Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481

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Journal of South American Earth Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsames

Geochemistry and geochronology from Cretaceous magmatic and

sedimentary rocks at 6
350 N, western flank of the Central cordillera
(Colombian Andes): Magmatic record of arc growth and collision
J.S. Jaramillo a, *, A. Cardona b, S. Leo

n a, V. Valencia c, C. Vinasco a
a
Departamento de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
b
Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
c
School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The spatio-temporal, compositional and deformational record of magmatic arcs are sensible markers of
Received 28 June 2016 the long-term evolution of convergent margins including collisional events. In this contribution, field
Received in revised form relations, U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon geochronology from magmatic and sedimentary rocks, and whole-rock
15 March 2017
geochemistry from volcanic and plutonic rocks are used to reconstruct the Cretaceous arc growth and
Accepted 18 April 2017
Available online 20 April 2017
collision in the awakening of the Northern Andean orogeny in northwestern Colombia. The Quebrada-
grande Complex that includes a sequence of volcanic rocks intercalated with quartz-rich sediments is a
tholeiitic arc characterized by an enrichment in LREE and Nb-Ti anomalies that document crustal
Keywords:
Northern Andes
thickening in an arc system that was already active by ca. 93 Ma. This arc was built associated with thin
Cretaceous continental and newly formed oceanic crust, as suggested by the presence of Triassic and older detrital
Arc magmatism zircons in the associated sandstones. This fringing arc subsequently experienced deformation and a
Collision major switch to and enriched calc-alkaline high-k plutonism between 70 and 73 Ma. The deformation
U-Pb LAICP-MS record and changes in composition are related to an opposite double-vergence Molucca-sea type arc-arc
Geochemistry collision that ended with the accretion to the continental margin of an allochthonous island arc built on
Colombia an oceanic plateau associated with the Caribbean plate.
The new time-framework suggest that the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene collisional tectonics include
various stages before the switching to a subduction-dominated regime in most of the Cenozoic.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction 2011). During these stages, magmatic activity experienced major

The spatiotemporal and compositional character of magmatic
rocks can be used to discriminate major tectonic settings (i.e.
magmatic arcs, rift, MORB settings), or may also become a major
tracer of the modifications experienced by the continuous evolu-
tion of a convergent margin, including changes in the subduction
angle, crustal thickening or thinning, or the arrival of a colliding
element (Kay and Mpodozis, 2001; Whalen et al., 2006; Bouilhol
et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2015).
Collisional tectonics involve the approach between colliding
blocks and the subsequent response and re-arrangement of the
crust and the lithosphere to the collisional events (Brown et al.,
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jusjaramillori@unal.edu.co (J.S. Jaramillo).
compositional changes, as sediment and/or crustal subduction and
thickness increase, or the mantle flow is modified associated to
delamination or slab break-off, that can melt different reservoirs
(Von Blanckenburg and Davies, 1995; Elburg and Foden, 1999; Cloos
et al., 2005; Bouilhol et al., 2014; Kerr et al., 2015).
To appropriately relate compositional changes in the magmatic
activity of convergent margins that experienced collisional events,
temporal constraints, composition, and deformational relations
must be integrated in order to recognized the different pre, syn and
post-collisional stages (Cloos et al., 2005; Whalen et al., 2006;
Bouilhol et al., 2014).
The Late Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Northern Andes in
the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia is recorded in
various Cretaceous continental and oceanic arcs that were juxta-
posed between the Late Cretaceous and the Early Paleogene (Fig. 1;
Pindell et al., 2005; Vallejo et al., 2006; Pindell and Kennan, 2009;

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.04.012
0895-9811/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481 461

Fig. 1. Geology of the Central and Western Cordillera of the Colombian Andes including published U-Pb zircon ages from magmatic rocks (Cochrane, 2013; Go
mez et al., 2015; Maya
and Gonza
lez, 1995; Restrepo et al., 2011; Spikings et al., 2015; Villago

mez et al., 2011). The study area and the new geochronological results (red squares) are also highlighted. (For
interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

mez et al., 2011; Cochrane et al., 2014a;

Cardona et al., 2011; Villago
Spikings et al., 2015).
The existence of a Late Cretaceous to Paleocene oblique oceanic-
continent collisional event in the Colombian Andes have been
inferred from the presence of magmatic rocks with oceanic plateau
and arc affinity in the Western Cordillera (Toussaint, 1996; Kerr

mez et al., 2011; Weber et al., 2015; Zapata
et al., 1997; Villago
et al., 2017).
This event caused a major environmental and basin filling
change in the eastern Middle and Upper Magdalena Valley basins,
in which thermally controlled shallow to deep marine platform
changes to unstable and transitional continental environments
(Pindell et al., 1998; Villamil, 1999; Moreno-Sanchez and Pardo-
Trujillo, 2003; Go
mez et al., 2005; Bayona et al., 2008; Reyes-
Harker et al., 2015).
Fast cooling events in the Cretaceous and older rocks exposed in
the Central and Western Cordilleras are related to tectonically
controlled exhumation (Villago
mez and Spikings, 2013; Spikings
et al., 2015), whereas the Late Cretaceous mylonitic units (Vinasco
et al., 2013) and the apparent existence of magmatic gaps in the
Late Cretaceous continental arc from the Central Cordillera are also

