Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current president of the
United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television
personality.

Trump was born and raised in Queens, a borough of New York City, and received
a bachelor's degree in economics from the Wharton School. He took charge of his
family's real-estate business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, and
expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan. The
company built or renovated skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump
later started various side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. He owned
the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, and
produced and hosted The Apprentice, a reality television show, from 2003 to
2015. Forbes estimates his net worth to be $3.1 billion.[a]

Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in
the primaries. His political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. Despite
not being favored in most forecasts, he was elected in a surprise victory over Democratic nominee Hillary
Clinton, although he lost the popular vote.[b] He became the oldest first-term U.S. president,[c] and the first
without prior military or government service. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests.
Trump has made many false or misleading statements during his campaign and presidency. The statements
have been documented by fact-checkers, and the media have widely described the phenomenon as
unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have also been characterized as
racially charged or racist.

During his presidency, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, citing
security concerns; after legal challenges, the Supreme Court upheld the policy's third revision. He enacted a
tax-cut package for individuals and businesses, rescinding the individual health insurance mandate. He
appointed Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Trump has pursued
an America First agenda, withdrawing the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations,
the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal, eventually increasing tensions with the
country. He recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, imposed import tariffs triggering a trade war with
China, and attempted negotiations with North Korea toward its denuclearization.

A special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller found that Trump and his campaign welcomed and
encouraged Russian foreign interference in the 2016 presidential election under the belief that it would be
politically advantageous, but did not find sufficient evidence to press charges of criminal conspiracy or
coordination with Russia. Mueller also investigated Trump for obstruction of justice, and his report neither
indicted nor exonerated Trump on that count. A 2019 House impeachment inquiry found that Trump
solicited foreign interference in the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Ukraine to help his re-election
bid and then obstructed the inquiry itself. Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives on
December 18, 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. He is the third U.S. president to
be impeached. The impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020, and on February 5 he was acquitted by
the Senate of both charges.
 Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu[6] (born Anjezë Gonxhe
Bojaxhiu, Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]; 26 August 1910 – 5
September 1997), commonly known as Mother Teresa and
honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta,[7] was
an Albanian-Indian[4] Roman Catholic nun and missionary.[8] She was
born in Skopje (now the capital of North Macedonia), then part of
the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Skopje for
eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she
lived for most of her life.

In 1950, Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman

Catholic religious congregation that had over 4,500 nuns and was
active in 133 countries in 2012. The congregation manages homes
for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis. It
also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, children's and
family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity,
poverty, and obedience, and also profess a fourth vow – to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest
of the poor."[9]

Teresa received a number of honors, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel
Peace Prize. She was canonised on 4 September 2016, and the anniversary of her death (5 September) is
her feast day.

A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Teresa was admired by many for her charitable
work. She was praised and criticized on various counts, such as for her views on abortion and contraception,
and was criticized for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorized biography was written
by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of films and other books. On 6
September 2017, Teresa and St. Francis Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese
of Calcutta.
 Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne;[4] German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14
March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist[5] who developed
the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum
mechanics).[3][6]:274 His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of
science.[7][8] He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy

equivalence formula , which has been dubbed "the world's most famous
[9]
equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical
physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[10] a
pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to
reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop
his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern (1902–1909). He
subsequently realized that the principle of relativity could be extended to gravitational fields, and published
a paper on general relativity in 1916 introducing his theory of gravitation. He continued to deal with
problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and
the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of
radiation, the basis of laser, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, he applied the
general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.[11][12]

Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895 and renounced his German citizenship in 1896. After being stateless
for more than five years, he acquired Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he kept for the rest of his
life.[13] Except for one year in Prague, he lived in Switzerland between 1895 and 1914.

He received his academic diploma from the Swiss federal polytechnic school (later the Eidgenössische
Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich in 1900. Between 1902 and 1909 he was employed in Bern as
a patent examiner at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office. In 1905, called his annus
mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, which attracted the attention of the
academic world. That year, at the age of 26, he was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Zurich.

