Ida Bastiaens

Colin Clarke
Bokgyo Jeong (Jonathan)
Summary of this Week
 The focus of this week are as follows:
 What kinds of alternative approaches we can take
as counter-arguments of existing main stream
development models (economic growth or
dependency models) ?
 Does the social development approach combined
with human resource development provide a
substantially different and meaningful answer to
the previous question?
Summary of this Week (Cont.)
 As alternative approaches, we can
 turn to the social development going beyond the narrow focus
of economic growth and political democratization
(Martinussen, 1997; Isbister, 1993; Staudt, 1991);
 take a look at different dimensions of poverty like basic needs
(Martinussen, 1997; Leys, 1996; Goulet and Wilber) or gender
(Martinussen, 1997; Staudt, 1991; Edward and Hulme, 1997);
 reframe development from the practical management
perspective (Edward and Hulme, 1997; Staudt, 1991);
 uncover the significant role of the civil society and NGOs
(Edward and Hulme, 1992; Bendix, ; Staudt, 1991);
 analyze various environmental factors in order to comprehend
and make sense of the development contexts of developing
countries ( Edward Hulme, 1997; Staudt, 1991)
Take-away Points by each author

 Theories and approaches using the state and market

are incomplete in development studies. Instead,
multiple strategies and perspectives are necessary to
truly capture the broad and complex elements of
development (Martinussen, 1997).
 Understanding poverty and providing social
development requires theoretical lenses that
emphasize several dimensions of poverty like basic
needs, gender, and societal studies (Martinussen,
1997).
Take-away Points by each author (Cont.)
 Different development languages provide a multitude
of development definitions. For that reason, where
development management fit into between state and
society has to be one of the main focus in development
studies and practices (Staudt, 1991).
 Making sense of the environment through embracing
all environmental factors is essential in addressing the
development management in developing countries
(Turner and Hulme, 1997).
Take-away Points by each author
 Evolution of administrative elite role to economic
development can be understand through the
exploration of the process of role definitions,
socialization and recruitment (Armstrong, 1973).
 Both development and underdevelopment have
costs, but the cost of underdevelopment is greater
(Goulet and Wilber).
 Poverty, or the inability to make choices, occurs at
the micro and macro level and is perpetuated by
our globalized and urbanized society. (Isbister)
Take-away Points by each author
 The formation of civil society is based upon social
rights, citizenship, the trappings of bureaucracy and
the formation of interest groups. This process occurs
at varying levels and to varying extents in different
countries, but is nevertheless an essential component
of development. (Leys, Bendix, Edwards & Hulme)
Armstrong (1973), The European
Administrative Elite.
 Main topic of this book
 How we understand the European administrative system
 The main theories and framework to comprehend the European
administrative system: role theory and theories of socialization and
recruitment
 Exploration of the “process by which role definitions are acquired”
(p.3).
 Evolution of administrative elite role to economic development,
defined as growth in industrial output
 What are factors that produced positive definitions of the
administrative role in relation to economic development?
 Intermediate variable: recruitment/ socialization
 Dependent variable: role definition
Armstrong (1973), Continued.
 Assumption of this book
 Elite as a “set of roles” (p. 14); Elite refers to the “process”,
especially education, which affects elite roles in a
differential manner.
 Socialization as the “link between societal expectations
and norms and administrators’ role perceptions.” (p. 15).
 Method: Comparative analysis
 Cross-national comparison: British, France, Germany,
and Russia
 Longitudinal comparison: Four periods (Preindustrial,
take-off, industrial, and postindustrial)
 Armstrong (1973), Continued.
 Diffusion of development doctrines
Non-development Development
Non-
interventionist Laissez Faire
Calvinism
Traditional
Christianity

Benthamism
Listism
Keynesianism

Rathenauism
Saint-Simonism
Marxist
Mercantilism Economism
Cameralism Leninism
Interventionist
Source: Armstrong (1973:71)
Armstrong (1973), Continued.

