2007 6th International Conference on

ANTENNA THEORY
AND
TECHNIQUES

September 17 – 21, 2007

Sevastopol, Ukraine
 ORGANIZERS
Ukrainian National Antenna Association,
IEEE AP/C/EMC/SP Kharkov Joint Chapter of Ukraine Section,
V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University,
Sevastopol National Technical University,
Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science,
Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics,
National Technical University "Kyiv Polytechnical Institute",
Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics RAS
Ukrainian URSI Committee,
Radio Astronomy Institute of NASU,
Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of NASU,
A.S. Popov Scientific and Technical Society,
IEEE Russian Section

We wish to thank the following for their contribution to the success of this conference:
European Office of Aerospace Research and Development, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, United
States Air Force Research Laboratory <http://www.london.af.mil>

AP-S IEEE
Radio Astronomy Institute of NASU
Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of NASU
Ukrainian Science Academy SMF “Institute of Automatic System”
Scientific-Production Company “TERA”

Proceedings of the 2007 Sixth International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques (ICATT’07)

IEEE Catalog Number: CFP07540-PRT

ISBN: 978-1-4244-1584-7
Library of Congress: 2007905458

Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy
beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom
of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to IEEE Copyrights Manager,
IEEE Operations Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. All rights reserved. Copyright
©2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

This material is based upon work supported by the European Office of Aerospace Research and Development,
Air Force Research Laboratory under Award No FA8655-07-1-5087

2 International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine
 ICATT’07 HONORARY CHAIRMAN:
Prof. Yakov S. Shifrin, IEEE Fellow Member, Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics,
President of Ukrainian National Antenna Association, Kharkiv, Ukraine

ICATT’07 CHAIRMAN:
Prof. Nikolay N. Kolchigin, IEEE Senior Member, Theoretical Radiophysics Dept. V.N. Karazin
Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine

ICATT’07 Co-CHAIRMEN:
Prof. Viktor A. Katrich, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Prof. Viktor F. Kravchenko, Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics RAS, Moscow, Russia
Prof. Alexander G. Luk’yanchuk, Sevastopol National Technical University, Sevastopol, Ukraine
Prof. Fedor F. Dubrovka, National Technical University "Kyiv Polytechnical Institute", Kyiv,
Ukraine

ICATT’07 Organizing Committee

Secretaries:

Dr. Khardikov Vyacheslav V. (Kharkiv, Ukraine) Dr. Shishkova Anna V. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)

Members:

Antufeyeva Mariya S. (Kharkiv, Ukraine) Belogurov Evgeniy Y. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)

Dr. Blinova Nataliya K. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Dr. Dumin Aleksander N. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Prof. Gimpilevich Yuriy B. (Sevastopol, Ukraine)
Dr. Katenev Sergey K. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Kochetov Bogdan (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Dr. Maksimova Nona G. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Dr. Pochanin Genadiy (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Prof. Shulga Sergey N. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Prof. Yarovoy Alexander G. (the Netherlands)
Rzhevtzeva Natalya L. (Sevastopol, Ukraine)
Dr. Butrym Aleksander Y. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Prof. Ermolov Pavel P. (Sevastopol, Ukraine)
Dr. Ivanchenko Dmitry D. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Kazanskiy Oleg V. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Litvinov Dmitry D. (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Dr. Pivnenko Sergey N. (Lyngby, Denmark)
Dr. Shirokov Igor B. (Sevastopol, Ukraine)
Dr. Vetrov Igor L. (Sevastopol, Ukraine)
Dr. Zheng Yu (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Svetlana V. Pshenichnaja (Kharkiv, Ukraine)

International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine 3
 Table of Contents