He taught theoretical physics for one year (1908/09) at the University of Bern, for two years (1909–11) at
the University of Zurich, and after one year at the Charles University in Prague he returned to his alma
mater ETH Zurich between 1912 and 1914, before he left for Berlin, where he was elected to the Prussian
Academy of Sciences.

In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Because of
his Jewish background, Einstein did not return to Germany.[14] He settled in the United States and became
an American citizen in 1940.[15] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D.
Roosevelt alerting FDR to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and
recommending that the US begin similar research. This eventually led to the Manhattan Project. Einstein
supported the Allies, but he generally denounced the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. He signed
the Russell–Einstein Manifesto with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, which highlighted the danger of
nuclear weapons. He was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his
death in 1955.
 Louis Braille (/breɪl/ ( listen); French: [lwi bʁaj]; 4 January 1809 – 6
January 1852) was a French educator, catholic priest and inventor of a
system of reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired.
His system remains virtually unchanged to this day, and is known
worldwide simply as braille.

Blinded in both eyes as a result of an early childhood accident, Braille

mastered his disability while still a boy. He excelled in his education and
received a scholarship to France's Royal Institute for Blind Youth. While
still a student there, he began developing a system of tactile code that
could allow blind people to read and write quickly and efficiently.
Inspired by the military cryptography of Charles Barbier, Braille
constructed a new method built specifically for the needs of the blind.
He presented his work to his peers for the first time in 1824.

In adulthood, Braille served as a professor at the Institute and had an avocation as a musician, but he largely
spent the remainder of his life refining and extending his system. It went unused by most educators for
many years after his death, but posterity has recognized braille as a revolutionary invention, and it has been
adapted for use in languages worldwide.

Louis Braille was born in Coupvray, a small town about twenty miles east of Paris, on 4 January 1809.[1] He
and his three elder siblings – Monique Catherine (b. 1793), Louis-Simon (b. 1795), and Marie Céline (b.
1797)[2] – lived with their parents, Simon-René and Monique, on three hectares of land and vineyards in the
countryside. Simon-René maintained a successful enterprise as a leatherer and maker of horse tack.[3][4]

As soon as he could walk, Braille spent time playing in his father's workshop. At the age of three, the child
was playing with some of the tools, trying to make holes in a piece of leather with an awl. Squinting closely
at the surface, he pressed down hard to drive the point in, and the awl glanced across the tough leather and
struck him in one of his eyes. A local physician bound and patched the affected eye and even arranged for
Braille to be met the next day in Paris by a surgeon, but no treatment could save the damaged organ. In
agony, the young boy suffered for weeks as the wound became severely infected—an infection which then
spread to his other eye, likely due to sympathetic ophthalmia.[4]a

Louis Braille survived the torment of the infection but by the age of five he was completely blind in both
eyes.[5] Due to his young age, Braille did not realize at first that he had lost his sight, and often asked why it
was always dark.[6] His parents made many efforts – quite uncommon for the era – to raise their youngest
child in a normal fashion, and he prospered in their care. He learned to navigate the village and country
paths with canes his father hewed for him, and he grew up seemingly at peace with his disability.[4] Braille's
bright and creative mind impressed the local teachers and priests, and he was accommodated with higher
education
 Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and
businessman who has been described as America's greatest inventor.[1][2][3] He developed
many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound
recording, and motion pictures.[4] These inventions, which include the phonograph,
the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb, have had a
widespread impact on the modern industrialized world.[5] He was one of the first inventors
to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of invention,
working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial research
laboratory.[6]

Edison was raised in the American Midwest; early in his career he worked as a telegraph operator, which
inspired some of his earliest inventions.[4] In 1876, he established his first laboratory facility in Menlo Park,
New Jersey, where many of his early inventions were developed. He later established a botanic laboratory
in Fort Myers, Florida in collaboration with businessmen Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone, and a laboratory
in West Orange, New Jersey that featured the world's first film studio, the Black Maria. He was a prolific
inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as patents in other countries. Edison married twice
and fathered six children. He died in 1931 of the complications of diabetes.

