Nimra Tariq (17-NTU-1290

Ome Maryam Khalid (17-NTU-1291)

Sehrish Khaskheli (17-NTU-1295)
Contents
• Definition of Foreign Policy.
• Best Regulating Formula in Foreign Policy.
• Quaid’s Vision on Foreign Policy of Pakistan.
• Foreign Policy Making Agencies of Pakistan.
• Determinants of Foreign Policy through the phases.
• Conclusion & Suggestions.
Foreign Policy
• A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign
affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to
safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within
its international relations.
• Foreign Policy actually reflects the relation of state, across border
with other states such as neighbors and big powers.
• It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country
establish relations with other countries. Relations can be based on
trade, military, defense, business, religion, marketing, education, etc.
• Diplomacy is actually to do tactful dealings with other countries.
Best Regulating Formula in Foreign Policy
• Protection of freedom and sovereignty.
• Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries.
• Non Interference in Internal Affairs of Other countries.
• Implementation of U.N Charter.
• Promotion of World Peace.
• NON-ALIGNMENT.
• Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial
differences.
Quaid’s Vision on Foreign Policy of Pakistan
“Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill
towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish
aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe
in the principle of honesty and fair play in national and
international dealings and are prepared to make our outmost
contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity
among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found
lacking in extending its material and moral support to the
oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world, and in
upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.”
 Principles Of Pak F.P - In vision of Quaid
1. Peaceful Co-existence
2. Non-Alignment
3. United Nations Charter
4. Bilateralism
5. Support to Right of Self-Determination
6. Unity of Islamic World
7. De - Weaponization
8. Establishment of Peace
9. Good Relations with neighbours.
10. International and Regional Cooperation
Foreign Policy Making Agencies of Pakistan
• Administrative Troika
a) President
b) Prime minister
c) Chief Of Army Staff
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Intelligence Agencies
• Political Parties and Pressure Groups
• Parliament
 Foreign Policy of Pakistan
Pakistan 's foreign policy is guided by its history, geographical location and the
aspiration of its people.
It is also responsive to regional and international imperatives.
The essence of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are:-
• Develop friendly relations with all countries particularly the Muslim world,
major powers and immediate neighbors.
• Safeguard vital security and geo-strategic interests of Pakistan.
• Resolve the core issue of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the
resolutions of the UN Security Council and wishes of the Kashmiri people.
• Promote the image of Pakistan as a strong, dynamic, progressive, moderate
and democratic Islamic country.
• Increase economic and commercial interests abroad.
 Objectives of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy

Safeguard of National security

Islamic ideology
Geo-strategic location of Pakistan
Economic development
Respect for international law
Friendly relation with Muslim Countries
 Determinants of Foreign Policy of
Pakistan through phases
Phase – I: 1947-53 Non alignment and friendship with all
Phase – II: 1953-62 Alliance with the West
Phase – III: 1962-1971 Transition
Phase – IV: 1971-1979 Bilateralism and initiation of nuclear program
Phase – V: 1980-90 Afghan-Crisis and US Ally
Phase – VI: 1990-2001 Post-Cold War Era
Pakistan’s Dilemmas
Phase –VII: 2001-Date Pakistan and Counter
Terrorism
 1947-53 Non-alignment and 1st
friendship with all
Pakhtoonistan issue: was launched mainly by political pundits to jeopardize the situation of newly
created state of Pakistan after its consolidation. The issue died natural death in the course of time
as there was no available popular support for the cause. The foreign involvement created some
problems for the internal political structure and stability of Pakistan but no ripe fruit could be
harvested.
Kashmir in united Nations(1948-53): the resolution of Kashmir dispute is vital for the peace in this
region. Pakistan believing in the neutrality and authority of United Nations always regarded the
implementation of its resolutions as the only remedy for the deadlock. Kashmiri people were
denied their basic human rights for the preservation and promotion of which UN had come into
existence. If it could send a coalition force against the North Korean communists in the Korean
War, then why it cannot use force or impose sanctions to ensure compliance with its resolutions.
Liaquat nehru pact: The immediate effect of this pact was that it released some always present
tension and helped to improve relations between both countries. However the pact could not
succeed to attain enduring peace. The reason for the failure of the pact was Kashmir dispute and
other unresolved issues which were created at the time of independence. Indian Government did
not enforce preventive and punitive provisions of the pact. Pakistan was not able to implement
the provisions of the pact due to inherent weaknesses as well as unfriendly gestures from India.
 Continue…
Korean war: Korean war had major influence on Pakistan’s foreign policy and we have made
alliance with USA but we did not receive the expected military as well as economic aid
and the US response was doubtful and inadequate. Liaquat Ali khan took a brave decision
by refusing the American call for participation in the war.
Water dispute: The Indus basin water dispute had its basis in the partition of Punjab. It
occurred on April 1, 1948, when East Punjab in India discontinued the flow of cannel
waters to West Punjab that became a huge threat of dearth and loss of crops in West
Punjab. The main resource of Pakistan’s economy is based on agriculture which is
dependent upon irrigation by canals delivered from the Indus River and its five
tributaries. Indus Basin Treaty was signed on Sep 19, 1960. According to that agreement
Pakistan received exclusive rights of the three western rivers the Jhelum, the Chenab and
the Indus while India got three eastern rivers the Beas, the Sutlej and the Ravi.
Indo-pak crisis(1949-51): Time period between1949-51 was consisted of diplomatic
constrains and both the countries had tried to resolve their differences by avoiding any
military conflicts but the relations over Kashmir question remained less flexible and stiff.
 1953-62 Alignment with the West 2nd

