

I. Aggressive Policy
II. Continuation of Do More from US point of view
III. Aid Embargos
IV. Afghan Exit Plan and Role of Pakistan
V. Bilateral relations likely to remain Low

5. Conclusion

Q:18. write a comprehensive note on the civil rights movement with a particular mention to the American
women and the blacks.

comments,criticism and suggestions are strongly encouraged.

Introduction:
With the growing awareness of civil rights movement of blacks,other parts of the society which felt they
were marginalized and disadvantaged also begin to seek equal rights. not since suffrage movement, had any
feminist movement been strong enough to influence the status of women. the civil rights movement for
women rights began to take control in 1960s.

Causes of civil rights movement for women

a) Unequal treatment in jobs: with a few exceptions women were refused highly paid jobs. many women
were even paid less for the same task than their male counterpart. with the result of their remaining
dependent on men in economic sector.

b) Feminine mystique: in 1963, betty friedin wrote a book “ feminie mystique” aimed at targeting the
traditional role of women. it dealt with “ the problem that has no name”. she criticized that women
participation should be much more than just entertaining their husband, looking after children and other such
domestic responsiblities.

c) Cult of household women: many educated middle class women were encouraged to prioritize their
husbands and children by refusing full time jobs. young women were encouraged to drop out of colleges
early and adopt the “cult of household” i.e assume their domestic responsibilities.

d) Abortion and birth control: particularly the availability of birth control options such as pills galvanized
many women to seek the legitimacy of the practice.

e) Media: numerous magazines and tv shows also begin to persuade women to focus on their role as a
domestic woman. in 1960,only 40% students in undergraduate schools were women. even a fewer number of
women pursued advanced degrees.

f) Domino’s effect: women were encouraged by the civil rights movement initiated by African americans and
they too begin to depend equality.

g) Political participation: despite suffrage,only 19 women were in congress.their participation in political

process was nomional.

However, the major reason that led to the civil rights movement was the unhappiness of women towards
their traditional role.

NOW
Following three years of “feminine mystique” a movement, the like of which had only been seen in suffrage
movement, begin to sweep the American society. Betty friedin, along with the the number of other women
right activists formed an organization “ national organization for women” which sought to “integrate women
in the mainstream American society”.
Trashcans named “freedom trashcans” were placed everywhere and women were encouraged to throw the
symbols of female suppression in them. Everywhere women beigin to throw false eyelashes, haircurlers and
bras into the cans.

EQUAL RIGHTS AMMENDMENT

“the equality enshrined in constitution shall not be reduced by U.s or any state on the basis of sex”

This is a part of section 1 of the equal rights amendment, originally introduced by women in 1923. The
feminist movement of 1960s aimed to ratify the amendment. Gloria steinmem delivered persuasive speeches
in house of respresentatives and senate. Thirty out of thirty-eight necessary states ratified easily. however,it
was then that an opposition movement also led by women emerged. it was very organized and aimed at
undermining the efforts of the women rights movement. the opposition opined that the passage of such an act
would change the very character of the American society. This led to the decline in the influence of the civil
rights movement and ratification could not be achieved by the required number of states.

When civil rights act was being debated on in the congress in 1964, some traditional congress men included
the clause of gender in it.they felt that such an action would weaken up the act. but the strategy overturned
and when it was being considered, Now also projected its support in its favour.

Abortion: perhaps no issue received such an overwhelming response as did the issue of abortion. Earlier the
issue was controlled under the federal legislation which prohibited the practice. however,women right
activists complained on the plea that such prohibition instigated women to adopt black market practices and
to operate on themselves.
Slowly and gradually, the practice was legalized in California and new York.still there was no ruling from the
supreme court. But roe vs wade case caused country wide stir. A woman in texas roe demanded legalization
of the practice. In texas practice was still forbidden. finally, senate and representatives decided in its favour.
Women were ecstatic.
Nevertheless, strong opposition emerged from the roman catholics and fundamentalist protestants.it was a
war of beliefs. those who held the belief that life begins at conception felt that abortion was murder. On the
contrary, the group in opposition felt that it was curbing the rights of women.
At the end, two groups pro- choice and pro life emerged.pro life tried to lobby senators and representatives
and also passed a legislation for life. However since 1973, the debate is on. George bush even introduced
gag-rule prohibiting the practitioners in federal hospitals to voice the choice. but bill Clinton removed such a
law.

Effects of women rights movement

• As more and more women begin to struggle for their equality. it led to the preference of careers over
families resulting in late marriages.
• birth rate plummeted.
• Women from unhappy marriages begin to move out of them
• Divorce rate escalated.
• More and more women begin to get education.in 1980,majority of undergradiuates comprised of women

Critical analysis:
Encouraged by the civil rights movement of African American,women too demanded an equality. Numerous
reasons such as discrimination in jobs selection, and wages. even female education was discouraged. women
were irritated by the “cult of household” and thus sought equal participation in all walks of life. NOW,
freedom trashcans, demand for legalization of abortion were a part of the process.the movement played an
important role in greater involvement of women in the society.