mez et al., 2011;
major expressions of the Collisional event (Villago
462 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481
Spikings et al., 2015).
The oceanic rocks that formed the western Cordillera of
Colombia and Ecuador, have been related to the Caribbean oceanic
plate that migrated from a southwestern Pacific position and
collide with the margins of the Americas to achieve its current
inter-American position (Burke, 1988; Pindell et al., 2005; Pindell
and Kennan, 2009; Boschman et al., 2014).
Despite the relatively long 75 to 60 Ma tectonic instability
registered in the aforementioned stratigraphic, exhumation and
deformational record, and the existence of different magmatic units
that formed in western Colombia and Ecuador, tectonic in-
terpretations of the collisional regime have been related to a single
tectonic event that juxtaposed two main continental and oceanic
arc domains (Pindell et al., 1998; Villamil, 1999; Go
mez et al., 2005;
Villago
mez and Spikings, 2013; Spikings et al., 2015).
Limited studies on the long-term compositional evolution of the
Cretaceous magmatic arcs (Feininger and Botero, 1982; Correa et al.,
2006; Leal-Mejia, 2011; Villago
mez et al., 2011; Rodríguez et al.,
2012; Rodríguez and Arango, 2013; Weber et al., 2015), and the
magmatic response to the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene collision is
still scarcely explored (Vallejo et al., 2006; Cardona et al., 2009,
2011; Spikings et al., 2015), hindering the precise understanding
of the Late Cretaceous evolution of the Northwestern Andes
including the different stages associated with arc formation and the
arc-arc collisional events.
Along the western and eastern flank of the Central and Western
Cordillera of the Colombian Andes and the Cauca Valley, a north-
south belt of highly deformed Cretaceous volcanic and plutonic
rocks, included in the Quebradagrande Complex (Fig. 1, Botero,
1963; Maya and Gonza
lez, 1995). This unit, have been commonly
considered as Early Cretaceous in age (Nivia et al., 2006; Villago
mez
et al., 2011; Cochrane et al., 2014a), and is structurally limited to the
east by the Triassic and older metamorphic rocks which form the
main basement of the Central Cordillera, in which a series of Late
Cretaceous plutons, included in the Antioquen ~ o Batholith, were
emplaced (Fig. 1).
To the west, the Quebradagrande Complex is limited by Early
Cretaceous metamorphic rocks, and a Cretaceous belt of volcanic
and plutonic rocks formed in intra-oceanic plateau and island arc
environments (Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988; Maya and Gonza
lez,
1995; Kerr et al., 1997; Restrepo et al., 2011; Villago
mez et al.,
2011; Weber et al., 2015; Spikings et al., 2015). Although the
magmatic and deformational record of this rocks have been
considered on a regional scale as related to Early Cretaceous back-
arc opening and closure (Nivia et al., 2006; Villago
mez et al., 2011;
Spikings et al., 2015), changes in the magmatic characteristics and
their relation with the Late Cretaceous subduction-regime and
collisional events have been scarcely considered.
In this contribution we integrate field, geochemical and U-Pb
LA-ICP-MS geochronological constraints from volcanic rocks of the
Cretaceous Quebradagrande Complex and intrusive plutonic rocks,
together with detrital zircon geochronology from associated sedi-
mentary rocks and the pre-Cretaceous basement exposed in the
western flank of the Central Cordillera at ca. 6
35
of latitude (Fig. 2),
in order to understand the long-term magmatic evolution and the
temporal and compositional relation of such record with the Late
Cretaceous collisional stages that shape the Northern Andes.
The new results when integrated with published geological
documents the growth of an Early to Late Cretaceous fringing arc
built on thinned continental crust that becomes calk-alkaline
through time and was already deformed by 73e69 Ma when a
more K- enriched plutonic and dike suite intrude the Cretaceous
arc. The deformational and magmatic scenario is related to an arc-
arc collisional event of opposite vergent subduction margins.
2. Geological setting
The Colombian Andes are made of three main cordilleras
(Eastern, Central, and Western) limited by intermontane river val-
leys (Magdalena and Cauca), that have been shaped since the Late
Cretaceous, and along the Cenozoic by different subduction and
collisional triggered events (Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988;
Toussatin and Restrepo, 1994; Villago
mez et al., 2011; Bayona
et al., 2012; Parra et al., 2012; Spikings et al., 2015).
The Cretaceous geological record exposed in the three Cordil-
leras is characterized by distinct geological features, which are
apparently separated by regional scale fault systems, and have been
associated either to genetically unrelated tectonostratigraphic ter-
ranes, or to a single continental margin entity characterized by
lateral variations (Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988; Pindell and
Kennan, 2009; Villago
mez et al., 2011; Villago
mez and Spikings,
2013; Spikings et al., 2015). These different units began to share a
common tectonic history during the Late Cretaceous to Early
Paleogene when a major collisional event deformed most of the
continental margin.
The Eastern Cordillera and the Magdalena Valley (Fig. 1) include
a Proterozoic metamorphic basement, with more limited Lower to
Upper Paleozoic sedimentary units, and an extensive Jurassic
magmatic record (Toussatin and Restrepo, 1994; Horton et al., 2010;
Cardona et al., 2016; Van der Lelij et al., 2016). The Lower Creta-
ceous sedimentary record exposed in these two regions is charac-
terized by a major transgressive siliciclastic record with limited
magmatic activity that has been associated with extensional tec-
tonics. (Va
squez et al., 2010; Sarmiento-Rojas et al., 2006). A
Turonian stage is defined by a shallow marine platform environ-
ment characterized by tectonic stability and thermally controlled
subsidence, until the Campanian and Maastrichtian when a major
change to continental environments, seems to record cordilleran
uplift (Villamil, 1999; Go
mez et al., 2005; Sarmiento-Rojas et al.,
2006; Villago
mez and Spikings, 2013).
The Central Cordillera lithological units (Fig. 1), included in the
Tahamí Terrane (Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988), are separated from
the Chibcha Terrane by the Otú-Pericos fault system. This terrane,
which is made of Paleozoic to Triassic and probably Jurassic
metamorphic rocks (Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988; Vinasco et al.,
2006; Villago
mez et al., 2011), includes a Berriasian to Albian
transgressive siliciclastic record, that at the western flank of the
cordillera, ends with the formation of a back-arc and an associated
fringing arc (Nivia et al., 2006; Cochrane et al., 2014b; Spikings
et al., 2015). Temporal constraints from these units reported for
the Quebradagrande Complex, Abejorral and Valle Alto Formations
include Early Cretaceous fossils (Grosse, 1926; Botero and Gonza
lez,
1983; Gonza
lez, 1993; Are
valo et al., 2001), and U-Pb zircon ages
from volcanic and intermediate plutonic rocks of 114.3 ± 3.8 Ma and
112.9 ± 0.8 Ma respectively (Villago
mez et al., 2011; Cochrane et al.,
2014a).
Younger Late Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian) fossils
have been also found in mudstones and calcareous beds associated
with the volcanic rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex (Botero,
1963; Moreno-Sanchez and Pardo-Trujillo, 2003). However, this
younger fossiliferous record is scarcely considered in the tecto-
nostratigraphic models proposed for this unit.
Some authors have also suggested that the back-arc basin was
closed and deformed during the Albian, exhuming the subduction
channel of the active margin represented by the Early Cretaceous
middle and high-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Arquía Com-
plex (Maya and Gonza
lez, 1995; Pindell and Kennan, 2009;
Villago
mez et al., 2011; Ruiz- Jimenez et al., 2012; Spikings et al.,
2015).
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481
Fig. 2. Map of the study area, with different stratification and foliation data.
Late Cretaceous magmatism is broadly exposed in the axis and
eastern flank of the Central Cordillera and is represented by the
Antioquian Batholith (Feininger and Botero, 1982), and other iso-
lated stock size bodies that intrude the Triassic and older meta-
morphic basement. This magmatic record is quasi-continuous
between ca. 95 Ma and 71 Ma (Ordon ~ ez-Carmona et al., 2007;
Restrepo-Moreno et al., 2007; Leal-Mejia, 2011; Villago
mez et al.,
2011).
In the western flank of the Central Cordillera, the Late Creta-
ceous fossils reported for the sedimentary rocks of the Quebrada-
grande Complex, and the occurrence of a 80 Ma arc-related
Cordoba Stock intruding the volcanic levels (Botero, 1963; Moreno-
Sanchez and Pardo-Trujillo, 2003; Villago
mez et al., 2011), suggest
that the magmatic record in the Quebradagrande Complex
extended along most of the Cretaceous.
In contrast to the continental affinity of lithological units found
in the Eastern, Magdalena Valley, and Central Cordilleras, the
Western Cordillera and some segments of the Cauca valley are
constituted by exposures of Early to Late Cretaceous volcanic se-
quences and plutonic rocks (Fig. 1) formed in oceanic plateau and
island arc settings between at least 110 Ma and 86 Ma (Ordon ~ ez-
Carmona et al., 2007; Kerr et al., 2004; Weber et al., 2015; Zapata
et al., 2017). These rocks are part of the Calima terrrane and have
been regionally sub-divided in the Barroso Formation north of 5
S
and the Diabasic Group or Volcanic Formation to the south (Kerr


et al., 1997; Alvarez and Gonza
lez, 1978; Nivia, 2001 and refer-
ences there in).
463
Both, the volcanic rocks from the Quebradagrande Complex, and
those exposed in the eastern flank of the Western Cordillera, are
widely deformed and mylonitized forming major high-strain do-
mains separated by less deformed to undeformed segments that
constitute the Romeral Fault system (Maya and Gonz
alez, 1995;
Nivia et al., 2006; Vinasco et al., 2013; Guiral et al., 2015;
Moreno-S
anchez et al., 2016).
3. Analytical methods
3.1. U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon geochronology
LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analyses were obtained at Washington State
University Geoanalytical lab using a New Wave Nd: YAG UV 213-nm
laser coupled to a ThermoFinnigan Element 2 single collector,
double-focusing, magnetic sector ICP-MS, and followed the
analytical protocol of Chang et al. (2006). Results are presents in
Appendix 1.
For this study, the Plesovice zircon was used as the main stan-
dard, which is characterized by a 238U/206Pb age of 337.13 ± 0.37 Ma
(Sl
ama et al., 2008).
Common Pb represents a large contribution to the total Pb in
Mesozoic and younger U-poor zircons. However, common Pb is
typically not significant in LA-ICP-MS analyses, most likely because
it is concentrated in cracks and inclusions, which can be avoided
selecting appropriately the crystals. When this is not possible, the
influence of common Pb is easy to recognize on Tera-Wasserburg
464 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481

diagrams because analyses tend to line up on a steep linear tra- values are around 0.1 ppm, whereas rare earth elements have lower
jectory that can be anchored at a reasonable 207Pb/206Pb common detection limits between 0.01 and 0.05 ppm.
lead composition (y-intercept) (DeGraaff-Surpless et al., 2002).
Common Pb corrections were made on these analyses using the
207 4. Results
Pb method (Williams, 1998). Uranium-lead ages were processed
and calculated using Isoplot 4.15 (Ludwig, 2012) Table 1.
4.1. Field relations

3.2. Whole rock geochemistry
Whole-rock geochemical analyses of 22 samples were obtained
by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at
Acme Analytical Laboratories Ltd. in Vancouver, Canada. Results are
presented in Table 2.
For each sample, a 0.2 g of rock powder was placed into a
graphite crucible and mixed with 1.5 g of LiBO2 flux. The crucibles
were placed in an oven and heated to 1050
C for 15 min. The
molten sample was dissolved in 5% HNO3. Calibration standards
and reagent blanks were added and the solutions were aspirated
into an ICP emission spectrometer. Detection limits for the major
elements vary between 0.001% and 0.004%, whereas trace elements
Field work was carried out in the northwestern flank of the
Central Cordillera and the Cauca Valley at 6
350 N in the Antioquia
state (Figs. 1 and 2). Most of the exposed volcanic and plutonic units
are highly deformed, forming a series of north-south trending
parallel belts, separated by high-strain fault zones with a promi-
nent strike-slip component (Figs. 2 and 3). Some of this highly
deformed zones coincide with the regional faults associated with
the Romeral Fault System (Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988; Maya and
Gonza
lez, 1995). More gently folded Oligocene or younger conti-
nental siliciclastic rocks included within the Amag
a Formation
(Grosse, 1926; Mejía et al., 1983), are found in both discordant and
fault contact with the Cretaceous and older units in the study area.
Two generalized geological profiles are presented together with the

Table 1
Chronology data from the Quebradagrande Complex.

