Sderot

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Sderot

 ‫ְׂשדֵ רֹות‬
 ‫سديروت‬

Hebrew transcription(s)
• ISO 259 Śderot

Sderot

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Coordinates: 31°31′22″N 34°35′43″ECoordinates:
31°31′22″N 34°35′43″E

District Southern

Founded 1951

Government
• Type City (from 1996)
• Mayor Alon Davidi
 Area
• Total 4,472 dunams (4.472 km2 or 1.727 sq mi)

Population
(2018)[1]
• Total 26,455
• Density 5,900/km2 (15,000/sq mi)

Name Boulevards/avenues
meaning

Sderot (Hebrew: ‫ ְׂשדֵ רֹות‬, Hebrew pronunciation: [sdeˈʁot], lit. Boulevards, Arabic: ‫ )سديروت‬is a
western Negev city and former development town in the Southern District of Israel. In 2018 it had a
population of 26,455.[1]
Sderot is located less than a mile from Gaza (the closest point is 840 m),[2] and is notable for having
been a major target of Qassam rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip. Between 2001 and 2008, rocket
attacks on the city killed 13 people, wounded dozens, caused millions of dollars in damage and
profoundly disrupted daily life.[3] Although rocket fire subsided after the Gaza War, the city has come
under rocket attack on occasion since that time.

Contents

 1History
 2Demographics
 3Economy
 4Local government
 5Education
 6Culture
 7Sderot cinema
 8Rocket fire from Gaza
o 8.1Casualties
 9Solidarity gestures
 10Lawsuits
 11Transportation
 12Twin towns – sister cities
 13Notable residents
 14See also
 15References
 16Bibliography
 17External links

History
Sderot was originally founded in 1951 as a transit camp called Gabim Dorot for Israeli immigrants,
primarily from Kurdistan and Iran, who numbered 80 families.[4] The development was located on the
land of the Palestininan village of Najd which was depopulated during 1948 Arab-Israeli War[5] and
served as part of a chain of settlements designed to block infiltration from Gaza.[6][7] Permanent
housing was completed three years after the transit camp's establishment in 1954[7]. The town was
renamed Sderot after the Eucalyptus boulevard planted along the length of the town,[8] whose
planting provided employment to the residents of the settlement.
From the mid-1950s Moroccan Jews increasingly settled in the township.[6][9] Romanian
Jewish and Kurdish Jewish immigrants also began settling in Sderot. In 1956, Sderot was
recognized as a local council.[10] In the 1961 census, the percentage of North African immigrants,
mostly from Morocco, was 87% in the town; another 11% of the residents were immigrants
from Kurdistan.[11]
Sderot received a symbolic name, after the numerous avenues and standalone rows of trees planted
in the Negev, especially between Beersheba and Gaza, to combat desertification and beautify the
arid landscape. Like many other localities in the Negev, Sderot's name has a green motif that
symbolizes the motto "making the desert bloom", a central part of Zionist ideology.[12]

School in Sderot, early 1950s

Palestinian rocket attacks

on Israel

A rocket fired from the Gaza Strip

into Israel, December 2008.

By year (List)

 2001
 2002–2006
 2007
 2008
 2008 ceasefire
 Gaza War
  2009
 2010
 2011
 2012
 2013
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019

Groups responsible

 Fatah
 Hamas
 Islamic Jihad
 PFLP
 DFLP
 PRC
 Ansar al-Sunna
 Force 17
 Army of Islam
 Tawhid wal-Jihad
 Abdullah Azzam Brigades
 Mujahideen Shura Council

Rocket types

 Mortar
 Qassam
 Al-Quds
 Katyusha
 Grad
 Fajr-5

Cities affected

 Ashdod
 Ashkelon
 Beersheba
  Eilat
 Gedera
 Kiryat Gat
 Kiryat Malakhi
 Netivot
 Sderot
 Ofakim
 Yavne
 Tel Aviv
 Jerusalem

Regional Council areas affected

Hof Ashkelon
 (Karmia
 Netiv HaAsara
 Yad Mordechai
 Zikim)
Eshkol
 (Nir Oz
 Nirim
 Yesha)
Sha'ar HaNegev
 (Kfar Aza
 Nahal Oz
 Nir Am)
Sdot Negev
 (Alumim
 Sa'ad)
 Merhavim* Be'er Tuvia * Yoav
 Bnei Shimon* Gush Etzion

Settlements affected (evacuated)