Conclusion: women rights movement of 1970s was aimed at greater involvement in the society and end to
sexual discrimination. Although, it faced many obstacles but overall it was a success.

Q19. Discuss the internal and external factors that led the U.S on an imperialist path at the end of the
19th century?
1. Introduction

Civil war kept US restrained from Foreiegn Affairs. However, the dawn of 1880's revived. US interest in
oversea's expansion and this era onward is marked as "American Road to Imperialism".
2. Internal factors
a. Industrial development of country
b. US interest in countries where it surplus capital could be invested
c. Doctrines of racial superioity
i.e Manifest Destiny/Monroe Doctrine
d. Religious Factor
e. Naval Policy
g. Role of Leaders

3. External Factors

a. Eurpoean Policy of Imperialism/Colonization

b. Open Door Diplomacy
c. Theory of Social Darwinism
d. Dollar Diplomacy
e. Issue of Panama Canal
f. Roosevelt Corollary

4. Outcome of US Imperialism
a. America deeply involved in Latin America and Far East
b. Helped America emerge as world super power

5. Critical Analysis

6. Conclusion

Q20. Describe the evolution of muslim community in U.S

Introduction:
muslims make up less than 1% of the amercian people today. It is believed that more than 10% of the African
slaves imported to colonial America were muslims. the spread of islam was suppressed in the plantations.
From 1880s to 1914, a large number of ottoman muslims and muslims from other arab countries have
immigrated to U.S for the prospects of better life among many other reasons. Muslim population however
sprang up in the 20th century largely due to immigration, high birth rate and the conversion of people to
islam in prisons and urban cities.

History of muslim community in U.S:

Exact date of the arrival of ancient muslims to U.S is not known. however, many theorists hold the way that
muslims arrived even long before the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Many moors and turks were
brought to U.S and they intermarried with local people leading to an increase in the muslim number.
Between 1740 to 1815, the number further escalated. In 1803, a falula muslim, ben ali came to sapelo
islands. while enslaved, he became an imam or spiritual leader of a group of 80 muslims. He was known to
be a practicing muslims, fasting, establishing prayers and even wearing kaftan. He also becamean author of a
muslim journal rasala In 1840, many Americans were captured by the Algiers and they wrote about their
captivity moments which gave the Americans their first experience of true arabs.
Before world war I, many muslims from yemen and ottoman empire immigrated to U.S they had aspired of
prospering in U.S and then returning to their homeland. But the hardships of early 20th century America
prevented them from prospering and so they settled permanently in U.S.

Modern muslim community

American muslims are the most racially diverse religious group in U.S. The establishment of the modern
muslim community is divided into two periods i.e from post world war I era and the last few decades.
According to the statistics, in 2005, greater number of muslims gained legal permanent residenship of U.S
then in the past few decades-95000. This number continued to soar and in 2009, there were 115,000 muslims
getting permanent residence of the country.

These individuals have been attracted to the “ land of opportunities” by several reasons, such as education,
job opportunities, better living standards and more liberties. Certain individuals also are attracted by the
religious liberty of the country, while, many islamist, too come to the country with an intention to reform the
“ open environment”. Some get integrated in the societies, while others leave dejected.

Many native muslim Americans are from the African descent which constitute less than a quarter of the
community. Chinese muslims, known as hui, remain distinct from other muslim communities and continue to
be interwoven in there Chinese community.

Islamic organizations
In 1906, some Bosnian muslims set up the first Sunday Islamic school with the curriculum designed by a
Bosnian sheikh who had graduated from alazhar. This gave rise to the concept of Islamic organizations. In
1907, tartar community from Poland established first muslim organization called American mohammedan
association. In 1915, the first muslim mosque was established in the country. Five years later , an Islamic
mission was setup by an Indian ahmadiyya muslim and the same year alsadiq mosque was also established.
Next year in 1921, a building was built specifically to be a mosque.

Between 1920 to 1930, the number of mosques has increased at a tremendous rate that by 1954, 20 mosques
were present. However, a large number of mosques have been constructed in the past few decades. The
number of muslim community has risen exponentially in the 20th century due to the increase in muslim
immigrants, spread of islam in prison and also the high birth rate among the muslims. According to the
researchers 72% of the American muslims are immigrants or second generations muslims.

Muslim community in US-today

Education and employment:

unlike the general perception, the muslims in U.S are prosperous. Among the south asian countries, the
largest Pakistani community well educated and well-to-do people. these individuals are professionals,
doctors, enginners, teachers etc. it is even believed that many of them are more educated and better earning
than the white Americans.

Culture:
muslims community has its own cultural gatherings, comedy groups, musical bands etc . they meet at
festivals to revive their culture.
Political involvement: many muslims are proactive in American politics. It is even believed that in the
aftermath of 9/11, many such muslims also helped the American authorities in getting to the terrorists.