Sample Lat Long Unit Lithology Age Ma Error Ma

Magmatic rocks
Yn-024 6.528827 75.770455 Quebradagrande Complex Diorite 93.4 0.5
DV176 5.454444 75.474500 Quebradagrande Complex Diorite 112.9 0.8
DV20 4.491056 75.567222 Quebradagrande Complex Tuff 114.3 3.8
Yn-013 6.529823 75.771058 Monzodiorite 70.7 0.3
ARQ12 6.596642 75.784905 Monzodiorte (Dyke) 72.7 0.6
Fossils
5.714851 75.542088
5.711165 75.533956
5.531570 75.522053
6.363272 75.708618 Lutite
6.315443 75.729991 Calcareous Sandstone
6.338353 75.745385 Ferruginoseus Sandstone
5.718962 75.525184 Lutite
6.782986 76.129783 Lutite
5.972122 75.590308 calcareous lutite
4.284902 75.725776
4.283467 75.703342
4.267417 75.740367 sandstone
Detrital Zircons Youngest single zircon
ARQ14 6.612362 75.762560 Cajamarca Complex Graphitic schist 234 8.1
ARQ17 6.634185 75.803229 Quebradagrande Complex Shale 145.4 2.5
10RC27 3.223889 75.568056 Quebradagrande Complex Qtz Schist 149.2 6.1

Stratigraphycal Age Metodology Reference

Turonian U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) This Study

Albian-Aptian U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) Cochrane et al., 2014a
Aptian U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) Villago
mez et al., 2011
Campanian U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) This Study
Campanian U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) This Study
Albian- Aptian Fossil Gonz
alez, 1980
Albian- Aptian Fossil Gonz
alez, 1980
Albian- Aptian Fossil Gonz
alez, 1980
Albian- Aptian Fossil Grosse, 1926
Barremian Fossil Grosse, 1926
Aptian Fossil Grosse, 1926
Albian Fossil Botero and Gonz
alez, 1983
Cretaceous Fossil Botero et al., 1974
Upper Cretaceous Fossil Botero, 1963
Campanian Fossil Moreno-Sanchez and Pardo-Trujillo, 2003.
Campanian Fossil Moreno-Sanchez and Pardo-Trujillo, 2003.
Albian-Aptian Fossil
valo et al., 2001.
Are

U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) This Study

U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) This Study
U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (Zr) Cochrane et al., 2014a
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481 465

Table 2
Geochemical results from the analyzed samples.

Sample Yn-001 Yn-002 Yn-003 Yn-005 Yn-006 Yn-008 Yn-009 Yn-011 Yn-012

Long 75.745701 75.748349 75.745062 75.775933 75.777543 75.755818 75.748839 75.769031 75.753591
Lat 6.537658 6.534320 6.543433 6.594953 6.566977 6.529973 6.533905 6.527422 6.527970

Unit Qgde Qgde Qgde Qgde Qgde Qgde Qgde Gabbro Gabbro

SiO2 49.14 52.96 51.66 64.96 52.39 52.03 55.86 47.65 48.67
Al2O3 18.51 16.8 18.22 15.63 17.67 18.21 14.6 16.88 18.01
Fe2O3 10.37 11.18 8.93 5.38 10.04 10.66 12.33 11.21 12.14
MgO 5.86 3.59 4.52 1.13 4.08 3.36 3.61 7.65 5.5
CaO 6.87 6.89 6.23 1.83 8.91 8.02 6.5 9.25 8.23
Na2O 2.58 2.77 3.45 8.24 1.57 3.18 3.11 3.02 3.71
K2O 1.14 1.94 1.15 0.13 0.7 0.92 0.32 0.75 0.5
TiO2 0.78 0.94 0.84 0.74 0.78 0.95 1.13 0.78 0.77
P2O5 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.23 0.07 0.17 0.17 0.11 0.02
MnO 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.2 0.36 0.21
Cr2O3 0.004 <0.002 0.005 <0.002 0.003 0.003 <0.002 0.009 <0.002
Ni 9.9 3.6 10.1 0.7 4.3 2.7 1.5 25 <20
Sc 42 35 36 13 31 35 38 41 44
LOI 4.2 2.4 4.5 1.5 3.4 2 1.9 2.1 2
Sum 99.72 99.81 99.8 99.87 99.81 99.75 99.76 99.79 99.8
Ba 674 404 469 154 287 634 323 647 228
Be <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1
Co 26 19.9 23.5 5.9 23.1 24.3 27 30.2 30.8
Cs 0.7 4.1 0.8 <0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7
Ga 18.3 16.5 16.7 14.8 15.3 17.4 18.6 15.1 15.1
Hf 1.5 2.4 1.8 3.4 1.4 1.9 2.9 1 0.4
Nb 2.2 1.7 3.5 2.1 0.1 1.5 2.3 0.9 <0.1
Rb 15.7 54.1 18.4 1.5 15.2 21.3 4.3 13.5 10.8
Sn 2 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Sr 233.5 228.6 272.9 109.4 366.9 323.8 358 261.4 212
Ta 0.2 <0.1 0.2 0.2 <0.1 0.1 0.2 <0.1 <0.1
Th 1 1.1 1.3 3.4 0.6 1.6 1.7 0.8 <0.2
U 0.5 0.5 0.8 1 <0.1 0.4 0.5 0.3 <0.1
V 293 253 280 42 242 277 269 329 388
W 2 <0.5 1.5 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.9 <0.5 <0.5
Zr 45.8 64.2 55.3 125 46.6 76 95.3 26.8 7.3
Y 20.3 25.5 18.4 41.5 19.6 28.5 35 12.5 7.3
La 6.6 6.4 7.6 14.8 3.5 7.6 8.9 3.6 0.7
Ce 14.8 16.5 16.7 31.8 8.5 17.8 21.1 8.5 1.7
Pr 1.94 2.4 2.35 4.51 1.35 2.67 3.05 1.25 0.28
Nd 8.6 12.4 11.4 20.1 6.4 13.3 16.5 6.9 1.8
Sm 2.53 3.29 2.64 5.49 1.96 3.72 4.37 1.85 0.63
Eu 0.88 1.04 0.86 1.67 0.77 1.05 1.36 0.6 0.4
Gd 2.99 4.14 2.95 6.25 3.04 4.61 5.6 2.21 1.09
Tb 0.48 0.65 0.47 1.13 0.53 0.77 0.96 0.34 0.2
Dy 3.15 4.44 3.5 7.28 3.44 4.7 6.59 2.34 1.44
Ho 0.69 0.89 0.65 1.53 0.74 1.05 1.29 0.43 0.3
Er 2.18 2.67 1.92 4.26 2.16 3.01 3.76 1.36 0.82
Tm 0.31 0.44 0.29 0.7 0.34 0.44 0.56 0.2 0.11
Yb 2.11 2.78 2.05 4.81 2.06 2.9 3.74 1.22 0.94
Lu 0.33 0.39 0.3 0.68 0.34 0.46 0.61 0.18 0.12
(La/Sm)n 1.61 1.20 1.78 1.66 1.10 1.26 1.26 1.20 0.69
(La/Yb)n 2.09 1.54 2.48 2.06 1.14 1.75 1.59 1.97 0.50
(Gd/Yb)n 1.13 1.19 1.15 1.04 1.18 1.27 1.19 1.44 0.92
Eu/Eu* 0.98 0.87 0.95 0.88 0.97 0.78 0.85 0.91 1.48
#Mg 38.58 26.30 36.00 18.93 31.11 25.94 24.55 43.13 33.49
#Cr 0.74 nd 0.78 nd 0.69 0.68 nd 0.87 nd
Zr/Y 2.26 2.52 3.01 3.01 2.38 2.67 2.72 2.14 1.00
MOHO depth 15.88 13.72 19.83 16.78 nd 13.09 12.45 nd nd