 The model of recruitment of European administrative

elites
 Ascription: Upper class as the main source of recruits
 Class as a stratification concept and a matter of societal
consensus
 Prussian: accommodation of aristocratic and
administrators’ values; “accommodated men of aristocratic
and bourgeois origins by stressing its own distinctiveness”
(p.82)
 French: dominance of bourgeois values in the French
administrative role
 Britain: aristocratic values without a strong noble reference
group
Nation Building & Citizenship (Bendix)
 Ch.3- Transformations of W. European Societies Since
18th c.
 Individualistic authority relationships: what is the
responsibility of the upper-class to the poor?

 Democratization and industrialization are two

processes
 Whether and to what extent social protest would be
accommodated through the extension of citizenship to
the lower classes?
Bendix Ch.3 (cont.)
 In England, lower-class protests are aimed at
establishing citizenship and thus a voice in the society
to which they contribute

 Functional representation vs. plebiscitarian principle

(group versus individual)

 Social rights as an element of citizenship (education)

Chapter 4: Administrative Authority in the
Nation-State (Bendix)
 In the modern nation-state, the link between
governmental authority and inherited privilege is severed

 Distinguishes between the nature of authority over an

administrative staff and the organizational conditioning of
the staff which affects its implementation of commands

 Focuses on the example of the evolution of bureaucracy in

Prussia/Germany- curb arbitrary rule of royal autocrat
Chapter 4: Administrative Authority in the
Nation-State (Bendix) (cont.)
 Modern Western societies exemplify the duality
between government and society

 Governmental activities which develop in response to

public demands encourage the formation of groups
based on the principles of common interest

 Increasing access to public employment and to

influence upon the administrative implementation of
policies are a counterpart to the extension of
citizenship
Martinussen
Ch 20: Dimensions of Alternative Development
• Focus on civil society, poverty, inequality, basic needs,
human development
• Need dialogue between approaches
• Alternative Development:
– Origins: Mill, Seers
– Redefinition of Development Goals
• Sen, Seers, Streeten, Haq

– Theories of Civil Society

• Roots: Hettne (utopian socialism), Hegel, Marx, Polanyi, Hyden
• Friedman (social practice and institutionalization)

– Advancements
• UNEP and UNCTAD
• IFDA
Synthesis
 Alternative approach to development
 Social development
 Civil society and NGOs
 Poverty alleviation
 Gender and development
 Basic needs
 Development management
 Societal development and environmental analysis
Martinussen
Ch 21: Poverty and Social Development
• Since 1960 poverty and inequality more important
– Relationship to growth and savings
• Shifts in Perception and Strategy
– Passive to active, macro to micro

• Poverty and Basic Needs

• Chenery 1974: target poor in growth strategy
• Hunt, Streeten: Basic Needs (necessities, public
services, political participation)
• Lipton, Maxwell: Poverty Eradication (labor intensive,
access to services, safety net)
Martinussen Ch 21 cont’d
• Social Welfare and Sustainable Human Development
– Haq: 1990 HDR, enlarge choices/opportunities (to life,
knowledge, resources)
• Unobserved Poverty (Chambers)
– Challenge for policy makers to see poor
– Spatial, seasonal, diplomatic, professional biases
• Gender and Development
• Women in Development
– Rathgeber
– Exclusion, inferiority… want to mainstream, integrate
• Gender and Development
– Young
– Gender relations, public and private spheres, structure,
process
Isbister
Ch 2: A World of Poverty
• Poverty “is the inability to make choices”
– Micro and macro level (excluded from power or benefits
of society)
– Third World: excluded, nonaligned, disenfranchised
• Poverty is INSECURITY
• Today’s poor “connected to changing world”
– Recent poverty not traditional– urban slums
• Responsibility to help
– How does rich policies and progress affect 3rd world
Goulet and Wilber
The Human Dilemma of Development
• Cost of Development
– Industrialization: change social structure, new values
and institutions, need to increase capital may decrease
consumption (painful!)
• Cost of Underdevelopment
– Malthusian trap- death, disease
• Economic Development as War on Poverty
• Cost of development is less than cost of
underdevelopment
Turner and Hulme, 1997, Governance, Administration &
Development
Ch.2 Organizational Environments