Religion :

U.S has never imposed any religious belief on her citizens. Many of the early American settlers had fled their
countries to escape religious persecution and to enjoy religious liberty. Thomas Jefferson, third U.S president
also advocated religious freedom. Muslims in U.S comprise of sunni majority, shia minority, ahmaddiya
group and certain other sects as in other countries. All have their own places of worship and they follow their
religion as graciously as anywhere.

Critical analysis: comprising of only 1% of the population, the number of muslim communities is
increasing steadily. For a significant period of time, muslims existed as non-entities in the countries, but in
the recent time their number and influence has increased. American muslims, include reverts, immigrants
and African descent muslims.

Conclusion: muslim community has evolved over many centuries in the U.S however, only in the last few
decades there number has soared rapidly.they are now well integrated in the society, enjoying all the rights
and privilidges like any other American

Q.21. will the 21st century as well be an American century or will the USA be obscured by new
superpowers like China or the EU?

Introduction: history has witnessed the rise and fall of many civilizations, cultures, and empires. In the past
military strength was the only “balancing factor” or the determinant of supremacy. no doubt, military
strength is important today as well but other factors such as ideological stability, economic strength, political
influence are also gaining significance.

Multipolar to unipolar:

World war 1: whenever a country tends to pursue its imperialist designs to expand its sphere, it faces
opposite from force or allied forces. Same was the case in the past. 20th century was the excellent example
of the time when many strong forces had clash of interest leading to world war 1. Till then, u.s had followed
an isolationst policy. But in 1917, it attacked germany, defeating it and established its foothold in the
international world.

World war 2: the deadly war ended up with the use of deadly weapons. Both u.s and u.s.s.r had fought as
allies in the war and both had become strong. Each wanted to establish its supremacy and the clash of
interest led to the cold war, an era marked by bipolar world order.the cold war dominated the end of the
twentieth century. In 1991, disintegration of u.s.s.r with the fall of berlin, made u.s the unofficial leader of
the world. The then president of u.s, George bush coined the term “new world order” which was essentially a
unipolar world.
u.s hegemony
Richard Nixon, the former u.s president delineated in his book “in the arena”, factors that determine the clout
of a country, namely military strength, economic power, commonality of interest, state craft, political
stability, ideological appeal.
u.s has enjoyed an unchallenged status of a superpower in the last two decades due to its supremacy over all
the nations in the abovementioned elements. berzenski, former NSA said

“u.s hegemony is great but its depth is shallow due to domestic and external factors”

a) Economic giant: u.s has a GDP of 15.1 trillion dollars. It has the largest economy of the world
unsurpassed by any single country.

B) military strength: the military strength of u.s is unmatched. It has 1.4 million active army personnel. Its
combat forces comprise of fighter planes, carrier ships. It has tests antiballistic missile shield capacity.

c) ideological leader: u.s has led all the countries of the world to follow democratic norms. It was with this
objective that league of nations after world war 1 and u.n after world war 2 was established.

d) commonality of interest: u.s has commonality of interest with all the major countries of the world. The
fact, however, is that it does not enjoy absolute influence in the matter as a result of emerging china,
resurging Russia, and regional powers iran and Venezuela.

End to the u.s hegemony:

Although, it is a fact that u.s is the single most strong country of the time. But it is believed that other
countries are determined to surpass it in the changing paradigms. The emergence of new powers is natural,
u.s could have maintained an unchallenged status but its policies have greatly undermined it. U.s has adopted
a unilateral approach instead of a multilateral approach which will ultimately challenge its status as the super
power.

a) Energy crises: energy is the life blood of any economy. No country can develop and even sustain its
industrial sector without energy. This has led to a competition amongst the countries for the availability of
cheap energy resources. In the 21st century, foreign policy of a country is determined by its energy demands.
However, in the pursuit of energy resources, u.s has adopted a confrontational strategy. The invasion of Iraq
was an episode of the strategy.

b) U.s invasion of Iraq: the invasion of Iraq has dealt a severe blow to u.s in terms of all resources, human
and financial. As of 2000, u.s had a surplus of 100 billion dollars, however after 2007, it had a financial
deficit of 700 billion dollars and in 2011, it further increased to 800 billion dollars. These figures indicate
that u.s is in no position to pursue further wars unilaterally. In addition, the inability of the u.s to get approval
of unsc on invasion of Iraq has left a blemish on the u.s reputation. U.s and u.k have been alienated by their
western allies, france and germany and super powers china and Russia.

c) Democratic hypocricy: u.s pledges to be a strong supporter of democracy and democratic norms.
However, this is only in theory. It’s policy in foreign relations is determined by its imperialist and financial
interests. particularly, u.s relationship with the arab countries of the middle east has exposed the hollowness
of its ideology.