GENERAL ANTENNA THEORY

01. ELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKIN LAYER OF A PLASMA JET GENERATED

AS A RESULT OF THE BLANK CARTRIDGE EXPLOSION IN A FREE SPACE
Puzanov O. O. ...........................................................................................................................................104
02. FORMING AND RADIATION OF HIGH-POWER SHORT RADIO PULSES
Sirenko Yu. K., Pazynin V. L. and Shafalyuk O. S...................................................................................107
03. SCATTERING OF AN E-POLARIZED PLANE WAVE BY ELONGATED CYLINDER
OF ARBITRARY CROSS-SECTION
Vinogradov S. and Wilson C.....................................................................................................................110
04. A DISCUSSION ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL FRACTAL ANTENNAS
Volodymir M. Onufriyenko.......................................................................................................................113
05. 60 YEARS OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS THEORY
Slyusar V. I................................................................................................................................................116
06. RESONANCE DEGENERATE PLANE LATTICE OF MAGNETODIELECTRIC SPHERES
WITH A HOLE
Kozar A. I..................................................................................................................................................119
07. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF DIPOLE ANTENNA IN MULTILAYERED MEDIUM
WITH LOSSES
Kleshchenkov A. B., Lerer A. M. and Labunko O. S................................................................................122
08. RADIATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD PULSES BY PLANAR DIPOLE ANTENNAS
AT DIFFERENT MODES OF EXCITATION
Orlenko А. А., Kholod P. V., Ruban V. P.................................................................................................125
09. DIFFRACTION FIELD OF THE VERTICAL DIPOLE FROM SPHERE WITH APERTURE,
SCREENING BY THE DIELECTRIC LAYER
Rezunenko V. A., Roshchupkin S. V., Radchenko E. I. ............................................................................128
10 ELECTRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSVERSAL SLOT RADIATOR
IN A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE WITH A LAYERED DIELECTRIC FILLING
Blinova N. K., Lyakhovsky A. A. and Yatsuk L. P...................................................................................131
11. NEAR-FIELD RADIATION FROM SECTORAL HORNS
Anna V. Shishkova, Nikolay N. Gorobets, Elena E. Ovsyannikova .........................................................134

MICROWAVE COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS, FIBER-OPTICS

LINKS

01. DESIGN OF SPMT SWITCHES MATCHED BY MEANS OF TRANSFORMING FOUR-POLES

Oborzhytskyy V. I. ....................................................................................................................................137
02. HELIX ANTENNAS FOR GENERATORS OF SHORT HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSES
Boyko M. I. ...............................................................................................................................................140
03. SOLID STATE NONSTATIONARY SPECTROMETERS SUBTHZ AND THZ FREQUENCY
RANGES FOR ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS
Vaks V. L., Pripolzin S. I., Panin A. N., Nikiforov S. D., Vinogradov A. A. ...........................................143

International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine 7
International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine pp. 116-118

60 YEARS
OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS THEORY
Slyusar V. I.
Central Research and Development Institute of Arms and Military
Engineering of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
E-mail: swadim@inbox.ru

Abstract
In 2007 60 years from the moment of the publication of the first theoretical work
which have proved fundamental limits of achievable parameters so-called Electrically
Small Antennas (ESA) are executed. On the eve of a anniversary of the given event -
it is high time to sum up the 60-years way gone by theorists and developers of aerials
in understanding of limiting restrictions in realization effective of ESA-solutions. The
given report also is devoted to this review.

Keywords: Electrically small antennas (ESA), quality factor, fundamental limit.