Mutual defense assistance agreement (1954), SEATO and CENTO:

Pakistan and USA signed this agreement on 19 may,1954. By signing these defense pact, Pakistan was
guaranteed military and economic aid. In return, Pakistan’s soil was used a base for conducting
reconnaissance operations against Soviet Union. The next step to become the US most allied Asian ally of
Pakistan were its entries into SEATO and CENTO. A defense treaty was signed on september,9 1954 by USA,
France, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippine and Thailand . This treaty was named as SEATO.
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) earlier Middle East Treaty Organization, or Baghdad Pact Organization
Mutual Security Organization dating from 1955 to 1979 and contained of Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq and the
Britain. The Iranian revolution brought the end of the organization in 1979 along with Iran, Pakistan also left
CENTO.
Colombo conference(1954) and Bandung Conference 1955:
Colombo conference was held on April 28 1954 in Ceylon. This conference was attended by Ceylon, Indonesia,
Burma, India and Pakistan. It paved the way for future peaceful conferences which had deep impact in world’s
politics. However Pakistan was not able to solve Kashmir issue.
The Bandung Conference, also known as Asian-Africa Conference was a meeting of third world countries
which took place on April 18-24, 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. The five countries viz, Pakistan, Indian, Burma,
Sri Lanka, and Indonesia were the co-sponsored of the Conference. The main purpose for which the
conference held was to discuss peace, the role of third world countries in Cold War, the promotion of Afro-
Asian countries economic and cultural cooperation, and decolonization.
 Continue…
Custody of gawadar 1958: Pakistan purchased Gwadar from Oman for 3 million dollars on
8september 1958 I and Gwadar officially become part of Pakistan that time Gwadar was a
small and under developing village with a population of few thousand .Before his Gwadar was
a part of Oman In I july 1977 Pakistani government integrated Gwadar in to Baluchistan as
District headquarters of the newly formed Gwadar District. stategically Gwadar is very
important location between the oil rich Middle East, heavily populated south Asia and
economically emerging region of central Asia.
Pak-US agreement of coorporation 1959: An agreement took place between two countries in
March, 1959. Not only Pakistan was able to get military assistance but it also enabled the
government of Pakistan to get grants and aid packages. The projects initiated gave a base to
the economy and in the long run this created enigmatic problems for the state. Pakistani
government became dependent on the aid and grants by the American state. Still this
dependence is continuing.. In the foreign policy of Pakistan this aid dependence is a
hindrance on the development of economy.
 1962-71 Transition 3rd