Emerging multipolar world:

u.s has dominated the world scenario in the aftermath of the cold war. Nevertheless, it is believed that its
position is set to be toppled by emerging powers, Russia, china, japan. Eu etc.

a) economic factors: although u.s is the largest economy of the world, japan has greater per capita income
than u.s . u.s has a financial deficit of 800 billion dollars whereas china has a surplus of 150 billion dollars
annually. Recent economic shut down of October 2013 has also inflicted a loss of billions to the economy. At
the same time, china has a pursued a consistent GDP growth rate of 9.5 % in the past decade. Russia’s
economy has tripled following the increase in oil and natural gas prices. According to a financial analyst
hass,

“ u.s economy accopunts to 25% of the world total, but it is set to decline as it does not reveal the real
and projected differential of u.s economy and asian giants”

b) military strength: no doubt, u.s has a great military strength, but it is not assuradelly marked in contrast
to other powers, e.u in one hand and communist countries on the other. All the major powers of the world are
nuclear states. China has directly tested “anti satellite missile” and “cruise killer”. Likewise, Russia claims to
have developed and tested its antiballistic missile shield capacity in the cold war.

c) Political influence: the political influence of u.s has been seriously challenged by iran and north korea. In
addition, the latest Syrian crises, in which china and Russia have intervened and prevented a war also
indicates the declining strength of the u.s.

Emerging world powers:

It is believed that world is heading towards a multipolar political system where, power will not be
concentrated in the hands of a few but several countries. All the countries with any specific distinction will
be involved in international affairs. Besides u.s,japan, china, e.u, india will have economic power.
Nevertheless, Saudi arabia, iran middle eastern countries will enjoy appeal due to the richness of resources.
Russia will enjoy strength for both the factors. A number of countries will become prominent due to their
geostrategic location namely Pakistan, turkey, Ukraine, central asian countries as they are in the link routes
of the energy passage. Organizations like u.n and even regional organizations saarc, asean eu, sco will also
become energy centres.

Critical analysis
Although every cloud has a silver lining but when it comes to world super power, the world don't really
seems have an alternate at present. To be World Super Power one need a strong military, impartial judiciary,
economic supremacy and space technology to lead the world. China no doubt is
emerging as the new economic power of the world but neither it posses a military that strong to control the
world nor it's judiciary is impartial. European Union itself is in crisis and had been asking for economic
assistance and help from China and USA.
Although the wrong policies of USA in past few decades had held them to a low, but keeping in mind the
period of Great Depression, Civil War and Economic crisis of 2008; USA have this tendency to rise and
come out of difficult situations. The only thing they need to work is change in their policies and No wonders
USA can still be the world leader for 21st century

Q.22. Trace out the grounds of augmentation of the US financial system in the post WW II epoch.

Introduction:

After the world war II, many Americans were nervous that the decline in military spending would bring back
the days of great depression. On the contrary, the pent up consumer demand heralded an era characterized by
economic prosperity. Automobile industry began to produce new cars and a number of new industries such
as aviation grew by leaps and bounds. The gross national product went up from 200, 000 dollars in 1940 to
300,000 and 500,000 in 1950 and 1960, successively. There was an increase in single home buying due to
the decline in mortgage pricing.

Factors responsible for the financial growth

a) Industrial-military compex: during world war II, there was an increased demand for war supplies. This
led to the development of a strong industrial-military complex (term coined by FDR). However, the demand
did not end up with the war.as iron curtain desceded across most of the European countries, u.s supplied
arms to such countries to fight communism. An economic package was also introduced for the war-torn
countries. This created newer markets for u.s.

b) Change in American workforce: studies conducted of the era showed that at one time, number of people
providing services equaled and even surpassed the workers providing goods. Labour union succeeded in
getting long-term contracts and other benefits for their workers. By 1956, majority of the workers had white
collared jobs instead of blue collared.

c) Agricultural sector: on the contrary, agricultural sector faced extreme competition. Due to technological
advancement, mass production occurred which increased the competition. Small family farms could not keep
up with the race. Eventually, many farmers left the work and went to cities to get high paid jobs. Studies
conducted showed that the economic boom was largely a consequence of such farmers getting high pad jobs.

d) Agricultural productivity: this period also showed a high level of agricultural productivity due to

• Variety of strains in green revolution

• Pesticides
• Fertilizers

e) Instituitional economies: according to institutional economists, much of the economic prosperity was a
result of establishment of institutions such as bretton woods system,which ensured the stablity of
international economy.

f) Keynesian economy: Keynesian economy was introduced which ensured financial repression, and low
nominal rates
g) Libertain economy: some analysts hold the view that Keynesian economy plan was thawed by the death
of FDR, inexperience of Truman and conservative policies of congress which wanted to cut down taxes and
provided open market economy. These reforms led to economic prosperity.

h) Lifestyle change: the increase in purchase of single-family homes and ownership of cars led many people
to move from cities to suburban areas. Technological innovations particularly air-conditioning caused growth
in hot-belt areas of Miami, Houston etc. federally funded highways also facilitated transportation. As a
result, people begin to migrate from cities to suburbs, a process completed by 1960s. even industries opened
up in less crowded areas.

i) Business expansion: the end of world war II led to an expansion in many businesses. Business
conglomerates begin to emerge in large numbers. American telephone and telegraph purchased Sheldon
hotels, vis a vis car, continental hotels etc.

j) Increase in capitalism: with the end of world war II, u.s made increasing efforts to restructure global
economic system and created IMF and world bank in order to lay the foundation of international capitalism.

k) Council of economic affairs: in u.s , council of economic affairs was set up to analyse and to provide
suitable advice in matters relating to domestic and international economic policies. He council introduced
number of reforms:

• Greater relaxation in taxation

• Setting up quantitative targets
• Cyclical model was replaced by growth model

Effects
The period often termed as the golden era of capitalism had many social, economic and political effects
including the emergence of baby boomer generation. This period included cold war, postmodernism, civil
rights movement, second round of feminism etc.