In 2007 60 years from the moment of the publication A year later, Chu [2] derived an approximate lower
of the first theoretical work which have proved fun- limit for the radiation Q (Quality Factor) of an elec-
damental limits of achievable parameters so-called trically small antenna:
Electrically Small Antennas (ESA) are executed. It
⎧
⎪ 2ωWe
was article of Harold A. Wheeler [1]. On the eve of a ⎪
⎪ , We > Wm ,
anniversary of the given event - it is high time to sum ⎪ P
Q =⎨
up the 60-years way gone by theorists and developers ⎪
⎪ 2ωWm
⎪ , Wm > We .
of aerials in understanding of limiting restrictions in ⎪
⎪ P
⎩
realization effective of ESA-solutions. The given re-
If lower the Q factor for the antenna, then wider the
port also is devoted to this review.
useable frequency band of the antenna.
The author it is offered to distinguish in a history of
Chu was the first to derive analytic results using
development of the passives ESA’s theory four stages.
Maxwell's equations for omnidirectional, linearly polar-
First of them covers the period from the moment of
ized radiation. He obtained expressions for the minimum
the publication of Harold A. Wheeler’s article, and
radiation Q that can be obtained for an antenna that fit
development, becoming since 1948 of the fundamen-
within a sphere of a given radius. This result assumed no
tal limit’s theory of Quality Factor of Chu within of
energy remained within the sphere. The fields outside the
the concept of equivalent electric circuits, a concrete
sphere were expanded in spherical wave functions. The
definition of its positions from Harrington in 1960.
stored energy and radiated power were calculated for
The Wheeler’s definition of a Electrically Small
each mode using the complex Poynting Theorem and a
Antenna is antenna with geometrical dimension which
ladder circuit derived for each mode.
fits inside a sphere of radius a = 1/ k where Chu obtained results for transverse-magnetic (TM)
k = 2π / λ is the wave number associated with the and transverse-electric (TE) linearly polarized and
electromagnetic field (Fig. 1). circularly polarized modes.
The radiative properties of such electrically small In 1960, Harrington [3] related the effects of an-
antennas were first investigated by Wheeler [1] who tenna size, gain and minimum Q for the near and far
coined the term "radiation power factor" as the in-
verse of the radiation Q (Quality Factor). Using circuit
concepts for a capacitor and inductor acting as an an-
tenna, he showed that the radiation power factor for
either kind of antenna is somewhat greater than
4π 2
Q −1 > Vol ,
3λ 3
where Vol is the volume of the cylinder containing
the antenna and λ is the wavelength.

Fig. 1. Electrically Small Antenna.

978-1-4244-1584-7/07/$25.00©2007 IEEE
 60 Years of Electrically Small Antennas Theory

field diffraction zones for linearly and circularly po- Caswell, Davis and Stutzman [6] re-formulated the
larized waves, and also treated the case where the theory using the time-domain approach. The classical
antenna efficiency h is less than 100%. Harrington derivation of the fundamental limits assumed that the
also extended this theoretical result to include the electric and magnetic stored energies are completely
maximum possible gain. The Chu-Harrington’s limit orthogonal. However, this is not the case for an antenna.
of Q for linearly polarized waves can be written: For the time-domain derivation, the Caswell’s
1 + 3k 2a 2 definition of Q for circularly polarized waves is
Q= (1) modified as follows
k 3a 3 (1 + k 2a 2 )
ω ⋅ max [We +Wm ]
or approximated for ka << 1 Q= .
P
1
Q≈ . (2) Computing the peak stored energy in the time do-
k a33
main assuming that the antenna radiates only one
The beginning of the second stage is connected mode, n = 1 , gives the final result for radiation Q
with offered in 1964. Robert E. Collin and S. Roths-
child a method of calculation of limiting Quality Fac- 1 1 1 1
Q= 3 3
+ + 6 6
+ 2 2 . (6)
tor ESA on the basis of analytical Equations for the 2k a ka 4k a ka
full reserved energy of an electromagnetic field close The same result give in 1998 Dale M. Grimes and
ESA [4]: Craig A. Grimes [7].
1 1 Figure 3 shows the minimum radiation Q of (3) as
Q≈ 3 3 + . (3)
ka ka derived by Robert E. Collin, S. Rothschild and Mac-
Lean compared to the Q in (5) for 100% efficiency.
This result conflicted with the Chu-Harrington’s
limit. The same period was marked by split of theo- For small ka , both curves converge to the same value.
rists on two camps-supporters of the theory of Chu However, as ka increases, the curves diverge. The
and adherents of its revision. commonly accepted size limit for small antennas is
The third stage was marked by detection in 1996
McLean [5] a long-term mistake in treatment of re-
sults of Chu admitted Harrington, and the further
specification on this basis of Equations for limiting Q
Quality Factor ESA. MacLean [5] re-examined the
fundamental limit in order to achieve the highest pos-
sible accuracy because it makes little sense to speak of
approximate fundamental limits. McLean then pre-
sented an exact expression for the minimum radiation
Q . Like Chu, he assumed that the antenna radiates
only one mode, in this case the n = 1 spherical
mode. The fields of this mode are equivalent to the
fields radiated by a short dipole antenna. He computed
the stored energy due to the total fields and then sub-
tracts the stored energy due to the radiated fields,
leaving only the non-propagating stored energy from ka
which the radiation Q is determined. The resulting
expression for Q and linearly polarized waves is Fig. 2. The Family of limits: 1 – (3), 2 – (1), 3 – (4),
2 2
4 – (2).
1 + 2k a 1 1
Q= = + . (4)
k 3a 3 (1 + k 2a 2 ) k 3a 3 ka (1 + k 2a 2 )
For ka << 1 this can be approximated
1 1
Q≈ + .
k 3a 3 ka
This result confirmed Collin-Rothschild’s limit.
Figure 2 shows the minimum Q of (1) – (4) for
100 % efficiency.
The McLean’s limit of Q for circularly polarized
waves can be written:
1 1
Q≈ 3 3 + . (5)
2k a ka
Fig. 3. The Family of limits (5) and (6).

