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a Reagents and con ditions: (a) allyl alcohol, TMSOTf, CH Cl , 86%; (b) AcCl, DCM/MeOH (1:1 v/v), 94% for 10, 54% for 13; (c) TMSOTf, CH Cl ,
2 2 2 2
88% for 12, 75% for 14; (d) PdCl2, 90% HOAc, NaOAc, 55%; (e) p-NO2BzCl, Pyr, 70%; (f) HBr, HOAc; (g) 0.15 M aq K 2CO3, CHCl3, TBAB, 50 °C.
similar glycosylation with donor 11, gave allyl trisaccha- ride S CHEME 3. Synthesis of Key Intermediate 4 a
14 in 41% yield over two steps. Removal of the allyl group
from 14 was carried out smoothly with PdCl 2 in 90%
HOAc/NaOAc to give hemiacetal 15 in 55% isolated yield. 22
We next tried to convert 15 to bromide 3 through acetylation
(Ac 2O in pyridine) and bromination (HBr in HOAc).
However, bromination proved to be difficult and only a trace
amount of 3 was produced. To improve the synthesis of 3,
hemiacetal 15 was first transformed into 4-nitrobenzoyl
derivative 16 with 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride in pyridine and then
subjected to bromination with HBr
in HOAc. Using this approach, 3 was obtained from 15
in 70% yield. Unfortunately, P TC 23-25 cou pling reaction
of 3 and 2 under various reaction conditions failed to give
the desired structure 17. Instead, decomposition of a Reagents and conditions: (a) Et SH, TMSOTf, CH 2Cl2, 95%;
trisaccharide bromide 3 was observed based on TLC (b) Br 2 , CH 2Cl2, 0 °C, 100%; (c) 0.15 M aq K 2CO3, CHCl 3 , TBAB,
analysis. 50 °C, 90%; (d) BnBr, K 2CO3, DMF, 93%; (e) NaOMe, MeOH, 86%.
Quercetin 3-sophorotrioside 1 might also be conver-
possibly due to decom position of either 5 or the resulting
gently prepared from its precursor 23, through the
products under the acidic reaction conditions. We next
coupling of 4 with disaccharide donor 22. To prepare
transformed 5 into 6.28 Condensation of com pound 6 and
compound 4, we first attempted to glycosylate the quer-
2 using known methods 29 still failed to give the desired
cetin 3-OH of 2 with glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate
product. We finally turned to basic PTC conditions for
526 based on a similar successful example. 27 However, all
this glycosylation (Scheme 3). Thioglycoside 6 was treated
attempts failed, leading instead to complex products,
with bromine in CH 2Cl2 at 0 °C to give bromide 7,30 which
(22) Du, Y.; Pan, Q.; Kong, F. Synlett 1999 , 1648. was used directly for the next reaction. Partially benzy-
(23) Jensen, K. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002 , 2219. lated bromide 7 (1.2 equiv) was condensed with quercetin
(24) Hongu, M.; Saito, K.; Tsujihara, K. Synth. Commun. 1999 , 29,
2775. derivative 2 in 0.15 M K 2 CO 3 /CHCl 3 in the presence of
(25) Lewis, P.; Kaltia, S.; Wa¨ hä lä , K. J. Chem . Soc., Perkin Trans. tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) at 50 °C, giving
1 1998 , 2481.
(26) Schmidt, R. R.; Effenberger, G. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1987 , 825. (28) Garegg, P. J.; Ha¨ llgren, C. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1992 , 11, 425.
(27) Brown, R. T.; Carter, N. E.; Mayalarp, S. P.; Scheinmann, F. (29) Toshima, K.; Tatsuta, K. Chem. Rev. 1993 , 93, 1503.