Inflation woes: [/B

]even in 1960s many analysts had begin to realize that economic prosperity was coming to its end. Many
factors led to the decline of this golden era, most notably,
• Oil crises of 1973
• Stock market collapses
• Bretton wood agreement failed

Critical analysis: the end of world war II, marked the beginning of an epoch of economic boom, growth and
prosperity. There were major changes in work force, industries and even the lifestyle of common Americans.
This era of opulence was not only restricted to U.S.A, but also observed in a number of European countries .
however, this period ended up with the end of brettonwood agreement failure, oil crises and similar and
domestic and international causes

Q23. write a note on benjamin franklin.

" well done is better than well said" (benjamin franklin)

Biography: he was born in 1706. His father wanted to educate him to become a cleric, but he could not
afford his education for years. He attended school for a year. As he was very fond of studying, so he worked
as an apprentice to his brother who was a printer. His brother james introduced the first boston “newspaper”.
most of the contributions were made by close relatives and friends. Benjamin franklin also wanted to
contribute, but knew his brother would not agree. so he contributed anonymously as ” widow dogood” . the
idea was an instant hit. After sometimes, Benjamin acknowledged to being the anonymous writer. After a
little while, james was arrested for openly denouncing clerics. While he was away, Benjamin managed the
newspaper. James was not happy over this and upon his release often beat up Benjamin. benjamin fled to
Philadelphia.

Benjamin franklin- a printer:

In Philadelphia, Benjamin franklin worked diligently. He borrowed some money and set up his own business
of printing. His work soon earned good repute and he even got contracts from government. he started
publication of “poor richard’s almanac”. In those days almanac were published, annually. They contained
recipes, weather forecast etc. “poor richard’s almanac” became popular soon due to its critical outlook.

Benjamin franklin-a social worker:

Between 1730s to 1740s, he worked for paving, cleaning and lighting of roads. He agitated for
environmental cause. He also joined up a group of individuals to set up a hospital in Philadelphia.
Establishment of a library council also goes to his credit. He established American philosophical society, the
first literary society.
In those days, fires were very common, often leading to disastrous consequences. He organized fire control
union for efficient management of fire.

Benjamin franklin-a scientist:

Benjamin franklin retired as a printer in 1950s and focused on science, research and knowledge finding. This
was nothing new for him as he had already formed a stove more popularly known as Benjamin stove. It was
very effective in warming homes. Swim fins, bifocals are some other inventions of Benjamin franklin.
He also conducted experiments on electricity to determine its nature and was much appreciated.

Benjamin franklin and politics:

Benjamin franklin initially, was a loyal Englishman. The violent protest of Americans against stamp act
changed his views. He worked for the repeal of the act. He was a member of the second continental congess
in 1775. He was the first man to inspire Americans to rise up for their independence.

Declaration of independence:
Although declaration of independence was drafted by Thomas jeffeson, its very essence was proposed by
Benjamin franklin.
After the declaration, he went to france as an ambassador. It was his easy and warm personality that led the
French to conclude treaty with Americans. Due to his affable manners, he was able to secure loans for
America. He also played an effective role in treaty of paris.

He died in 1790 as a “harmonious human multitude”.

Q24. Why England failed to take the initiative in the colonization of the American continent?

[B]What factors were responsible for the British interest in establishing their colonies in the areas that are
now part of the United States of America? (20

Introduction: Europeans from the very begininning were interested in trade with the east. They held
political, social, economic and often religious interests in india. they wanted to engage them in economic
strangulations.
Many factors led to the british colonization of U.S.A

Search of new routes

in the past, the Europeans often used two routes to travel to east.
a) Sea route : it passed from red sea to the Indian ocean. This route was unsafe due to interception from
pirates.
b) Land route : it passed through turkey and was blocked by the Turkish due to their religious rivalry with
the west.

British were in search of the shortest route to india, with minimum expenditure. Such a quest led to the
discovery of America.

Market of eastern goods

Eastern commodities had a lot of demand in British markets. Spices, cotton, silk, perfumes were purchased
by the british in huge number. This also led to the transfer of hordes of gold from british to the east. Now the
British wanted access to the east with minimum expenditure.