Sample Yn-013 Yn-014 Yn-015 Yn-016 Yn-017 Yn-018

Long 75.771058 75.784428 75.783709 75.783610 75.784451 75.795368

Lat 6.529823 6.602930 6.604782 6.600975 6.594207 6.641054

Unit Mzte Mzte Mzte Mzte Mzte Mzte

SiO2 52.11 52.17 75.76 59.96 69.07 48.63

Al2O3 17.62 18.16 13.21 17.08 16.13 19.85
Fe2O3 7.11 7.88 0.85 5.69 2.14 8.48
MgO 2.89 3.54 0.07 2.07 0.48 3.55
CaO 6.35 7.74 1.06 5.24 2.73 7.93
Na2O 4.03 3.74 3.67 4.26 4.45 4.43
K2O 2.75 2.79 4.79 3.36 3.47 1.4
TiO2 0.67 0.8 0.06 0.65 0.18 0.84
P2O5 0.48 0.48 0.3 0.09 0.61
MnO 0.15 0.16 0.01 0.14 0.07 0.19
(continued on next page)
466 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481

Table 2 (continued )

Sample Yn-013 Yn-014 Yn-015 Yn-016 Yn-017 Yn-018

Cr2O3 0.003 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.003

Ni 5.5 2.3 0.8 3.6 1.2 2.6
Sc 14 19 11 3 19
LOI 5.5 2.1 0.3 0.9 0.8 3.6
Sum 99.68 99.53 99.79 99.6 99.58 99.57
Ba 900 1286 750 1245 2072 859
Be 1 2 2 1 1 <1
Co 14.1 19.9 0.7 12.5 2.9 19.8
Cs 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.1
Ga 19.8 23.2 12.4 17.9 19.3 25.1
Hf 1.7 2.3 2 3.7 2.6 1.6
Nb 1.7 5.3 0.2 1.9 3.2 3.6
Rb 49.9 50 100.7 69.4 67.7 25.4
Sn <1 2 <1 <1 1 2
Sr 1012.7 1418.1 383.4 1146.5 855 1443.4
Ta 0.1 0.3 <0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3
Th 3.1 8.3 4.3 6.8 2.2 1.9
U 1 2.2 1.1 1.7 0.7 0.7
V 187 275 14 176 45 290
W 0.5 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1
Zr 56.8 64.3 67 123.3 68.3 39.5
Y 10.5 11.7 3.2 10.3 4.1 14.6
La 15.9 18.9 7 23.1 9.4 20.8
Ce 35.7 37 10.3 40.9 14.3 40.7
Pr 4.76 5.05 0.94 5.23 1.65 5.71
Nd 19.4 19.7 2.4 20.6 6 26.5
Sm 4.02 4.19 0.52 3.68 1.13 5.27
Eu 1.11 1.3 0.14 1.13 0.52 1.78
Gd 3.07 3.31 0.42 2.86 0.9 4.32
Tb 0.38 0.44 0.07 0.4 0.11 0.5
Dy 2.13 2.22 0.33 1.97 0.61 2.54
Ho 0.33 0.35 0.11 0.34 0.15 0.58
Er 1.08 0.99 0.31 1.06 0.39 1.33
Tm 0.17 0.16 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.19
Yb 1.07 0.99 0.43 1.11 0.5 1.21
Lu 0.17 0.16 0.07 0.15 0.09 0.17
(La/Sm)n 2.44 2.78 8.31 3.87 5.13 2.44
(La/Yb)n 9.94 12.77 10.89 13.92 12.57 11.49
(Gd/Yb)n 2.29 2.67 0.78 2.05 1.43 2.85
Eu/Eu* 0.97 1.07 0.92 1.07 1.59 1.15
#Mg 31.12 33.30 8.38 28.79 19.95 31.75
#Cr 0.69 nd nd nd nd 0.66
Zr/Y 5.41 5.50 20.94 11.97 16.66 2.71
MOHO depth nd nd nd 57.95 55.78 nd

study area geological map (Fig. 3A and B).
From east to west the main geological units (Fig. 3A and B)
include micaceous schists characterized by a locally crenulated
foliation defined by the presence of oriented white mica and
chlorite. This unit is part of the Cajamarca Complex (Maya and
Gonz
alez, 1995; Gonzalez, 2001), which is geologically associated
to Triassic mylonitic granitoids, that are well exposed to the east of
the study area as the Horizontes and Palmitas Gneisses (Vinasco
et al., 2006). The schist belt seems to be structurally overriding
along a roughly defined high-angle thrust faults the volcanic and
sedimentary rocks part of the Quebradagrande Complex (Fig. 3).
The Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Quebrada-
grande Complex are characterized by high-angle, tight isoclinal
folds, dipping mainly to the east, that are also cut by inverse faults
dipping to the east (Fig. 3), suggesting a significant top to west
transport direction. Small bodies of gabbroic, monzogabbroic and
syenogranitic rocks intrude the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of
the Quebradagrande Complex.
This unit also seems to thrust to the west over an extremely
deformed (meta) gabbroic to dioritic unit that is locally character-
ized by a prominent mineral lineation that resembles an L-tec-
tonite. Although this unit was formerly considered as the Sucre
Amphibolite (Toussaint and Restrepo, 1978; Restrepo et al., 1991), it
preserves igneous features such as dikes, and therefore the termed
Sucre Metagabbro is probably more appropriated as it considered
its plutonic origin.
Small bodies of highly foliated and serpentinized peridotite
bodies are locally exposed at the margin of the metagabbroic unit
and also within the Quebradagrande Complex.
In the studied region, Oligo-Miocene continental siliciclastic
intercalation of sandstones and mudstones related to the Amaga

Formation cover the contact between the Quebradagrande Com-
plex and highly deformed volcanic and plutonic rocks included
within the oceanic plateau-island arc system of the Barroso For-
mation, which is part of accreted oceanic units with Caribbean af-
finity (Kerr et al., 1997, 2002; Kerr and Tarney, 2005; Rodríguez and
Arango, 2013; Weber et al., 2015). Farther north, the contact be-
tween these units is represented by a strongly sheared area that
deformed both the Quebradagrande and the Barroso Formations
(Guiral et al., 2015). Volcanic rocks of the Barroso Formation are
intruded by a tonalitic and gabbroic rocks of the Sabanalarga
Batholith (Ordon ~ ez-Carmona et al., 2007; Rodríguez et al., 2012;
Weber et al., 2015) that are also highly sheared (Guiral et al.,
2015, Fig. 2).
Some of these mylonitic rocks were formerly considered as
schist associated to the Triassic and older metamorphic basement
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481 467

Fig. 3. Geological profile of the field relations in the study area. A. A-A0 Yunada Creek. B. B-B0 Barbudo Creek.

Fig. 4. Outcrop photographs from the different lithostratigraphic units. A. Volcano-sedimentary sequence of the Quebradagrande Complex; B. Mylonitic Breccia of the Que-
bradagrande volcanic rocks, C. Intrusive relations between the gabbroic pluton (mottled white) and the Quebradagrande sedimentary rocks (Black); D. Basalt xenolith from the
Quebradagrande basalt in Monzodioritic pluton.

(Cajamarca Complex) of the Central Cordillera (Mejía et al., 1983),
however field relations, particularly the heterogeneous distribution
of deformation, and the presence of undeformed volcanic and
plutonic rocks suggest that these units more likely represent a
mylonitic belt involving the Barroso Formation (Guiral et al., 2015)
and the Quebradagrande Complex as well.
4.2. Lithologic and petrographic constraints
The Quebradagrande Complex (Figs. 2 and 3) (sedimentary and
volcanic rocks (Fig. 4A)) includes deformed aphanitic to porphyritic
green colored andesitic to basaltic lavas. They are characterized by a
well-defined foliation planes associated to boudinage of quartz-
veins and small parasitic folds. Overimposed fracturing and
468 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481