Thomas Edison was born in 1847 in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh
and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. (1804–1896, born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) and Nancy
Matthews Elliott (1810–1871, born in Chenango County, New York).[7][8] His father, the son of
a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern
Ontario (then called Upper Canada), in a village known as Shrewsbury, later Vienna, by 1811. Samuel Jr.
eventually fled Ontario, because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837.[9] His father,
Samuel Sr., had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast,
Samuel Jr.'s struggle found him on the losing side, and he crossed into the United States at Sarnia-Port
Huron. Once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was Dutch by way
of New Jersey;[10] the surname had originally been "Edeson."[11]

Edison attended school for only a few months, and was instead taught by his mother.[12] Much of his
education came from reading R. G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy and from enrolling in chemistry
courses at The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art.[13][14]

Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout
of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. Around halfway through his
career, Edison attributed the hearing impairment to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his
chemical laboratory in a boxcar caught fire and he was thrown off the train in Smiths Creek, Michigan, along
with his apparatus and chemicals. In his later years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when
the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.[15][16] Being completely deaf in one
ear and barely hearing in the other, Edison would listen to a music player or piano by chomping into the
wood to absorb the sound waves into his skull. The waves would then pass through the cochlea and into the
auditory nerve and finally into his brain. Due to this method of listening, he could not stand vocal vibrato
nor hear at the highest frequencies.[17]
 Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (born 5 February 1985
in Funchal, Madeira), better known as Cristiano Ronaldo, is
a Portuguese footballer. He plays for the Italian club Juventus and
the Portuguese national team. He is widely considered to be one of the
greatest footballers of all time, and, by some, as the greatest
ever.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Ronaldo was once, the most expensive professional football player of all time,
after moving from Manchester United to Real Madrid for approximately
£80m. At his presentation as a Real Madrid player, 80,000 people greeted him
at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. This is the world record, passing the 25-
year record of 75,000 people at Diego Maradona's presentation for Napoli.

He is the first player to win the rebranded UEFA Champions League five
times.[16] He also holds the record for the most number of goals scored in Real
Madrid's history. Until this day, he remains the only player in the history of La Liga to score 30 or more goals
in six consecutive seasons. He is Portugal's top appearance maker as well as top goalscorer of all time.[

Ronaldo was born and raised in Funchal, Madeira Islands. He was diagnosed with a racing heart
(Tachycardia) at age 15, but he got surgery to treat it. His father named him "Ronaldo" after former U.S.
president Ronald Reagan. In 1997, at age 12, he went on a trial with Sporting CP, who signed him for a fee of
£1,500. He then moved from the Madeira Islands to Lisbon, to join the Sporting youth academy.He joined
professional football at 16. After his stuggle now he is in the top list, he is the second best football player in
the whole world at the age of 34, with the jersey number 7. Now, he is also known as 'CR7'.

Club Career[change | change source]

Ronaldo began his professional career at Sporting Clube de Portugal. On 7 October 2002, Ronaldo played his
first game in the Portuguese Primeira Liga, against Moreirense. He scored two goals in their 3–0 win.
Ronaldo came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in August 2003, when
Sporting defeated United 3–1 in the first game ever played at the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon. His
performance impressed the United players, who told Ferguson to sign him. In 2003, Ronaldo
joined Manchester United from Sporting CP. He wanted the number 28, the number he wore at Sporting,
but was eventually given the number 7. This number had been worn by George Best, Eric Cantona and David
Beckham before him. He joined Real Madrid in July 2009. Because number 9 was taken by Raúl González, he
had to wait until he left the club in the summer of 2010 to wear number 7.[18]
 Nikola Tesla (/ˈtɛslə/;[2] Serbo-Croatian: [nǐkola têsla]; Serbian
[a]
Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-
American[4][5][6] inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer,
and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the
modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.[7]