International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine 117
 Slyusar V. I.

ka = 1 . At the size, the ratio of the two curves is 1.31.

The present, fourth stage, originates in 2003 from
publication Thiele, Detweiler and Penno [8] of a limit
of Quality Factor ESA for sine wave distribution of a
current in a conductor (Fig. 4). Since this moment the
basic direction of development of theory ESA is
search of the limits sold in practice which are as much
as possible taking into account all physical effects in
ESA solutions.
For more information about problems of ESA's
Theory please look in [9].

REFERENCES
1. Wheeler, H. A. ‘Fundamental limitations of small
antennas,’ Proc. of the IRE, December 1947,
1479-1488.
2. Chu, L. J. ‘Physical limitations of omnidirectional
antennas,’ Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 19,
December 1948, 1163-1175.
3. R.F. Harrington, ‘Effect of Antenna Size on Gain,
Bandwidth, and Efficiency,’ J. Res. Nat. Bur.
Stand., Vol. 64-D, Jan/Feb 1960, 1-12.
4. R.E. Collin and S. Rothschild, ‘Evaluation of An-
tenna Q,’ IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., Vol. AP-12,
Jan. 1964, 23-27.
5. McLean, J. S. ‘A re-examination of the fundamen-
tal limits on the radiation Q of electrically small
antennas,’ IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., Vol. 44, no. 5,
672-676, May 1996.
6. E.D. Caswell, W.A. Davis, and W.L. Stutzman,
‘Fundamental Limits on Antenna Size,’ Submitted
to IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., April 2000.
Fig. 4. The Thiele's limit and Q of the some anten-
nas [8].
7. Dale M. Grimes, Craig A. Grimes, ‘Radiation Q of
dipole-generated fields,’ Radio Science, Vol. 34,
Number 2, March-April 1999, 281-296.
http://www.ee.psu.edu/grimes/publications/radiati
on_fields.pdf.
8. Thiele, G.A.; Detweiler, P.L.; Penno, R.P. ‘On the
lower bound of the radiation Q for electrically
small antennas,’ IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, Vol. 51, Issue 6, June 2003,
1263-1269.
9. Slusar, V. I. ‘60 Years of Electrically Small An-
tennas Theory. Some Conclusions,’ Electronics:
Science, Technology, Business, 2006, № 7, 10-19.
- http://www.electronics.ru/pdf/7_2006/02.pdf.