associated veining and formation of fault breccia record younger
deformation in more brittle conditions.
The fragmented nature of some of the lava flows with an
apparent jig-saw texture suggests that some of them are hyalo-
clastites, whereas other levels with flattened, rounded clasts of
various sizes may be related to pyroclastic rocks such as agglom-
erates (Fig. 4B). Locally the lava flows are intercalated with fine-
grained, moderately sorted, subrounded arkose sandstones,
composed of foliated and sutured polycrystalline quartz, plagio-
clase and volcanic fragments (Fig. 5A). Gray to black mudstones and
chert levels are observed as well. The volcanic rocks are composed
of plagioclase ± hornblende ± pyroxene ± olivine in a vitreous
matrix; however, most of the primary minerals are altered to
chlorite, epidote, serpentine clay and silica (Fig. 5B and C).
The Quebradagrande Complex is intruded by a gabbroic to
dioritic body (Figs. 2 and 3) in the southern segment of the studied
area (Fig. 4C). Deformation in these plutonic rocks is characterized
by a slight orientation of mafic minerals that locally may include
highly-deformed centimeter size mylonitic bands formed of chlo-
rite and epidote. The gabbroic facies are characterized by very high
contents of hornblende (50%), plagioclase An70-75 (45%) and quartz
(5%), and the intermediate dioritic facies include 65% of plagioclase
An50-60, 10% of quartz and hornblende 25% (Fig. 5D and E).
A series of small plutonic bodies and dikes K-feldspar-rich in
composition that intrude both the deformed volcanic rocks of the
Quebradagrande Complex and the gabbroic to dioritic body
(Figs. 2e4D), corresponds to a coarse to fine-grained porphyritic
rock, composed of plagioclase An28-30 (45e70%), K-feldspar (20%e
30%), hornblende (4e20%) and biotite 2% (Fig. 5F). Accessory min-
erals are represented by apatite and alteration minerals such as
chlorite, calcite and saussuritized plagioclase.
4.3. U-Pb geochronology
U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon ages were performed in four igneous
samples, including a diorite facies associated with the gabbroic
unit, as well as the monzodiorite body with and an associated dike
that represent the K-feldspar-rich unit. Detrital zircons were also
analyzed from a black-schist of the Cajamarca Complex and a very
fine-grained black matrix sandstone of the Quebradagrande
Complex.
Several attempts were made in order to recover zircons from the
basic and intermediate volcanic rocks, but our effort was not
rewarded.

Fig. 5. Petrographic characteristics of the different units. A. Sedimentary rocks of Quebradagrande Complex (Quartz-arenite with polycrystalline quartz); B. and C. Mylonitized
volcanic rocks of Quebradagrande Complex; D and E. Gabbroic intrusion, with mineral lineation; F. Monzodioritic pluton. Px ¼ Pyroxene, Gl ¼ Glass, Pl ¼ Plagioclase, Ol ¼ Olivine,
Amp ¼ Amphibole, Mz ¼ Matrix, Chl ¼ Chlorite, Opq ¼ Opaque, Fk ¼ Potassic feldspar, Qz ¼ Quartz, Pqz ¼ Polycrystalline quartz, Red arrow ¼ mineral lineation. (For interpretation
of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481 469

A summary of the main geochronological results and available repository.

ages from the Quebradagrande Complex are presented in Table 1, The thirty zircon crystals from the diorite sample (Sample Yn-
whereas analytical results are in Appendix 1 from the data 024) are characterized by sizes between 60 mm and 105 mm, with

Fig. 6. U-Pb geochronological results from plutonic rocks, including cathodoluminescence images, Tera-Wasserburg diagram and weight average diagrams for each sample. A.
Gabbroic pluton (Yn-024): B. Monzodioritic pluton (Yn-013) and C. Monzodioritic pluton (ARQ12).
470 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481
prismatic habit and length/wide ratios (L/W) of 2:1 (Fig. 6A).
Cathodoluminescence images exhibit the oscillatory zoning pattern
typical of igneous zircons (Vavra et al., 1999), and also show the
presence of corroded crystals that are common in basic magmas
were Zr is limited (Corfu et al., 2003). Zircons yielded a weighted
average age of 93.4 ± 0.5 Ma (Fig. 6A) that is probably related to
magmatic crystallization.
Zircon crystals that characterized the monzodioritic pluton
(Sample Yn-013) and the analyzed dike (Sample ARQ-12) present
sizes between 80 and 120 mm. Most of the zircons are prismatic
with L/W ratio 3:1 and 2:1 (Fig. 6B and C). Cathodoluminescence
images also show the oscillatory zoning pattern characteristic of
igneous zircons (Fig. 6B and C) (Vavra et al., 1999). Two U-Pb
weighted average ages of 72.7 ± 0.6 Ma and 70.7 ± 0.3 Ma (Fig. 6B
and C) were obtained for the dike and the pluton respectively, and
are considered to represent the magmatic crystallization ages of the
monzodioritic rocks. Some ages of 80, 85 and 90 Ma present in the
dike are considered as inherited zircon from the host rocks.
4.4. Detrital zircon geochronology
A graphitic schist from the pre-Cretaceous Cajamarca Complex
exposed to the east of the Quebradagrande Complex and a siltstone
intercalated with volcanic rocks were also analyzed by U-Pb LA-
ICP-MS geochronology, to recognized their detrital signatures and
evaluate the provenance.
One hundred zircons from the graphitic schist (Sample ARQ14)
were analyzed. Grains are between 70 and 200 mm, and mostly sub-
Fig. 7. U-Pb detrital zircons results, including cathodoluminescence images, Tera-Wasserburg diagram and relative density plots from, A. Black schist of the Cajamarca Complex
(ARQ14) and B. Fine grain sandstones of the Quebradagrande Complex (ARQ17).
redounded with L/W ratio of 2:1. Cathodoluminescence images in
some crystals are characterized by a single oscillatory zoning
pattern characteristic of igneous rocks, while other grains present
oscillatory-zoned cores and homogeneous metamorphic over-
growths (Vavra et al., 1999). Major age populations are of 510, 710,
930 and 1213 Ma (Fig. 7A).
Fifty-nine zircons were analyzed from the siltstone of the
Quebradagrande Complex (Sample ARQ17). Zircon grains are be-
tween 75 and 300 mm, and can be divided in prismatic crystals with
L/W ratio 3:1 with oscillatory zoning in cathodoluminescence im-
ages, and subrounded grains with L/W ratio between 1:1 and 2:1
and both oscillatory and homogeneous zoning patterns. The main
age populations from this sample are of 568, 884, 1225 and 1590 Ma
(Fig. 7B). Two zircon grains have yield ages of ca. 235 Ma, whereas a
single zircon presents a Jurassic age of 145 Ma.
4.5. Whole rock geochemistry
Seventeen samples from volcanic rocks of the Quebradagrande
Complex, intrusive gabbroic and monzodioritic plutons and dikes
were analyzed, and their results are presented in Table 2.
4.6. Quebradagrande complex volcanic rocks
The nine volcanic samples from the Quebradagrande Complex
(Fig. 2) are characterized by SiO2 values between 47.64 and
64.96 Wt%, with total alkalis (Na2O þ K2O) values between 2.27 and
8.37 Wt%. Harker bivariate diagrams show a negative correlation
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481 471

Fig. 8. Harker diagrams from the analyzed samples, Quebradagrande basalts (green stars), gabbro-diorite (black triangle), monzodioritic plutons and dikes (orange circle). (For
interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

between SiO2 and Ca and Mg (Fig. 8) which may be related to
magmatic differentiation, whereas Na, Fe, and K show a cloudy
pattern that can be related to element mobility.
As a function of the major elements concentrations, samples are
mainly classified as basalts with low K2O þ Na2O contents (Fig. 9A
and B). Fe2O3 varies between 5.38 and 12.33 Wt%, and the mag-
nesium number (Mg#) between 18.94 and 43.30 consistent with a
differentiated basic to intermediate character, whereas the AFM
trend is characteristic of a tholeiitic series (Fig. 9C).
Trace elements that are commonly immobile to hydrothermal
activity and low-grade metamorphism were evaluated to appro-
priately reconstruct the composition of the volcanic rocks. Within
the Nb/Y vs. Zr/Ti trace element classification scheme (Winchester
and Floyd, 1977 modified by Pearce, 1996) and the Y vs. Zr scheme
after Ross and Be
dard (2009), rocks also plot within the basalts,
basaltic andesites and andesites of tholeiitic character (Fig. 9 D and
E).
Rare earth element (REE) patterns normalized to chondrite
(Nakamura, 1974) are characterized by flat to weakly enriched Light
Rare Earth Elements patterns (LREE) (Fig. 10A) with (La/Sm)n
between 1.01 and 1.78 and (La/Yb)n between 1.13 and 2.48, and a
relatively flat High Rare Earth Elements (HREE) pattern with (Gd/
Yb)n between 1.03 and 1.19. They are also characterized by a very
slight Eu negative anomaly (Eu/Eu* ¼ 0.78 to 0.98).
Multi-element patterns normalized to MORB (Pearce, 1983) are
characterized by a slight enrichment in Large Ion Lithophile Ele-
ments (LILE) such as Th, K, Ba, and depletion in High Field Strength
Elements (HFSE), including Nb and Ti (Fig. 10B). Rb show two
different behaviors, with some samples characterized by a well-
defined enrichment and other samples showing an slight deple-
tion, which may be related to either the mobility of this elements,
as the samples are characterized by the formation of secondary
minerals, or may suggest that the continental sedimentary input
responsible for the increases in Rb varies.
Such patterns are characteristic of a hydrated mantle formed by
fluid additions in a convergent setting, as also recorded in the
tectonic discrimination diagram (Fig. 11A, B, and C). The weak Eu
negative anomaly suggests limited plagioclase fractionation and
may also be related to and hydrated setting that delays the crys-
tallization of plagioclase.
472 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481

Fig. 9. Geochemical diagrams. A. TAS classification diagram (Middlemost, 1994); B. Alkaline series (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976); C. AFM diagram (Irvine and Baragar, 1971); D.
Classification diagram Winchester and Floyd, 1977 (Modified by Pearce, 1996); E. Y Vs. Zr diagram (Ross and Be
dard, 2009).