 Atzmona
 Dugit
 Elei Sinai
 Gadid
 Ganei Tal
 Katif
 Kfar Darom
 Morag
  Netzarim
 Netzer Hazani
 Neve Dekalim
 Nisanit
 Rafiah Yam
 Slav

Defense and response

 Civil defense in Israel

 Red Color
 Iron Dome
 ZAKA

See also

 Rocket attacks on Eilat

 Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel

 v
 t
 e

Sderot absorbed another large wave of immigrants from the former Soviet Union during the 1990s
Post-Soviet aliyah, doubling its population. In 1996, it was declared a city.
During the Second Intifada, the city became a target for rockets from the Gaza Strip, starting in
2001.[13] Rocket fire intensified after the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005.[14] The population
declined as families left the city in desperation.
During the Gaza War in December 2008 and January 2009, between 50 and 60 rockets were fired at
Sderot per week, causing about half the city's residents to temporarily evacuate. The war ended
regular rocket fire from Gaza, meaning that the city experienced a revitalization. By 2009, demand
for apartments was outweighing supply, a new sports complex largely funded by donor aid had
opened, a new shopping mall was being built, and the assistance that the city had received due to
concern over the years of rocket fire meant that Sderot now had better community, educational, and
recreational services than many other Negev development towns.[15] The city sustained rocket fire on
occasion over the following years, including during Operation Protective Edge.[16] However, the
introduction of the Iron Dome rocket defense system reduced the effectiveness of this rocket fire,
with many of these rockets being intercepted.
In May 2011, the British Ambassador to Israel visited Sderot and met with Mayor David Buskila, who
described the suffering of children in both Sderot and Gaza:[2]
"Believe me that I feel bad for my children, for the children that live here in Sderot, but I also feel
pain for the children that live in the other side of the border in Gaza ... This situation that the children
from this place and the other place is because of the behaviour of the leaders of the terror
organisations. We can create another quality of life, it is so close."

In October 2013, Alon Davidi was elected as Mayor of Sderot.

Demographics
According to CBS, in 2010 the city had a population of 21,900. The national makeup of the city was
94% Jewish, 5.5% other non-Arabs, and Arabs less than 1%. There were 10,600 males and 10,500
females. The population growth rate in 2010 was 0.5%.
A number of Palestinians from the Gaza Strip were resettled in Sderot beginning in 1997 after
cooperating with the Shin Bet.[17]

Economy
In 2008, the average wage for a salaried worker in Sderot was NIS 5,261.[18]
Hollandia International, founded in 1981, a company that manufacturers and exports high-end
mattresses, moved its sole manufacturing center to Sderot 11 years ago. Following the rocket
attacks, Hollandia has been forced to relocate.
The Osem plant in Sderot, opened in 1981, is the region's major employer, with 480 workers. 170
products are manufactured there, including Bamba, Bisli, Mana Hama instant noodle and rice
dishes, instant soup powders, shkedei marak, ketchup and sauces.[19]
The Menorah Candle factory located in Sderot exports Hanukkah candles all over the world.[20]
Nestlé maintains a research and development facility in Sderot,[21] established in 2002. Its production
facilities for breakfast cereals are also located in Sderot.[22]
Amdocs has a plant in the Sderot and an industrial zone is under development.[23]
In 2012, the government approved nearly $59 million worth of economic benefits for Sderot to
strengthen the economy, boost employment and subsidize psycho-social programs for the city's
residents.[24]

Local government
In 2010, after a decline in charitable donations, the municipality revealed that it was on the verge of
bankruptcy.[25]

Education

Sapir Academic College, Sderot

According to CBS, there are 14 schools and 3,578 students in the city. They are spread out as
eleven elementary schools and 2,099 elementary school students, and six high schools and 1,479
high school students. 56.5% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in
2001. Sapir Academic College[26] and the Hesder Yeshiva of Sderot are located in Sderot. All schools
in the city and 120 bus stops have been fortified against missile attacks.[27]
Culture
An unusually high ratio of singers, instrumentalists, composers and poets have come from Sderot.[28]

