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dt dt m
Theory of linear diff. equation :
Theory of linear differential equations :
Most General Solution of an Inhomogeneous equation
Most General Solution of Homogeneous Equation
+
Any Particular Solutions of Inhomogeneous Equation
i.e.: x t x0 t x p.s. t
Theory of linear diff. equation :
Let us consider a linear differential equation which
represents the oscillation of a damped oscillator
under an external periodic force in the form:
k b F0
x t x x cos t
m m m
F0
x t 0 x x R.P. e
2 it
m
2
d x dx F0 it
2 0 x e 1 ;
2
dt dt m
Let us take a trial solution in the form: x t Ae ;
it
Theory of linear diff. equation :
F0
Equation 1 become : A iA A
2 2
0
m
A
F0
F0 0 i
2 2
m 0 i
2 2
m
2
0
2 2
2 2
i
F0 e
A 1
;
m
2 2 2 22 2
0
tan 2 ; A F0 m
2
2
2
2 2
0 2 0
Theory of linear diff. eq. : Effect of varying resistive term
Expressing the amplitude in terms of Q 0
A
F0
F0
02 2 i
2 2
m 0 i m 02 2
2
22
i
F0 e
A 1
;
m
2
2 2
2
0
2 0
Q
tan 2
0 Q
and
0 2
Theory of linear diff. eq. : Effect of varying resistive term
dA
At , A Am for m , then 0
d
dA 1 F0 4m 0 2 Q
2 2 2
m m 0
0
d
3
2 m
m
2 2 2 m 0 2 2
0 m
Q
1 F0 1
m 0 1 2
and A Q 1 2
2Q m
m 4Q
Theory of linear diff. equation :
Therefore, the general solution of forced damped
oscillation is :
x t x1 x2 . Where, x1 and x2 satisfied the equations :
2 2
d x1 dx1 d x2 dx2 F0 it
2
x 0 and
2
0 1 2
x
2
0 2
e
dt dt dt dt m
2
d d F0
x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2
2
0
eit
dt 2 dt m
Here : x1 x0 t and x2 x p . s . t ; Complete solution :
x t Ae t cos 0t A ei t
Solution of forced oscillation without damping
It is a free oscillation which is influenced by an
externally applied harmonic force.
d 2x
So the differential equation is: m 2 kx F0 cos t
dt
d 2x k F0 d 2x F0
2 x cos t 2
0 x cos t
2
dt m m dt m
So, use 0 in previous solution :
x t x0 t x p.s. t
F0 m
x t A cos 0t 2 cos t
02
Example of forced oscillation without damping
dt 2
2
0 x 2
A
0 0 cos t
d
dt
x
2
2
0 x
F0
m
cos t F0 m 2
0 A0
02 A0
x A cos 0t 2 cos t
0 2
(ii) Forced Oscillations with Damping contd.
Equation of Motion :
d 2x dx F0 F0 it
2
0 x
2
cos t .Real part of e
dt dt m m
it
Here, e cos t i sin t
To obtain the particular solution, take the complex form :
d 2z dz F0 it
2
0 z
2
e ;
dt dt m
i t
Let thetrial solution is : z e
Substituting this trial solution in the above equation :
Substituting the trial solun :
i t F0 it
A i A 0 A e
2 2
e
m
A iA m e
F0 F0
0
2 2 i
cos i sin
m
F0
tan A A
2
2 2 2 2 2
and 0
0
2 2
m
F0
A
2
2 2 2 2
m 0
d2z dz F0
Another method : 2
z 2
0
e i t ; Trial solun :
dt dt m
i t
A i A 0 A e i t F0 it
2 2
z e e
m
i
F0 e
A
m 02 2 i A
F0 1
A AA *
m
2
2
0
2
2 2
and tan
0
2 2
i ( t )
F0 e
z p.s
m ( )
2
0
2 2 2 2
x p.s Re ( z p.s )
F0 cos(t )
x p.s.
m ( )
2
0
2 2 2 2
A() cos( t )
Forced Oscillations: Resonance
F0 m
A() ; For amplitude reasonance:
2
2
0 2
22
dA
0, i.e.Maximizing A w.r.t. one gets at m
d m
dA
d
2 02 2 2 m
0
m
1/2
2
1/ 2
2
1 1
m 0 or m 0 1 2
0 1 2
2 2Q 4Q
So, A max is at m but not at 0 and tan 2 2
1
0
Forced Oscillations: Amplitude Resonance
F0 m F0Q m 02 A0Q
So, A()
m
2
0 2
m
2
2 2
m
1 1 4Q 2
1 1 4Q 2
Nature of different forced oscillation
Case I : Underdamped oscillatior with no damping force.
b 0, i.e. 0 and 1 0 x A0 cos 0t A cos t
F0 m F0 m
Here, A 2
2 2
2
0 2
2 2 0
F0 m
x A0 cos 0t 2 cos t
0 2