Fig. 10. Rare earth elements (REE) and spider diagrams. A. REE diagram normalized to Chondrite (Nakamura, 1974) from volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Quebradagrande
Complex; B. Multi-elemental patterns normalized to MORB from the volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex (Pearce, 1983); C. REE diagram normalized to
Chondrite (Nakamura, 1974) from the Monzodioritic pluton; D. Multi-elemental patterns of the Monzodioritic pluton normalized to MORB (Pearce, 1983).
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481 473

Fig. 11. Tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams. A. Th, Zr/117, Nb/16 diagram for tectonic discrimination (Wood, 1980), including data from the Quebradagrande Complex and
the volcanic rocks from the Barroso Formation in the Western Cordillera; B. Nb/Yb Vs. Th/Yb discrimination diagram (Pearce, 2008), including data from the Quebradagrande
Complex and the volcanic rocks from the Barroso Formation in the Western Cordillera; C. log Ti/1000 vs. log V tectonic discrimination diagram (Shervais, 1982). C. Y þ Nb Vs. Rb
granitic discrimination diagram (Pearce et al., 1984).

4.7. Quebradagrande complex gabbroic to dioritic plutons
Two samples from the dioritic to gabbroic pluton that intrudes
the Quebradagrande Complex (Fig. 2) are characterized by some
compositional variation (Fig. 8), with SiO2 values between 47.65
and 48.67 Wt%, with total alkalis between 3.75 and 4.21 Wt%, that
classified them as calc-alkaline gabbro and diorite (Fig. 9A and B).
Fe2O3 varies between 11.21 and 12.14 Wt%, and the magnesium
number (Mg#) ranges from 33.5 to 43.13, consistent with a basic
and differentiated character, whereas the AFM trend is character-
istic of a tholeiitic trend (Fig. 9C). The immobile Nb/Y vs. Zr/Ti and Y
vs. Zr discrimination diagrams also suggest a basic and tholeiitic
character (Fig. 9 D and E; Winchester and Floyd modified by Pearce,
1996; Ross and Be
dard, 2009).
REE patterns are characterized by a weak enrichment in the
LREE (Fig. 10A), with (La/Sm)n between 0.68 and 1.2, (La/Yb)n be-
tween 0.50 and 1.97, a flat trend in the HREE with (Gd/Yb)n be-
tween 0.92 and 1.44, and a Eu positive anomaly between 0.91 and
1.48 (Fig. 10A), the latter probably related to a cumulative origin as
also seen by its higher Mg#, Ti, Eu and Y anomalies (Wilson, 1989).
Multi-element patterns and tectonic discrimination diagrams
are characterized by a weak negative anomaly in Nb and Ti, which
are also characteristic of a convergent margin setting characterized
by the presence of water and sediments (Fig. 10B). This tectonic
setting is also recorded in the trace element discrimination dia-
grams (Fig. 11C).
4.8. Monzodioritic pluton and dikes
Six samples from the monzodioritic pluton and dikes are char-
acterized by SiO2 values between 48.63 and 75.76 Wt%, with total
alkali values (Na2O þ K2O) between 5.83 and 8.46 Wt%.
Harker bivariate diagrams show a positive correlation between
SiO2 and K2O þ Na2O, and a negative correlation with Al2O3, CaO,
MgO, FeOt, that suggest that they may be related to magmatic
differentiation (Fig. 8). Major and trace elements are used to char-
acterize this suite as a high-K granitic series monzogabbroic to
granitic rocks (Fig. 9A and B, and D).
Fe2O3 varies between 0.85 and 8.48 Wt%, whereas the magne-
sium number (Mg#) ranges from 8.38 to 33.30, consistent with a
differentiated character, whereas the AFM trend is characteristic of
tholeiitic to calc-alkaline series (Fig. 9C).
REE patterns are also characterized by an enrichment in the
LREE (Fig. 10C), with (La/Sm)n between 2.44 and 8.31 and (La/Yb)n
from 9.94 to 13.92, and a weak U-shape pattern with (Gd/Yb)n
between 0.78 and 2.84. The Eu anomaly, although generally
474 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481
absence, is positive in one sample with Eu/Eu* to 1.59. Multi-
elemental patterns normalized to MORB (Pearce, 1983) are char-
acterized by a well-defined enrichment in Th, and slight to strong
negative Nb and Ti anomalies (Fig. 10D), which are characteristic of
a subduction modified mantle, as also suggested by the trace
element discrimination diagram (Fig. 11D). The lower Nb anomalies
in some samples may be related to more limited continental or
sedimentary input. The variation of the Rb abundance is probably
related to element mobility. Wheres the variations in Y concen-
trations (4e14 ppm) could be related to magma generation and
elemental fractionation at pressure conditions close to the transi-
tion between hornblende and garnet stability fields (Kay and
Mpodozis, 2001).
5. Discussion
5.1. Cretaceous tectono-magmatic record
Temporal changes in the composition and deformational char-
acter of magmatic rocks record the long-term evolution of
convergent margins and their eventual transition to a collisional
stage in which an ocean is closed to finish the Wilson Cycle with a
continent-continent collision (Bouilhol et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2015),
or the arrival of an oceanic or continental terrane that closes an
ocean formed by extension in supra-subduction settings or by
rifting of a microcontinent (Tapster et al., 2014), that subsequently
experienced subduction re-initiation as an ocean remains to open
away from the suture (Stern et al., 2012).
The volcanic rocks from the Quebradagrande Complex including
agglomerates, and the associated gabbroic to dioritic pluton, given
their negative Nb and Ti anomalies, positive Th and flat to enriched
LREE patterns, are likely to be originated in magmatic arc settings,
as suggested by the tectonic discrimination diagrams based on their
trace elements ratios (Figs. 10B, 11A and B).
Differences in the LREE enrichments (i.e. variation of the (La/Yb)
n values) and the magnitude of the anomalies of conservative el-
ements for subduction-related processes, such as Nb and Ti, seen in
the different basaltic rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex, are
interpreted to be the potential consequence of the episodicity of the
slab-derived fluid input to the suprasubduction mantle, and the
influence of sedimentary and continental crust (Briqueu et al.,
1984; Elburg and Foden, 1999; Ducea et al., 2015). Geochemical
evidence of magmatic differentiation including bi-variate correla-
tion on several major elements, the variations from basalt to
andesite, the difference in the Nb and Rb values together with the
presence of intrusive plutonic bodies in the volcanic sequence, may
be associated with changes in the arc crustal thickness (Ducea et al.,
2015).
Mantle and Collins (2008) have related trace element compo-
sition of basaltic rocks in convergent margins to the MOHO depth
and therefore can be considered as a proxy to crustal thickness. The
depths calculated from the Ce/Y ratios of the basaltic rocks from the
Quebradagrande Complex (Table 2) range between 12 Km and
20 Km, and therefore indicate the existence of an initially thin and
heterogeneous crust. The flat HREE and low (La/Yb)n ratios suggest
that melting do not include garnet, pointing for shallow melting in
a thin lithosphere that was probably changing trough time.
The ca. 93 Ma crystallization age of the gabbroic pluton, in-
dicates that arc magmatism was also active in the Turonian. Nearly
south of the study area, Grosse (1926) report the presence of
mudstones associated to the Quebradagrande Complex (Mejía
et al., 1983) with Albian- Aptian ammonites (Fig. 1) that are over-
laid by the volcanic rocks. Although more precise magmatic age
constraints are necessary, it is reasonable to consider that mag-
matism in this region must have started after ca.100 Ma.
The presence of metamorphic polycrystalline quartz and Triassic
to Proterozoic detrital zircon ages (Fig. 7B) within the siliciclastic
rocks intercalated with the volcanic levels of the Quebradagrande
Complex indicate that the arc was formed close to and associated to
an older metamorphic crust. The detrital zircon age populations
from the Quebaradagrande complex resemble the ages of the pre-
Cretaceous metamorphic basement of the Cajamarca Complex
exposed immediately to the east (Figs. 2 and 7B) and along most of