Renaissance:

15th century in the Europe was known to be the time of enlightenment or renaissance. Now the Europeans
had enough money to spent on long distance ventures. They wanted to shed off their old practices of the dark
ages.

Intellectual curiousity:

As this was the time of enlightenment, many Europeans including british were curious of exploring new
routes and this led to the discovery and subsequent colonization of U.S.A.

Seafaring technologies:

In the past, ships were often not very well developed. However, advancement in science and technology led
to the development of ships which could travel longer distances. This also caused the creation of better maps
and navigational methods.as a result, british could now take long voyages to U.S.A.

Lust of wealth
Spanish and Portuguese citizens often carried ships loaded with gold and silver from U.S.A to their country.
This also provoked the british. They also began to instigate individuals and companies to colonize unclaimed
land of America

Imperial race:

Many European countries particularly, Spanish, portugues, French and even british began to compete for
colonization of U.SA. it was a fight of which country would have how much land.

Royal patronage:

Early attempts made by the british failed due to the absence of royal patronage. However, when the king
extended imperial support to the colonizers, british began to colonize the land quickly.

Population explosion

In the 15th century there were more than 100 million citizens in Europe. Primitive methods of agriculture
was used. As a result, yield was low. to overcome the issue, Europeans, particularly british were in search of
new land which could be exploited for agricultural needs. U.S.A offered them the land.

Religious factor

16th and 17th century of the Europe was known for religious tolerance and persecution. Often strict religious
policies were implemented. Many individuals escaped their homelands and fled to the new world where they
could enjoy religious liberties. Puritans from England fled to escape religious persecution laying the
foundations of Massachusetts. Mary land and Virginia was also formed for a parallel cause.
Industrial growth:

This time in the Europe was known for advancement in science and technology which laid the basis of a
strong industrial sector. Machines produced good quality products in bulk. As all of these products could not
be consumed by the local market, therefore british were in search of a place where they could sell off their
excess products. U.S.A offered them hope.

whiteman's burden: often british justify their colonization of other countries as a part of white man's burden
i.e they were moved by the backwardness of other areas and colonized them for their betterment, to
introduce new reforms and to help them develop along modern lines.

Critical analysis:
From the initial discovery of U.S.A by Christopher Columbus to the 16th century, land from north of mexico
to the south of American continent was colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese. 17th century saw the
colonization of rest of the land by the british. They were attracted to the new world by wealth, land, religious
liberties, competition, and intellectual curiousity among other factors

Q25. Evaluate the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. How far the American policymakers remained
successful in achieving their goals?
Introduction:

After the gulf war of 1991, the UN had established a special commission called UNSCOM5 to supervise
disposal of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. However, commission was denied access to warehouses.
Finally, in 1998, they were forced by the regime to leave Iraq. Resultantly, President Bush delivered an
ultimatum on March 17, demanding that Saddam Hussein leave Iraq within 48 hours which he denied. On
March, 2003, the U.S. and its allies initiated the invasion of Iraq under operation Iraqi Freedom. On April
9,U.S. forces formally occupied Baghdad, and on December 13 the same year, Saddam Hussein was
captured and persecuted in 2006.

CAUSES & PURPOSES OF US INVASION:

US WAR ON TERRORISM:
To eliminate al-qaeda. However, Iraq did not specifically harbour al-Qaeda, but it had provided training
camps and other support to terrorist groups fighting the government of Turkey and Iran, as well as hard-line
Palestinian groups.

WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION:

In 1983, Iraq used chemical weapons in its war with Iran. US feared that if Iraq had WMD, they could easily
be acquired by terrorists. These weapons will be destructive for the region and it s ally Israel too. When
Saddam Hussain tried to maintain ambiguity about WMD, US decided to intervene.

To Preserve Uni-polarity:
Removing Saddam Hussein would be a demonstration of US military might against a visible enemy, a
demonstration which elements within the Bush administration and the military establishment considered
necessary to deter others and to dispel any appearance of weakness following 9/11. The Iraq Invasion, was
meant to “maintain unipolarity, and avoid post-9/11 decline by demonstrating U.S. willingness to use force.

Oil Reserves:
The element of oil cannot be overlooked. Iraq has the world’s second largest reserves of oil. Many disagree
that war was for oil, but it is oil which makes Iraq influential power in the region. Removing saddam
Hussain will serve US interests.

DEMOCRACY IN THE REGION:

Bring democracy to a country in the centre of a region almost completely devoid of it. In his State of the
Union, President Bush made it clear that he intended to bring democracy to the Middle East. Bush wanted to
set Iraq an example for other states in the region that democracy can bring prosperity. This will end anti-
American sentiment in the region.

HOW FAR POLICY MAKERS SUCCEED:

US policymakers didn’t win in any meaningful sense of the success. They failed to achieve what they
wanted.

Destruction of WMD:
The alleged purpose of the war was eliminating Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction, but it turns
out he didn’t have any.

Establishment of Pro-American Democracy:

Before the war, advocates argued that democracy would be easy to install in Iraq. Then the rationale shifted
to creating a pro-American democracy, but Iraq today is at best a quasi-democracy and far from pro-
American.