118 International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine
 Authors List

Ruban V. P. 125 V
Ruchenkov V. A. 312 Vainikainen P. 281
Rudakov V. I. 320 Vainikainen P. 348
Rutkas A. G. 158 Vaks V. L. 143
Ryndyk A. G. 415 Vasylenko D. O. 247
Vasylyshyn V. I. 455
S
Vavriv D. M. 468
Sadowski M. 335
Vdovicheva N. K. 32
Samoylyk S. S. 152
Verbitskii I. L. 237
Saprykin I. I. 418
Vesnik M. V. 214
Savenko P. O. 193
Vinogradov A. A. 143
Savochkin A. A. 446
Vinogradov S.S. 15, 110
Sazonov A. Z. 390
Vishnivetsky O. V. 262
Sazontov A. G. 32
Vlasenko L. A. 158
Schekaturin A. A. 446
Volkov S. V. 292
Scherbinin V. V. 357
Volkov V. A. 468
Sekretarov S. S. 468
Voloschuk R. P. 309
Sestroretskii B. V. 312
Voloshko S. V. 441
Shafalyuk O. S. 107
Volosyuk V. K. 20
Shakina L. 289
Vovk S. M. 480
Sharafiev R.S. 295
Vozianova A. 188
Sharypin V. N. 438
Vyplavin P. 360
Shashkin V. I. 351
Vystavkin A. N. 379
Shatov D. S. 357
Shckorbatov Yu. 289 W
Shifrin Y. S. 344 Wang Miao 196
Shirokov I. B. 332 Wang Nannan 196,199
Shishkova A. V. 134, 181 Wei Li 253
Shitov S. V. 379 Wilson C. 110
Shu Lin 256 Woestenburg E. E. M. 82
Shulga S. N. 317
X
Sinyavskiy G. P. 449
Xiaohang Xing 323
Sirenko Yu. K. 107
Xiaoming Zhou 354
Sitsko N. Yu. 202
Xuemai Gu 256
Skobelev S. P. 409
Slyusar V. I. 116,441 Y
Smailov Yu. Y. 474 Yang Caitian 199
Soldatenkov V. P. 223 Yanovsky F. J. 26
Solonskaya S. V. 341 Yaparova A. A. 409
Stadler M. 326 Yatskevich V. A. 292
Sukharevsky I. O 390 Yatsuk L. P. 131
Suo Ying 65 Yeliseyeva N. P. 376
Syvozalizov N. A. 155 Yevdokymov A. P. 59
Ying Suo 253
T
Yurchenko V. B. 93
Tatarchuk O.M. 315
Yurtsev O. A. 226,229,432,435
Teimur Heydari 286,298
Thevenot M. 37 Z
Titov A. N. 458 Zabolotny V. F. 379
Tkach М. D. 193 Zakamov V. R. 351
Tokarsky P. L. 87, 452 Zamorska O. F. 443
Troitskiy А. V. 284, 400,403 Zelenchuk D. E. 232
Tuz V. R. 173,177 Zemlyakov V. V. 449
Tyschuk U. N. 284 Zheng Yu 181,246
Zhirnov V. V. 341
U
Zabolotny V. F. 379
Ulanovskij А. V. 438
Zakamov V. R. 351
Ulyanov Y. N. 344
Zamorska O. F. 443
Uvarov A. V. 379
Zelenchuk D. E. 232
Zemlyakov V. V. 449

International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine 491
 НАУКОВЕ ВИДАННЯ
ЗБІРНИК НАУКОВИХ ПРАЦЬ

2007 6th International Conference on Antenna Theory and

Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine

Відповідальні секретари: Хардіков В.В., Шишкова Г.В.

Комп’ютерна верстка: Хардіков В.В.
Макет обкладинки: Антюфєєва М.С.

Підписано до друку 31.08.2007 Формат60х84 1/8

Папір офсетний. Друк ризографічний.
Ум. друк. арк. 52,3. Обл.-вид. арк 60,9

Наклад 200 прим.

Ціна договірна.
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