Tetrahedron 2000 , 56, 7591. (30) Shaban, M. A. E.; Jeanloz, R. W. Carbohydr. Res. 1976 , 52, 103.
a Reagents and conditions: (a) TMSOTf, CH Cl , 90% for 20; (b) PdCl , 90% HOAc, NaOAc; (c) CCl CN, DCM, DBU, 50% from 20; (d) BF ‚Et O,
2 2 2 3 3 2
DCM; (e) AgOTf, DCM.
a Reagents an d con dition s: (a) AgOTf, CH Cl , 87% for 24, 90% for 26; (b) NaOMe, MeOH, 86% for 25, 95% for 1; (c) P d(OH) -C, H ;
2 2 2 2
Ac2O, Pyr; 85% for two steps.
the C-3 glycosylated compound 18 in 90% yield. Proton the quercetin disaccharide derivative 24 in excellent
coupling ( J ) 8 Hz) observed for the anomeric proton of yield. Using TMSOTf or BF 3 ‚Et 2 O as catalysts in place
glucose residue ( δ 5.50 ppm) demonstrated the expected of AgOTf caused the rapid consumption of donor 5,
§-linkage to the quercetin moiety. The cross-peak from making reaction sluggish. Treatment of 24 with NaOMe
glucosyl H-1 (δ 5.50 ppm) to quercetin C-3 ( δ 135.75 ppm) in MeOH for 2 days at room temperature affor ded 25 in
in the HMBC spectra confirmed that the glycosylation 86% yield. Reiterative coupling of 5 with 25 affor ded
took place at the C-3 position of the quercetin residue. quercetin trisaccharide 26 (90%). Complete removal of
No R-isomer was detected under these glycosylation the C-2 acetyl group from the glucose residue of trisac-
con ditions. Benzylation of the 5,3 hydroxyl groups on 18 charide 26 was extremely difficult, taking 7 days under
with benzyl bromide and K 2 CO 3 in DMF at room tem- Ze m plé n con dition s. 34 More p ractically, dep rotection
perature furnished 19, which was further treated with could be accomplished by hydrogenation of 26 over 20%
NaOMe in MeOH to give acceptor 4 in 80% yield (two Pd(OH) 2 on charcoal in ethanol and ethyl acetate (1:1)
steps). under normal pressure, followed by full acetylation (Ac 2O
Glycosylation of trichloroacetimidate 1131 and acceptor 10 in pyridine, f 27), silica gel column purification, and
with the promotion of TMSOTf in dry dichloromethane final removal of all acetyl groups using a catalytic amount
gave disaccharide 20 in a convergent fashion. Removal of of NaOMe in methanol, affor ding quercetin 3-sophoro-
the allyl group from 20 with PdCl 2 in a 90% HOAc/ trioside 1 in 81% yield over three steps. The diagnostic
1 H NMR signals for 1 were identical to those reported
NaOAc system ( f 21), followed by imidation (DBU,
trichloroacetonitrile), gave trichloroacetimidate 22 in 45% by Tomas-Barberan et al. in DMSO- d 6 .18 It is worth
yield over three steps. Unfortunately, the final condensa- noting that the attempted coupling reaction of 25 and
tion between 4 and 22 (Scheme 4) failed to affor d the desired 11 gave ambiguous results as a result of difficulties in
product under standard glycosylation conditions using AgOTf, obtaining a clean 1 H NMR spectra. Rapid decomposition
BF 3‚Et 2O, and TMSOTf as catalysts. 32 This condensation of donor 11 was also observed under standard glycosy-
also failed under inverse glycosylation conditions. 33 lation conditions using Lewis acids as catalysts. In
addition, 1 was easily oxidized on TLC when exposed to
The unexpected difficulty in the convergent synthesis
air at room temperature.
of 1 led us to modify our approach. A simple linear
We describe here the first total synthesis of quercetin 3-
strategy was adopted for the total synthesis of 1 (Scheme
sophorotrioside from 7,4 -di-O-benzyl quercetin in eight steps
5). Silver triflate catalyzed glycosylation of trichloroace-
and 39% overall yield. PTC glycosylation of quer- cetin C-3
timid ate 5 an d accep tor 4 in CH 2 Cl 2 at -30 °C affor ded
proved to be very efficient using 0.15 M aqueous K 2CO3 and
(31) He, H.; Yang, F.; Du, Y. Carbohydr. Res. 2002 , 337 , 1673.
1 equiv of TBAB in chloroform at 50 °C for mono- and
(32) Boons, G.-J. Tetrahedron 1996 , 52, 1095. disaccharide bromide donors 10,17 but was not
(33) Schmidt, R. R.; Toepfer, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991 , 32, 3353. (34) Du, Y.; Pan, Q.; Kong, F. Carbohydr. Res. 2000 , 329 , 17.