Pakistan-China boundary agreement 1962: The Sino-Pakistan boundary agreement

finalizing the border between Pakistan and China was signed in March 1963. This agreement
became quite controversial owing to Indian refusal to acknowledge it because india also
asserts sovereignty over some of the areas. Besides this controversy, the agreement
changed the regional balance by bringing Pakistan and China closer to each other but
making the ties between Pakistan and the United States strained at the same time.
Indo-China War 1962: India and China: have enjoyed great relations for many years
with each other. 1959 became the turning point in Sino-Indian history when a serious
border conflict emerged in border areas. There were some areas like Hamalyas, Ladakh,
Tibet and Thagla, which were exclaimed as disputed areas. This little clash finally turned out
to be a war in 1962 between India and China, which is also known as Border
conflict. Pakistan in 1962’s War fully supported China for its claim. The foreign policy of
Pakistan tilted towards China and China comes up to support Pakistan as a time tested
friend and Pakistan started to change and a new system of balance of power emerged in the
sub-continent.
Indo-Pak War of 1965 and Tashkent Declaration:
Continue…
In September 1965, India attacked Pakistan owing to the latter’s provocation by undertaking the
operation Gibraltar in Indian held Kashmir. As a result, Pakistan put all its resources and potentials to
counter the attack of a far more powerful enemy. The war continued for sixteen days and was
followed by a summit of the leadership that was held in Tashkent in 1966. According to the declaration
a mutual agreement was signed between India and Pakistan saying that the forces would take their
pre-war positions.
Arab-Israel War 1967: Pakistan had nourished constrained relations with Arab world of that time
but in the war Pakistani government not only supported Arabs but offered material help too this
melted the ice and relations got batter. Pakistani pilots fought against Israeli air force in the war. Jamal
Abdel Nasser Hussein, president of Egypt was thankful for the support and he was more inclined to
Pakistan then India. This was major success of Pakistani foreign policy as it provided positive future
base for relations with Arab World. Latter Zulfeqar Ali Bhutto due to this tilt of foreign policy was able
to maneuver for a third block in the world comprised of third world countries.
First OIC conference: The first summit of OIC (Organization of Islamic Countries) was held in Rabat
(Morocco) in 1969 following the world-wide resentment of the Muslims over the burning of the holy
Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. All of Muslim countries relinquished their hatred to quell the Jerusalem
problem, which later became the sign of unity of Muslim world.
 1972-79 Bilateralism and initiation of 4th
Nuclear Program
Bhutto’s concept of Bilateralism: Bilateralism generally refers to keeping equal relations
with the two world powers, independent of their relation with other countries. Z. A. Bhutto
crafted the foreign policy of Pakistan on the basis of Bilateralism which meant that Pakistan
would pursue an independent foreign policy which was not connected with any other
country’s interest. It was assumed that Pakistan would cease to be a part of cold war era
alliance system and would develop equal relations with capitalist as well as communist
states.
Simla agreement (1972):The Simla Agreement signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and
President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972 was much more than a peace
treaty seeking to reverse the consequences of the 1971 war i.e. to bring about withdrawals
of troops and an exchange of POW’s , establishment of durable peace and friendship.
Lahore Summit (1974):The Second Islamic Summit Conference held in 1974 in Lahore was
hosted by Pakistan and came to be known as the Lahore Summit. The successful holding of
the summit raised the stature of Pakistan in the Muslim world. It brought up the solidarity
and fraternity among the Muslim world and made them aware of the worth of their
resources especially of oil. It also proved as a face saving forum to accept Bangladesh.
 Continue…
Nuclear program: Pakistan’s Nuclear Program started during Ayub Khan period as a response
to Indian nuclear designs which were detrimental to Pakistan’s future. 1998. On May 28,
1998, seven nuclear explosions were carried out at Chagai and this very day is celebrated in
Pakistan as Yaum-e-Takbeer.The nuclear tests were highly criticized by the international
community and the international bodies. Although Pakistan was generously helped by Saudi
Arabia during these moments of diplomatic stagnation and exclusion yet the economy had a
free fall as a consequence.
Bhutto and the UN: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s stance in United Nation changed Pakistan’s relations
with other countries. Kashmir, India, pan-Islamic approach and leader of the third world
country were the focal point of his foreign policy. At UN he firmly focused on the right of self-
determination and freedom from alien powers.
 1979-89 Afghan War phase and 5th
relations with US
Phase I January, 1980 --- January 31, 1981 This period includes the beginning of the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan, political change in Iran, the emergence of Pakistan’s strategic
importance, Carter’s regime in the United States and the martial law regime of Zia-ul-Haq in
Pakistan.
Phase II February 1981-April 14, 1988 This phase includes the periods of Ronald Reagan’s
administration in the United States and the non-party base elected regime of Muhammad
Khan Jonejo in Pakistan, a period of generous military and economic aid to Pakistan.
Phase III Nov. 1988-Aug 1990 During this phase-Benazir Bhutto- a less hostile leader to India
and Najibullah, was elected in the general election and withdrawal of USSR troops from
Afghanistan was completed on February 15, 1989. This was the period of the Bush
administration in the United States. The Bush administration preferred Benazir’s regime
because of her positive attitude towards the US proposal i.e. formation of a broad-based
interim government in Afghanistan for political settlement in Pakistan. Moreover, the
assurance about Pakistan’s nuclear programme given by Benazir in her election campaign
made her government credible for the Bush administration. Benazir pledged in her campaign
to ‘remove the ambiguity’ about the nuclear energy programme and devote it to civil
purposes.
 1989-2001 Post Cold War Era 6th