mez et al., 2011;
the Central Cordillera (Restrepo et al., 2011; Villago
Cochrane et al., 2014b; Martens et al., 2014). Detrital input from the
magmatic and metamorphic bodies that are discontinuously
exposed to the west of the Quebradagrande Complex are found as
well. (Gonza
lez, 1980; Vinasco et al., 2006; Martens et al., 2012;
Cochrane et al., 2014b), The Quebradagrande Complex and its
southern equivalent in the Cordillera Real of Ecuador (Alao Terrane
after Litherland et al., 1994), have been related to a fringing arc
formed after an Early Cretaceous extensional event that fragmented
the Triassic and older basement that constitutes the Central
Cordillera, allowing the formation of a back-arc or marginal basin in
which newly formed oceanic crust separated continental blocks

mez et al., 2011; Cochrane et al., 2014a;
(Nivia et al., 2006; Villago
Spikings et al., 2015; Rodríguez and Cetina, 2016). The petro-
graphic and detrital geochronological constraints reported here for
rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex, document the existence of
sources from an older sialic basement similar to the main igneous
and metamorphic basement of the Central Cordillera, which
together with the geochemical evidences for the construction of a
magmatic system over a thin crust, is compatible with the existence
of a fringing arc during the Cretaceous that grew over an initially
extended continental block and newly formed oceanic crust
(Fig. 12A).
More geochronological data is still necessary in order to better
constrain the magmatic evolution of the Quebradagrande Complex.
However the 93 Ma age for the arc-related dioritic body intruding
the volcanic rocks, the presence of inherited zircon ages of 80e90
Ma on the analyzed dykes in the studied area, the Late Cretaceous
(Campanian-Maastrichtian) fossils recovered from mudstones and
calcareous beds, and the 80 Ma age of the Cordoba Stock that is
intercalated or intruding the Quebradagrande Complex farther
south (Fig. 12A, B and Fig. 13A and B), suggest that magmatism on
the Quebradagrande Complex include both volcanic and plutonic
products that started to form by ca. 114 Ma (Villago
mez et al., 2011;
Cochrane et al., 2014a; Spikings et al., 2015) and extends at least
until ca. 80 Ma.
Although outside the scope of this contribution, several major
questions regarding Cretaceous tectonomagmatic evolution related
to the Quebradagrande Complex and the Western segment of the
Central Cordillera, must be discussed in order to appropriately
contextualize the results presented here.
(1) Several authors have considered the existence of a major
deformational event that closed the Quebradagrande back-arc ba-
sin between 115 and 105 Ma (Villago
mez and Spikings, 2013;
Spikings et al., 2015), which also exhumed the subduction chan-
nel rocks associated to the arc, represented by the Early Cretaceous
middle and high pressure rocks from the Arquía Complex (Ruiz-
Jimenez et al., 2012; Villago
mez and Spikings, 2013; Spikings
et al., 2015), which evidences that subduction exists at least since
128.7 Ma (García-Ramírez et al., 2017). Although the temporal re-
sults presented cannot be used to precisely argue in favor or against
of this back-arc closure model. Albian-Aptian fossil remnants found
in mudstones intercalated with chert levels associated with marine
platform environment (Grosse, 1926; Are
valo et al., 2001), are
overlaid by volcanic rocks related to the Quebradagrande Complex
south of the study area (Fig. 1). This temporal framework for the
accumulation stage overlap the proposed 100e115 Ma timing for
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481 475

mez et al., 2011; Spikings

Fig. 12. Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Northwestern Andes between 95 and 60 Ma modified from Bayona et al., 2012; Cardona et al., 2012; Villago
et al. (2015); Zapata et al. (2017).

the back-arc closure phase and therefore challenge the proposed Carmona et al., 2007; Leal-Mejia, 2011; Villago
mez et al., 2011)
regional model. and are part of a 10.000 Km2 composite batholith, named the
2) East of the Quebradagrande complex, intruding the pre- Antioquian Batholith (Feininger and Botero, 1982). This composite
Cretaceous metamorphic basement of the Central Cordillera, out- plutonic belt and the host pre-Cretaceous basement is separated
crops an extensive arc-related plutonic record characterized by from the Quebradagrande Complex by ophiolitic related fragments
ages between 95 and 80 Ma (Iba
n
~ ez Mejía et al., 2007; Ordon
~ ez- including both gabbroic and ultrabasic rocks (Gonza
lez, 1980; Maya
476 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481

Fig. 13. Tectonic evolution of the Quebradagrande Complex and the Northwestern Andes between 95 and 60 Ma. A. 95-80 Ma. Growth of multiple arcs, including, Barroso For-
mation, Quebradagrande Complex and Antioquen ~ o arc. B. 80-75 Ma. Collision of the Quebradagrande and Antioquen
~ o arcs. C. 73-60. Collision and post-collisional relations of the
Barroso and Quebradagrande þ Antioquen ~ o arcs D. <60 Ma. Formation of a new arc in the continental margin.

and Gonz
alez, 1995; Restrepo, 2008) and a highly deformed zone
associated to the San Jero
nimo Fault, which is part of the Romeral
Fault system (Maya and Gonz
alez, 1995) that has been considered
as the limit between typical continental and oceanic crust.
This temporal correlation and the spatial configuration give rise
to different tectonic scenarios: the Late Cretaceous Quebrada-
grande volcano-plutonic and the Antioquian Batholith plutonic
suite are part of the same arc system, and therefore there must be a
back-arc closure similar to what is seen in the Rocas Verdes basin in
Chile (Klepeis et al., 2010; Maloney et al., 2011), that remains to be
appropriately constrained. Alternatively, they are unrelated and
were subsequently juxtaposed and therefore record the subduction
of the oceanic crust that separated the Quebradagrande Complex
from the margin and formed the Antioquian batholith (Bo zovi

c
et al., 2013; Deschamps and Lallemand, 2003).
Although evidences are scarce to choose between these two
scenarios, the lack of other subduction-related indicators such as
high-pressure rocks in the ophiolite that separates the Quebrada-
grande and Antioquian Batholith, and the apparent short-term re-
cord for the generation of oceanic crust, suggest that the back-arc
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481
closure scenario is a certainly possible. (Fig. 12A and B and Fig. 13A
and B).
The Cretaceous volcanic, sedimentary and plutonic rocks related
to the Quebradagrande arc history are highly deformed and
mylonitized in the study area, as in other localities of this regional
complex along most of the western flank of the Central Cordillera
(Nivia et al., 2006; Moreno-S
anchez et al., 2016). This deformed arc
sequence is intruded by high-k granitoids and dikes with magmatic
crystallization ages between 73 and 69 Ma, and therefore suggest
that a major deformational event took place before the 73 Ma and
after the 93-80 Ma. The presence of an overimposed ductile
deformation in the high-K bodies also suggests that deformation
continued after 73-69 Ma.
This high-K calc-alkaline magmatism differs from the older arc-
related magmatism as they can record a relatively more enriched
mantle source with less input from sediments or older crust (Harris
et al., 1986; De Astis et al., 2000; Hall and Wilson, 2000; Lan et al.,
2012; Li et al., 2013).
Recent geochemical and geophysical constraints on modern and
ancient arcs have suggested that the La/Yb and Sr/Y values of in-
termediate magmatic rocks in convergent margins can be used as a
proxy for crustal thickness (Profeta et al., 2015). The values ob-
tained from the high-K pluton (Table 2) have yielded crustal
thickness of 57 Km, which are higher than the 12 Km to 20 Km
values that characterized the basaltic rocks of the Quebradagrande
Complex, and therefore indicate that crustal thickness has signifi-
cantly increased by 73 Ma, as also suggested by the weak depletion
in the middle REE, seen in its U-shape pattern, which can be
considered as a major characteristic of amphibole fractionation in a
relatively thick continental crust (Kay and Mpodozis, 2001).
We suggest that the major increase in crustal thickness and the
deformation of the younger magmatism is related to the collision of
the Quebradagrande Complex with the allocthonous Cretaceous
oceanic plateau-arc terrane that currently constitutes the main
basement of the Western Cordillera (Kerr et al., 1997; Villago
mez
et al., 2011, Fig. 12C and Fig. 13C). This oceanic arc was still active
by 88e80 Ma (Ordon ~ ez-Carmona et al., 2007; Zapata et al., 2017)
and located farther to the southwest (MacDonald et al., 1997;
Hincapie
-Go