 Making sense of the environment

 Elements of the environment
 Economic factors: Gross national product, Structure of
production, Labor, Domestic capital, Foreign exchange,
Foreign aid and debt, Infrastructure, Technology,
Poverty and inequality, and Informal sector
 Cultural factors: Ethnicity, Family and kinship, Values
and norms, Gender, and History
Turner and Hulme, 1997, Governance, Administration &
Development
Ch.2 Organizational Environments (Continued)

 Elements of the environment (Continued)

 Demographic: Population growth, Age structure,
Urbanization and migration, and Health
 Political: State-society relations, Legitimacy, Regime type,
Ideology, Elites and classes, International links, and
Institutions
 Public sector and its environment
 Distinctiveness, diversity, turbulence, opportunities and
constraints, competing perceptions, cause and effect, and
foreign models and third world realities.
Staudt, 1991, Managing Development
Ch.2 Development: Conception From About People at the
Grassroots
• Main topic: Locating “development management” between state
and society, by investigating development language.
– Displaying “power realities” (p.29)
– Revealing “people’s voices” (p.30)
– Reviewing definitions of development
• Discourse and images:
– “Language creates a reality all its own (p.11).”
• Underdeveloped, developed, and developing
• First world, second world, and a third world
– Maps on flat surfaces distort a global world
• The Mercator projection exaggerates land masses near poles, and shrinks
land masses near the equator (p.14)
• The “North” 18.9 million square miles, looks larger than the “South” with
38.6 million square miles (p.14)
Staudt, 1991, Managing Development
Ch.2 Development: Conception From About People at the Grassroots
• Historical and contemporary perspectives
– “The overall result of changes in agriculture was that
most Mexicans were eating less while some were
exporting more (p.25)” => Is this development?
• Implication: Where does development management
fit?
– “In the state”: debates between reformers and structural
transformers
– “In society”: people’s organizations and their
relationships with the state; effectiveness depends on
their managerial capability
Reinhard Bendix, Nation Building & Citizenship
 Transformation of society and the processes that
ultimately lead to nation building and citizenship
 - Industrialization in England
 - Democratization in France

 Lower social classes finding a voice through protest

and becoming involved in political life of the state

 Group versus Individual- early seeds of civil society

Edwards and Hulme, Making a Difference
 The role of NGOs and development in a complex and
constantly changing world

 Implications of poverty alleviation and the concept of

“scaling up” at the NGO level

 Concerned with practicality; issues including

sustainability, cost-effectiveness, types of benefits and
their distribution throughout society
Colin Leys, Rise and Fall of Development Theory
 The state & the crisis of simple commodity production

 What is the role of the state versus the individual or

family farm?

 Growing risk of a new form of colonization which

includes a chronic dependence on food aid and/or
budgetary support from abroad
References
• Martinussen, John. Society, State and Market: A Guide to
Competing Theories of Development. (London: Zed Press, 1997).
Chapter 20-21
• IsbisterJohn. Promises not Kept: The Betrayal of Social Change
in the Third World. (West Hartford: Kumarian, 1993). Chapter 2
• Goulet, Denis and Wilber, Charles K. “The Human Dilemma of
Development.” in Jameson and Wilber, Political Economy of
Development.
• Staudt, Kathleen. Managing Development: State, Society, and
International Contexts. (Newbury Park: SAGE Publication, 1991).
Chapter 2
• Turner, Mark and David Hulme. Governance, Administration &
Development. (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1997). Chapter 2
References (cont.)
 Leys,Colin, The Rise and Fall of Development Theory (Bloomington,
IN.: Indiana University Press, 1996).

 Edwards, Michael and David Hulme, Making a Difference: NGOs and

Development in a Changing World (London: Earthscan, 1992)

 Bendix, Reinhard, Nation Building and Citizenship (New Jersey:

Transaction, 1996)