Kashmiri fight for freedom (1988-2001): If we look it in Pakistan’s foreign policy perspective
Pakistan had always supported the cause of Kashmir’s through armed manpower and
insurgency. Pakistan not only used international forum as diplomatic tool but also helped
mujahedeen and various other splinter groups but after 9/11 Pakistan’s foreign policy was
changed. And government stopped helping the Kashmir’s in their freedom struggle as it was
doing in the history.
US sanctions: the three important sanctions done by USA are Sanctions under the 1985
Pressler Amendment, Sanctions under the 1977 Symington Amendment and Non-Statutory
Sanctions 1999. These sanctions disqualified Pakistan from receiving any more American
economy and military assistance. It is necessary to note that during this hot period between
Pakistan and America, U.S. did not stop to support to Pakistan in Counter-narcotics, basic
education programs, certain non-governmental organization (N.G.O.), and other
humanitarian actions
Pakistan and Iraq-Kuwait War(1990): Pakistan initial foreign policy was based on bringing
the Islamic countries together and to create a strong kind of alliance to have an international
say in the affairs of the globe. Pakistan sided with Kuwait firstly because Pakistan was a
member of United Nations. When united nation passed the resolution against Iraq Pakistan
had no choice except accepting it. The support of Pakistan to Kuwait also got advantages of
good bilateral relations with Saudi and Kuwait itself in the future.
 Continue…
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT): CTBT aims to freeze the nuclear advancement and
reduce weapons of mass destruction and condemn any step in that direction. Pakistan
should observe the national security interest which is the primary consideration and then
must sign the treaty. They shouldn’t sign the CTBT, unless all countries ratify it and the 5
original nuclear states disarm completely of their nuclear arsenals.The comprehensive Test
Ban Treaty was finalized in 1996 after a thorough discussion for nearly a couple of decades.
Pakistan’s Nuclear tests 1998: successful nuclear tests were carried out on 28th of May,
1998. The tests were followed by economic, social and psychological impacts on one hand
and continuity in hostile relations with India on the other. It is a tragedy that in spite of
being a nuclear power, Pakistan is unable to formulate free foreign and domestic policies in
accordance with its needs and it is an irony that a nuclear power state is facing energy crisis.
Lahore Summit and Kargil Conflict 1999: The Lahore declaration symbolized an India-
Pakistan bilateral agreement which was signed on 21st February 1999 by the Prime Minster
of India and Pakistan. This declaration was held to the smooth and strained relationship
between India and Pakistan on the issue of nuclear tests taken on May 1998. But it’s sprit
died on May 1999 due to the outbreak of Kargil war between India and Pakistan.
 2001-Date Pakistan and counter 7th

terrorism
Pakistan today is a confident, responsible and well integrated member of the international community. Socio-
economic development in a peaceful and secure neighbourhood remains our top most priority.
Being at an intersection of East Asia and the Middle East naturally endow Pakistan with promising geo-
economic possibilities as a transit corridor for energy pipelines, trade and tourist flows. Our diplomatic Missions
are actively striving to translate these opportunities for the economic benefit of the country by promoting
exports and by facilitating foreign investment.
Pakistan’s relations with the Russian Federation have entered into a new phase of congeniality. We have
managed to shed the baggage of the cold war and made progress in evolving a forward looking and mutually
beneficial partnership.
The past year saw further consolidation of our strategic partnership with China which touched a new height of
friendliness and cooperation, epitomized by the exchange of numerous high level visits and conclusion of
bilateral agreements.
We are seeking mutually beneficial relations with Iran manifested by the numerous agreements that have been
signed between the two sides, the high point being the conclusion of the Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline deal. Our
traditional goodwill and historic relations with Turkey are also being translated into a concrete political and
economic partnership.
In mid-June 2014, Operation Zarb-i-Azb was launched by Pakistan Armed Forces against TTP, Al-Qaeda, East
Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETM) and Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) in North Waziristan Agency
(NWA). In order to clear Pakistan of terrorists, Pakistan Army launched “Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad” across the
country in February 2017.
Conclusion
• Its not possible to safeguard the countries interest unless necessary
policy and strategies are to be formed. Which is the result of adopting
firm and practical foreign policy
• Foreign policy play a very important role to attain honor and security
of one state and its political stability from other states.
• It also provide a way through which a country can become friends
from one country vise versa by dealing with diplomatically to attain
state protection.
Suggestion
• Political turnover should be stable.
• Foreign polices should make according to current situation, by
keeping in mind their consciousness.
• Foreign polices should make for the benefit of country. Don’t make
polices under the presser of other country.