Harp sculpture, Sderot town square

Several popular bands have been formed by musicians who practiced in Sderot's bomb shelters as
teenagers.[29][30][31] As an immigrant town with high unemployment experiencing a dramatic musical
success, as bands blend international sounds with the music of their Moroccan immigrant parents, it
has been compared to Liverpool in the 1960s.[32][33] Among the notable bands
are Teapacks[34] Knesiyat Hasekhel and Sfatayim.[35] Well-known musicians from Sderot
include Shlomo Bar, Kobi Oz, Haïm Ulliel and Smadar Levi. The winner of the Israeli version of
"American Idol" 2011 was Hagit Yaso, a local Sderot singer of Ethiopian origin.
Israeli poet Shimon Adaf was born in Sderot,[28] as well as the actor and entertainer Maor Cohen.
Adaf dedicated a poem to the city in his 1997 book Icarus' Monologue.
In 2007, Jewish-American documentary filmmaker Laura Bialis immigrated to Israel, and decided to
settle in Sderot "to find out what it means to live in a never-ending war, and to document the lives
and music of musicians under fire".[36] Her film Sderot: Rock in the Red Zone focuses on young
musicians living under the daily threat of Qassams.[37][38][39]
Politically, the town leans heavily to the right.[40]
The Israeli musician Dror Kessler, who lives in Sderot, has published Intifada Solitaire, a music
album recorded during “Operation Protective Edge”, in which he expressed a unique and local
opinion, one that may be considered to be leaning to the left.[citation needed]

Sderot cinema
Sderot cinema is a name given to gatherings at a hill in Sderot, where over 50 locals would come to
watch the fighting in the Gaza strip during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, cheering when bombs
would strike.[41][42][43][44][45] The name was coined by a Danish journalist who snapped a photo of it and
posted it on Twitter.[46][47][48][49] Similar events happened in Operation Cast Lead in 2009,[50] after which
some critics decided to refer to the hill as "Hill of Shame".[51]
Sderot residents have complained about the media portrayal.[52] Marc Goldberg noted in The Times
of Israel that "it shouldn't surprise anyone that after suffering a huge amount of shelling over the
course of several years, they are cheering the IDF attacking the weapons that have been turned on
them."[53]

Rocket fire from Gaza

The remnants of Qassam rockets fired on Sderot

Iron Dome rocket defense battery near Sderot

Sderot is located in the 10–15 sec of grad rocket range

A factory burns in Sderot after a rocket attack from the Gaza Strip in June 2014.

Sderot lies one kilometer (0.62 miles) from the Gaza Strip and town of Beit Hanoun. Since 2001,
during the beginning stage of the Second Intifada, and more so since the Israeli disengagement from
Gaza in 2005, the city sustained constant rocket fire from Qassam rockets launched
by Hamas and Islamic Jihad.[54] The city continued to suffer from rocket fire until the Gaza War's end
in 2009, which brought an end to regular rocket fire aimed at the city. However, the city has still
suffered from rocket fire on occasion ever since. Despite the imperfect aim of these homemade
projectiles, they caused deaths and injuries, as well as significant damage to homes and property,
psychological distress and emigration from the city. The Israeli government installed a "Red Color"
(‫ )צבע אדום‬alarm system to warn citizens of impending rocket attacks, although its effectiveness was
questioned. Citizens were only given 7–15 seconds to reach shelter after the sounding of the alarm.
In May 2007, a significant increase in shelling from Gaza prompted the temporary evacuation of
thousands of residents.[55] By November 23, 2007, 6,311 rockets had fallen on the city.[56] Yediot
Ahronoth reported that during the summer of 2007, 3,000 of the city's 22,000 residents (consisting
mostly of the city's key upper and middle class residents) left for other areas, out of Qassam rocket
range. Russian billionaire Arcadi Gaydamak organised a series of relief programs for residents
unable to leave.[57] On December 12, 2007, after more than 20 rockets landed in the Sderot area in a
single day, including a direct hit to one of the main avenues, Sderot mayor Eli Moyal announced his
resignation, citing the government's failure to halt the rocket attacks.[58] Moyal was persuaded to
retract his resignation.
In January 2008, British journalist Seth Freedman of The Guardian described Sderot as a city of
near-deserted streets and empty malls and cafes.[59] In March 2008, the mayor said that the
population had dropped by 10–15%, while aid organizations said the figure was closer to 25%. Many
of the families that remained were those who could not afford to move out or were unable to sell their
homes.[60] Studies found that air raid sirens and explosions have caused severe psychological
trauma in some residents.[61] According to a study carried out at Sapir Academic College in 2007,
some 75% of residents aged 4-18 were suffering from PTSD, including sleeping disorders and
severe anxiety, in the wake of rocket attacks on the city, and 1,000 residents were receiving
psychiatric treatment at the community mental health center.[62][63] From mid-June 2007 to mid-
February 2008, 771 rockets and 857 mortar bombs were fired at Sderot and the western Negev, an
average of three or four each a day.[64]