Born and raised in the Austrian Empire, Tesla studied engineering and
physics in the 1870s without receiving a degree, and gained practical
experience in the early 1880s working in telephony and at Continental
Edison in the new electric power industry. He emigrated in 1884 to the
United States, where he became a naturalized citizen. He worked for a
short time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck
out on his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas,
Tesla set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range
of electrical and mechanical devices. His alternating current (AC) induction motor and related polyphase AC
patents, licensed by Westinghouse Electric in 1888, earned him a considerable amount of money and
became the cornerstone of the polyphase system which that company eventually marketed.

Attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market, Tesla conducted a range of experiments with
mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a
wireless-controlled boat, one of the first ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and
demonstrated his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, and was noted for his
showmanship at public lectures. Throughout the 1890s, Tesla pursued his ideas for wireless lighting and
worldwide wireless electric power distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in
New York and Colorado Springs. In 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless
communication with his devices. Tesla tried to put these ideas to practical use in his
unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project, an intercontinental wireless communication and power transmitter,
but ran out of funding before he could complete it.[8]

After Wardenclyffe, Tesla experimented with a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying
degrees of success. Having spent most of his money, Tesla lived in a series of New York hotels, leaving
behind unpaid bills. He died in New York City in January 1943.[9] Tesla's work fell into relative obscurity
following his death, until 1960, when the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI
unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor.[10] There has been a resurgence in popular interest in
Tesla since the 1990s.[11]
 Alexander Graham Bell (/ˈɡreɪ.əm/; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922)[3] was
a Scottish-born[N 2] American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with
inventing and patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded
the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.[6][7]

Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work
on elocution and speech and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly
influencing Bell's life's work.[8] His research on hearing and speech further led him
to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being
awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876.[N 3] Bell
considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to
have a telephone in his study.[9][N 4]

Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical
telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders[11] of
the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second
president from January 7, 1898, until 1903.[12]

Beyond his scientific work, Bell was an advocate of compulsory sterilization, and served as chairman or
president of several eugenics organizations.[

Early life

Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847.[14] The family home was at South
Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bell's birthplace. He had two
brothers: Melville James Bell (1845–1870) and Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), both of whom would die
of tuberculosis.[15] His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza
Grace (née Symonds).[16] Born as just "Alexander Bell", at age 10, he made a plea to his father to have a
middle name like his two brothers.[17][N 5] For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to
adopt the name "Graham", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his
father who had become a family friend.[18] To close relatives and friends he remained "Aleck".[19]

First invention

As a child, young Bell displayed a curiosity about his world; he in gathered botanical specimens and ran
experiments at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbour whose family operated a flour
mill. At the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail
brushes, creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation at the mill and used steadily for a
number of years.[20] In return, Ben's father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in
which to "invent".[20]
 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡændi/;[2] 2 October 1869 – 30
January 1948) was an Indian lawyer,[3] anti-colonial nationalist,[4] and political
ethicist,[5] who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the
[6]
successful campaign for India's independence from British Rule, and in turn
inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable"), first applied
to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.[7][8]

Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, western India, Gandhi
was trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, and called to the bar at age
22 in June 1891. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to
start a successful law practice, he moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent
an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to stay for 21 years. It was in South Africa that Gandhi raised a
family, and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned
to India. He set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-
tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide
campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity,
ending untouchability, and above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.[9]

The same year Gandhi adopted the Indian loincloth, or short dhoti and, in the winter, a shawl, both woven
with yarn hand-spun on a traditional Indian spinning wheel, or charkha, as a mark of identification with
India's rural poor. Thereafter, he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community, ate simple
vegetarian food, and undertook long fasts as a means of self-purification and political protest. Bringing anti-
colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax
with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942.
He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India.

Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s by a
new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India.[10] In
August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire[10] was partitioned into
two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.[11] As many displaced Hindus,
Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in
the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the
affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto
death to stop religious violence. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78,[12] also
had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.[12] Some Indians
thought Gandhi was too accommodating.[12][13] Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist,
who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest.[13]
 William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an
American business magnate, software developer, investor, and
philanthropist. He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft
Corporation.[2][3] During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions
of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president and chief software
architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May
2014. He is one of the best-known entrepreneurs and pioneers of
the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.

Born and raised in Seattle, Washington, Gates co-founded Microsoft

with childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975 in Albuquerque, New Mexico; it
went on to become the world's largest personal computer software
company.[4][a] Gates led the company as chairman and CEO until
stepping down as CEO in January 2000, but he remained chairman and
[7]
became chief software architect. During the late 1990s, Gates had been criticized for his business tactics,
which have been considered anti-competitive. This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings.[8] In
June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time
work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the private charitable foundation that he and his
wife, Melinda Gates, established in 2000.[9] He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig
Mundie.[10] He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as
technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella.[11]

Since 1987, he has been included in the Forbes list of the world's wealthiest documented
individuals.[12][13] From 1995 to 2017, he held the Forbes title of the richest person in the world all but four
of those years.[1] In October 2017, he was surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who had an
estimated net worth of US$90.6 billion compared to Gates' net worth of US$89.9 billion at the time.[14] As of
November 9, 2019, Gates had an estimated net worth of US$107.1 billion, making him the second
wealthiest person in the world, behind Bezos.

Later in his career and since leaving day-to-day operations at Microsoft in 2008, Gates pursued a number of
philanthropic endeavors. He donated large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and
scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, reported to be the world's
largest private charity.[15] In 2009, Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge, whereby they and
other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy.[16] The foundation works to
save lives and improve global health, and is working with Rotary International to eliminate polio.
 Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an
American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is
regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century
and one of the greatest entertainers in the history of music. Jackson's
contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized
personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four
decades. His sound and style have influenced artists of various genres.

The eighth child of the Jackson family, Jackson made his professional
debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as
a member of the Jackson 5. Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while
at Motown Records, and rose to solo stardom with his fifth studio
album Off the Wall (1979). By the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music.
His music videos, including those for "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller" from his sixth studio
album Thriller (1982), are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art
form and promotional tool. Their popularity helped propel the television channel MTV into a significant
factor of 1980s pop culture. The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards at the 26th Grammy
Awards, including Album of the Year. Jackson continued to innovate with videos including "Leave Me Alone"
and "Smooth Criminal" from Bad (1987), "Black or White" and "Remember the Time"
from Dangerous (1991), "Scream" from HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995) and "Ghosts" from
the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1997). Jackson forged a reputation as a global
touring artist. With songs such as "Man in the Mirror", "Black or White", "Heal the World", "Earth Song" and
"They Don't Care About Us", Jackson's music emphasized racial integration, environmentalism and fighting
against prejudice and injustice. Through stage and video performances, he popularized complicated dance
techniques such as the moonwalk, to which he gave the name.

Starting in the late 1980s, Jackson became a figure of controversy and speculation due to his changing
appearance, relationships, behavior and lifestyle. In 1993, he was accused of sexually abusing the child of a
family friend. The lawsuit was settled out of court, and Jackson was not indicted. In 2005, he was tried and
acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges. In 2009, while preparing for a
series of comeback concerts, This Is It, Jackson died from an overdose of sedatives administered by his
personal physician, Conrad Murray. Fans around the world expressed their grief, and Jackson's public
memorial service was broadcast live. In August 2009, the Los Angeles County Coroner ruled that Jackson's
death was a homicide, and Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter in February 2010. Nine years
later, the documentary Leaving Neverland, which detailed posthumous allegations of child sexual abuse, led
to an international backlash against Jackson.