mez et al., 2017) as part of the margins of the Carib-
bean plate (Pindell and Kennan, 2009; Wright and Wyld, 2011; Neill
et al., 2011; Boschman et al., 2014).
The published compositional character of this allocthonous
oceanic arc (Rodríguez and Zapata, 2013; Zapata et al., 2017) also
contrast with the Quebradagrande arc, as it shows less sedimentary
influence mixed with an E-MORB source (Fig. 11A and B).
These two colliding arcs define an opposite vergent double
subduction system similar to the active Molucca Sea collision (Hall
and Wilson, 2000, Villago
mez et al., 2011; Spikings et al., 2015,
Fig. 13B and C). Within this arc-arc collisional setting, as the arcs
converge the subduction began to lock, and are overthrust by their
own tectonic elements, forming an opposite vergent system
pointing towards the closing ocean (Hall and Wilson, 2000; Soesoo
et al., 1997; Zagorevski et al., 2008). Although structural constraints
from the oceanic arc are lacking, our structural observations sug-
gest that the Quebradagrande Complex is, in fact, forming a west-
verging system (Fig. 3).
Within this tectonic configuration, the oceanic slab may sink
into the mantle, causing mantle upwelling that trigger mantle
melting and heat the crust (Soesoo et al., 1997; Macpherson et al.,
2003). It is therefore suggested that the high-K monzogabbro that
intrude the Quebradagrande Complex are associated with this
processes of sinking of the oceanic slab (Fig. 13C), in which enriched
mantle reservoirs can be melt and mix with the arc crust.
Soesoo et al. (1997) based on their interpretation of the Paleo-
zoic Lachlan fold and thrust belt magmatism, have proposed that
477
within this type of collisional scenario a broad igneous province
must be formed intruding the two colliding arcs. However, research
in the Molucca sea arc has shown that this collisional setting may
be accompanied by a reduction in the magmatic activity in one of
the arcs (Hall and Wilson, 2000; Macpherson et al., 2003).
We suggest that the younger 71e75 Ma magmatism recorded
immediately to the east of the Quebradagrande Complex in the
Antioquian Batholith, including the Ovejas Stocks (Fig. 1; Restrepo-
Moreno et al., 2007; Leal-Mejia, 2011), may be related to the slab
sinking event. This plutonism is located relatively to the west of
older 95-80 Ma plutonic record of the Antioquian Batholith, clearly
shows that the magmatic focus has migrated westward, as also
expected from the collisional setting.
Within the accreted oceanic arc in the Western Cordillera,
available geochronological results from magmatic rocks are not
available to test the existence of the Late Cretaceous magmatism.
However, farther south outcrops the Irra Stock which is also high-K
granitoid dated at ca. 70 Ma that intrudes the oceanic rocks of the
Barroso Formation that formed the Western Cordillera (Gonza
lez
and London ~ o, 2002; Leal-Mejia, 2011). Following this magmatism,
deformation was concentrated in the upper crust (Fig. 13C),
deforming rocks near the suture zone, and may be represented by
the overimposed mylonitic fabric found in the high-K magmatism.
Collision seems to have ended by 60e63 Ma, and a new conti-
nental arc was formed along the Central Cordillera (Figs. 12D and
13D), that includes the eastern phase of the Antioquian Batho-
lith), the Santa Barbara, Sonso
n Batholiths and the Manizales Stock
(Leal-Mejia, 2011; Ordon ~ ez-Carmona et al., 2011; Bayona et al.,
2012; Bustamante et al., 2016).
5.2. Implications on the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene Northern
Andean chronology
Temporal constraints on the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene
deformational events in the Northern Andes have been recon-
structed by different stratigraphic, provenance, magmatic and
exhumation constraints (Fig. 14).
In the Upper Magdalena Valley, immediately to the east of the
Central Cordillera, major stratigraphic changes have been docu-
mented in the Late Cretaceous (Villamil, 1999), where marine
sedimentation is replaced in the Campanian by coastal sedimen-
tation of the Monserrate Formation (Veloza et al., 2008) and in the
Middle to Upper Maastrichtian toward deltaic, alluvial fans and
shallow platform sedimentation of the Cimarrona and Umir For-
mation (Go
mez and Pedraza, 1994; Tchegliakova, 1996). Provenance
constraints for the Umir Formation also suggest that the Central
Cordillera was uplifted, supplying sediments to the Magdalena
basin (Caballero et al., 2013).
Within the Central Cordillera and the southern segment of the
Western Cordillera, thermochronological constraints have also
documented a faster cooling event by 75e70 Ma, that has been
related to a tectonically controlled exhumation (Villago
mez and
Spikings, 2013; Spikings et al., 2015). Whereas Ar-Ar dating of
neoformed micas in shear zones located on the western flank of the
Central Cordillera within Quebradagrande Complex have document
ages between 81 Ma and 72 Ma (Vinasco et al., 2013). These fea-
tures together with the apparent plutonic hiatus in the Antioquian
Batholith between 69 Ma and 61 Ma (Ib
an~ ez-Mejía et al., 2007;
Restrepo-Moreno et al., 2007; Leal-Mejia, 2011; Villago
mez et al.,

mez et al., 2011).
2011) can be related to the collisional stage (Villago
Similar temporal constraints have been documented in the
Andes of Ecuador, where the accumulation of the clastic and
quartzose Late Campanian to Earliest Maastrichtian Yunguilla For-
mation in Western Ecuador and the fast cooling thermochrono-
logical constraints between 75 and 65 Ma, have been linked to the
478 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481

Fig. 14. Cretaceous to Paleogene Tectonostratigraphic chart of the Northern Andes modified from: Kerr et al. (1997); Villamil (1999); Gonza
lez (2001); Moreno-Sanchez and Pardo-
Trujillo (2003); Jaillard et al. (2004, 2008); Spikings et al. (2005, 2015); Jaimes and de Freitas (2006); Ordon ~ ez-Carmona et al. (2007); Cardona et al. (2009), Restrepo-Moreno et al.
(2009); Vallejo et al. (2009); Leal-Mejia (2011); Villago
mez et al., 2011; Bayona et al. (2012); Caballero et al. (2013); Rodríguez and Arango (2013); Villago
mez and Spikings (2013),
Cochrane et al. (2014a), Guiral et al. (2015); Weber et al. (2015).

Late Cretaceous tectonic instability (Jaillard et al., 2004, 2008,
Vallejo et al., 2006, 2009; Spikings et al., 2015). Vallejo et al.
(2009) have also suggested that the subduction re-started after
the collision by ca. 60 Ma.
Tectonic interpretations have related this record to a single
phase of intra-oceanic arc-continent collision (Pindell et al., 2005;

mez et al., 2011; Spikings et al., 2015). The magmatic con-
Villago
straints discussed in this contribution, suggest that such relatively
long-term deformational record (ca. 15 My) may be related to
different stages, of the collision (Figs. 13C and 14), that as has been
already proposed is related to an oblique collisional setting
(Moreno-Sa
nchez et al., 2016) that may have occurred in southern
latitudes (Toussaint, 1996; Pindell and Kennan, 2009).
6. Conclusions
Geochemical and geochronological constraints from volcanic,
plutonic and sedimentary rocks from the Quebradagrande Complex
record the existence of a Late Cretaceous tholeiitic arc built on
thinned continental and oceanic back arc related crust that was
deformed and intruded by a different high-k calc-alkaline
magmatism, which was also subsequently deformed.
This Late Cretaceous changes on magmatic compositions and
the two major deformational constraints are related to the opposite
vergent double subduction Molucca Sea type arc-arc collision that
caused deformation of the arcs, slab sinking in the mantle and
associated magmatism, followed continuous deformation in the
crust.
More compositional and temporal data are still necessary to test
this model and appropriately understand the transition from the
early to late magmatism of the Quebradagrande arc and the faith on
the opening and closure of the back-arc basin (Nivia et al., 2006;
Villago
mez et al., 2011; Spikings et al., 2015).
Acknowledgements
This project received support from the National University of
Colombia (Projects 17943 and 21506), the Fundacio
n para la
Promocio
n de la Investigacio

n y la Tecnología del Banco de la
Republica (Project 3451) and COLCIENCIAS 34993. Mauricio Arbo-
leda is acknowledged for his help during fieldwork. Students from
Geologia de Campo 3 (2013-2) and Prof. Marion Weber from the
 J.S. Jaramillo et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 (2017) 460e481
National University of Colombia are also acknowledged for their
participation and discussion on the review of the geological re-
lations of the studied area. We also thank the comments and sug-
gestions of two anonymous reviewers and the editorial care and
considerations of James Kellogg.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.04.012.
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