COST OF WAR:
The costs of the war (easily exceeding $1 trillion dollars) are much larger than U.S. leaders anticipated or
promised.

Eliminate Terrorism:
Solve the terrorism problem but it wasn’t but added. Rise of ISIS is self explanatory. Al Qaeda also tried to
exploit the post-invasion power-vacuum to go after U.S. forces and advance its own agenda.

Peace and Prosperity in the country & region:

Instead it promoted insurgency. Sunnis in Iraq took up arms to resist the loss of power, wealth, and status that
the collapse of the Ba’thist regime entailed. Syria and Iran took various measures to strengthen anti-U.S.
forces inside Iraq, in order to bog it down. The rise of militancy spread to its neighbouring country like Syria
and yemen.

A part from this, the destruction of Iraq improved Iran’s position in the Persian Gulf — which is hardly
something the United States intended The war was also a giant distraction, which diverted the Bush
administration from other priorities (e.g., Afghanistan) and made the United States much less popular around
the world.

Legality of war:
The legality of the invasion and occupation of Iraq has been widely debated since the United States, United
Kingdom, Australia, Poland and a coalition of other countries launched the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The then
United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annanstated in September 2004 that the US-led war on Iraq was
illegal. Since the action of USA and UK undermined the authority of UN.

Critical analysis:
The main motive behind Iraq invasion was to eliminate WMD. However, US could not find them till today.
The whole war ended in complete failure. Moreover, Sadam Hussain was a rational actor. If it was made
clear that Saddam had no chemical or biological weapons, then he would lose one of his key instruments of
inflicting fear both among his own population and Iraq’s neighbours. This could diminish Iraq’s position as a
major force in the region. Saddam’s rational choice would then be to create uncertainty or ambiguity as to
whether or not he actually had these weapons. Without proof of Iraq having WMD, it seemed unlikely that
the West would intervene, and without proof of Iraq not having WMD, it would keep insurgents and Iraq’s
neighbours at bay. However, US along with UK intervened without any evidence of WMD.

Conclusion:

Q.27. How urban life was affected in USA during first two stages of industrialization?
Introduction:
Though precise date for full scale American industrial revolution is difficult to give, yet t is widely believed
that it lasted from late 18th century to early 19th century. However, the second phase began in the wake of
civil war. the second phase is also known as technological revolution. These two phases had huge impact on
urban life. The social, economic, religious and political life of urban people was greatly affected by the
industrial revolution. The range of impacts vary from better living standard, improved literacy rate, women
suffrage, growing population, class division to environmental degradation and many others. These impacts
are discussed below:

Improved living standard: industrial revolution brought change I life style of urban life. People began to
enjoy luxury life style. Improved roads, transport and communication system rose the living standard.

Education: with industrialization the demands for educated people had increased. This led to improve
education condition of people. Many tax supported schools were opened in cities. In 1873 KG system was
introduced. By 1900 illiteracy rate dropped from 17% to 11%.

WOMAN Rights: during first phase the demand for civil and political rights were echoed in the society.
This resulted in change in property law for women. More facilities were provided for the education of
women. In 1840 the Georgia Female College conferred first degree on women. However, they got voting
right during 2nd phase of industrial revolution in 1869.

Women In job market: With industrial revolution the demand for workers increased. This increased
opportunities for women. More and more women could be seen as typist, telephone operator and other.

Improved Economic life of urban people: industrialization increased employment opportunities for the
people. This increased earning of people.

Surge in Population: The industrialization brought surge in urban population. In 1850, around 15.3% people
lived in cities, while this number rosed to 39% by 1900. Many people rushed to cities. This brought many
challenges for urban life.

Epidemic Disease: Surge in urban population create problem for health. Poor sanitation and heaps of
garbage created health hazards. Long hour of work in industries created fatigue among people. Poor safety
enrolment in industries also ended with injuries.

Class Division: the economic transformation also led to sharpen the class division. More benefits were
acquired by handful business man, while major chunk was left with minimum return. This paved the way for
labour movement in the country.

Racial Riots & Crime: A large number of immigrants flooded into the cities in search of better employment.
These people have different culture and social structure. This gave birth to racial riots in the cities.
Resultantly, this increased crime ration in cities.

Religious Beliefs: The religious beliefs were affected in urban cities. More and more catholic churches
began to be opened in the cities. This against became another cause of tension among inhabitants. Theories
like Darwin also added fuel to the fire.
Environmental Degradation: the industrial activities to the environmental degradation of cities. More and
more manufacturing activities polluted environment.
Conclusion:
Q.7. Write a comprehensive note on the Black Civil Rights Movement in America for
equal civil rights and the role played in it by different individuals and organizations.
(20)

comments,criticism and suggestions are

strongly encouraged.
Introduction:
The civil war put an end to the formal institution of slavery. however,even more than a century
later, social obstacles in the society undermined the blacks. the supreme court gave a ruling in
1954,forbidding segregated schools. following this, the civil movement touched each and every
sphere of the social life to ensure equality.