Casualties

Age upon
Name Date of death Notes
death

Mordechai Yosepov 49 June 28, 2004

Afik Zahavi 4 June 28, 2004

September 24,
Yuval Abebeh 4
2004

September 24,
Dorit (Mesarat) Benisian 2
2004
Ayala-Haya (Ella) Critically wounded on January 15,
17 January 21, 2005
Abukasis 2005

Fatima Slutsker 57 November 16, 2006

Yaakov Yaakobov 43 November 21, 2006

Shirel Friedman 32 May 21, 2007

Oshri Oz 36 May 27, 2007

Roni Yihye 47 February 27, 2008

Shir-El Friedman 35 May 19, 2008

Source

Solidarity gestures

Israel Defense Forces exhibition in Sderot, 2019.

In a gesture of solidarity, El Al (Israel's national airline) named one of its Boeing 777 passenger
planes Sderot (4X-ECE).[65][66]
In January 2008, the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York organized a display of 4,200
red balloons outside the headquarters of the United Nations.[67] Each balloon represented a Qassam
rocket that had been fired into Sderot,[68] where for years the town and its surrounding area have
been under near-constant bombardment by thousands of rockets and mortar shells fired
from Gaza.[69] Consul David Saranga, who conceptualized the display, said he used the balloons as
an opportunity to call upon the international community to stop ignoring what's happening
in Israel.[70] The balloon display made headlines in New York City papers as well as international
publications.[71]
In May 2019, the Israeli Air Force held a special flypast (aerial display) over Sderot (in addition
to Yom Ha'atzmaut flypast), in order to salute the residents of Sderot who suffer continuously
from Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.

Lawsuits
In 2011, a Sderot resident filed a million dollar lawsuit against two Canadian organizations raising
funds for a Canadian ship to join the Gaza flotilla. According to the lawyers, "The Canadian Boat's
raison d'être is to aid and abet the terrorist organization that rules Gaza." The suit alleges that these
actions violate Canadian laws that prohibit aid to terror groups.[72]

Transportation
Sderot railway station

Sderot is accessible by Highway 34 and Route 232.

The Ashkelon–Beersheba railway, a new railway line which connected Sderot with Tel
Aviv and Beersheba, was inaugurated in December 2013. The Sderot railway station located on the
outskirts of the city at the southern entrance, was opened on December 24, 2013. It is the first in
Israel to be armored against rocket fire.[73]

Twin towns – sister cities

Sderot is twinned with:

 Antony, France
 Zehlendorf (Berlin), Germany[74]

Notable residents
 Erez Biton, poet
 Miri Bohadana, model
 Kim Edri, beauty queen, and former Miss Israel
 Kobi Oz, musician
 Amir Peretz, politician former defense minister
 Hagit Yaso, singer

See also
 List of Israeli twin towns and sister cities
 Merkhav Mugan
 Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
 Jewish Agency for Israel

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Bibliography
 HaReuveni, Immanuel (1999). Lexicon of the Land of Israel (in
Hebrew). Yedioth Ahronoth Publishing. ISBN 965-448-413-7.
 Avi Sasson, ed. (2010). Sderot (in Hebrew). Ariel Publishing and
Makom Company.

External links
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Sderot.

 Sderot Media Center

  The Other Voice
 Humanitarian aid organization in Sderot
 Sderot; The Movie
 Sderot portal—Hebrew
 Sderot Information Center for the Western Negev
 The committee for a secure Sderot
 Sderot in The Washington Post
 Sderot Journal: An Israeli Playground, Fortified Against Rockets

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Southern District of Israel

on

eba

Gat

Malakhi

an-Naqab

Ramon

al-Salam

Sabi
m
om

uvia

himon

Arava

Eilot

hkelon

vim

Midbar

HaNegev
egev (Azata)

HaNegev

eba metropolitan area

 Other sub-divisions: Central District

 Haifa District

 Jerusalem District

 Judea and Samaria Area

 Northern District

 Tel Aviv District

Categories:
 Southern District (Israel)
 Sderot
 Cities in Southern District (Israel)
 Cities in Israel
 Development towns
 Israeli casualties in the Al-Aqsa Intifada
 Gaza–Israel conflict
 Populated places established in 1951
 Gaza envelope
  1951 establishments in Israel
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 This page was last edited on 29 January 2020, at 20:04 (UTC).
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