Causes of civil rights movement

a) Jim crow laws
The supreme court ruling in fergussen vs plassey case permitted the following of two separate
law for both the nations black and white as long as they were treated equally. following the
ruling, both north and south introduced a number of laws for the welfare of either black or
whites. there were separate schools, hotels, swimming pools for both blacks and whites. these
rules were called jim crow rules and they played a pivotal role in ensuring white supremacy
that had died down in reformation era.

b) Post world war II

In the aftermath of world war II, U.S wanted to exhibit the merits of a democratic society to
the world. on the contrary, the hypocrisy in the form of segregated society as evident. As a
result, president Truman enacted a series of steps to put an end to the segregation. foremost
was the end of segregation in armed forces. robinson was the first African-american to play in
major basketball league.

Civil rights movement

a) MIA and ROSA parks incident
Rosa parks of Montgomery incited civil rights movement by just sitting in the Montgomery bus.
in 1955, tired, she rode Montgomery bus.at the time,it was a usual practice that when bus was
overcrowded blacks were asked to move to the back side.she,too was ordered to move back
but she refused to comply.she was arrested and fined.
This incident instigated the blacks. Martin luther king along with his friend initated protest on
the incident. they put forward a series of demands, particularly end to segregation. they
requested the blacks to not to ride buses. his organization, MONTOGOMERY IMPROVEMENT
ASSOCIATION, had expected 50% support and were overwhelmed when 99% backing was
received. Finally, the supreme court gave a ruling declaring segregated buses to be
unconstitutional. martin luther king and his friend Abernathy gave rise to a new league,
namely SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP COOPERATION for advocating civil rights.
b) Showdown at little rock
A year after the supreme court ruling, civil rights movement adopted a new shape in little,
Arkansas.a group of black students tried to enter an all whites school.they were refused entry
and the governor ordered national guard to take action against them. A federal judge declared
the move as unconstitutional. later, the group again tried entry into the school.they were
admitted from the back side.
Nonetheless, the news spread like wild fire and irritated citizens started protest. Next year,the
schools were shut down to prevent integration. but in 1959, when the schools were reopened,
both black and white students attended together.

c) Sit in, CORE and sncc

Four African American students went to an all white restaurant and ordered coffee. they were
refused to be served but they sat their patiently, waiting to be attended. this gave birth to sit
in movement.the instruction was simple- just to sit and waiot to be attended.blacks felt that
violent actions were taken by the white,world would see the righteousness of their mission.
They were often jeered at and ridiculed. sometimes,ketchup and other food items were also
thrown at them.but they remained devoted to their cause.

King, a little known minister convened a conference which was attended by students from
south and this gave birth to students nonviolent commission. this, along with CORE (congress
on racial equality),decided about the protests and sit-ins.

d) Marquette fyre incident

During the civil rights movement, Marquette fyre incident acted like a match to lit the fire. a
black, Marquette fyre was suspected of drunk driving and ordered by the police to step down.
When the police drew out the gun, a burst of emotional response from the crowd was
experienced.the crowd was already frustrated at unemployment, deplorable working conditions
and stringent police measures. This incident acted as a fuel on fire.it is believed that protests
lasted for a couple of days.4000 people were arrested in the protests on account of looting etc.
economic loss in millions was incurred.
President Johnson ordered inquiry into the incident.the report submitted conluded that racial
inequality had led to the protests.

e) Martin luther king

Martin luther king was the official leader of civil rights movement initiated in 1960s.he was
largely inspired by the teachings of Mohandas Gandhi. he had firm belief in civil disobedience
and non-violent protests.he was against the use of violent means to obtain the objectives. He
was assassinated in 1969 and it gave a sevewre blow to the civil rights movement.

f) MALCOM X:
When the nonviolent protests of martin luther did little to bring about a real change, a more
violent form of civil rights movement emerged under Malcolm x. they demanded establishment
of separate black nation where only blacks would support each other without the intervention
of whites. Moreover, it was also felt that integration was not the solution.

g) Black panther party

Inspired by malcom x, black panther party put forward their demands as their “wants and
believes”.theyopenly brandished weapons and were inspired by the philosophy of mao ze
dong. A few of the demands are

• We want freedom. we believe that only through freedom, we can determine our destiny
• We want employment. we believe it is the responsibility of the government to provide
employment to the citizens.
• We want education. We believe without education,one will not get awareness of self

Critical analysis
Black civil rights movement, initiated a 100 years after the civil war played an important role
in integrating blacks into each and every sphere of American life. it instilled in them love for
themselves and made them confident of their existence.many prominent individuals like martin
luther king and Malcolm x played an important role in this regard.in addition, organizations
such as MIA,SNCC,sclc AND core also deserve due respect.

conclusion
civil rights movement was the movemt launched by the blacks in response to their dismal
condition ad their low status in the society.through non-violent and violent measures, they
succeeded in getting the due share.