Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS AND
ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS
PRESENTED BY
MS.SANTOSH KUMARI
M.SC.NURSING 1ST YEAR
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
DURING PREGNANCY
OVERVIEW OF DRUG CATEGORY AND absorption
IN PLACENTA
CATEGORIZATION OF DRUGS IN PREGNANCY (
ACCORDING TO FDA)
How Drugs Cross the Placenta
CATEGORY C
Sympatholytics
Methyl-dopa
Reserpine
Calcium channel blocker
Nifedipine
Nicardipine
CATEGORY B
Andrenergic receptor blocking agents
Labetalol
Propranolol
Vasodilators
Hydralazine
Nitroglycerin
Sodium nitroprusside
CATEGORY D
5. ACE inhibitors/ ARB.
Captopril
Trlmisartan
Avoided during pregnancy because it can cause
various kind of deformities in fetus.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Mechanism of action:
Acts by peripheral vasodilators as it relaxes the
arterial smooth muscle. Orally it is weak and
should be combined with methyldopa or
beta- blockers. It increases the cardiac output
and renal blood flow.
Preparations:
Aspresoline, Hydralyn, Rolazine.
Dose:
Orally: 100mg/day in four hours divided doses
IV: 5-10 mg every 20 minute maximum 20 mg.
Indication:
Essential hypertension.
Contraindications and precautions
Coronary artery diseases, mitral valvular
rheumatic heart disease.
Because of variable sodium retention,
diuretics should be used. To control
arrhythmias, propranolol may be
administered intravenously.
Side effects
Assess
Intake output and weight daily.
Blood pressure and pulse check q4h.
Apical or radial pulse before administration.
Administer
PO, before food and h.s.
IV, keep client recumbent for 3 hours.
Perform/ provide
Storage in dry area at room temperature.
Evaluate
Therapeutic response: Decreased BP after 1
to 2 weeks.
Edema in feet, legs daily.
Skin turgor and dryness of mucus membranes
for hydration status.
Teach Client/ Family
Not to discontinue drug abruptly, taper over 2
weeks.
To report bradycardia, dizziness, confusion or
depression.
To avoid alcohol, smoking and excess sodium
intake.
Take medication at bedtime to prevent the
effect of orthostatic hypotension.
NIFEDIPINE
Preparations - Adalat, Procardia.
Mechanism of action: Direct arteriolar
vasodilation by inhibition of slow inward calcium
channels in vascular smooth muscle.
Dose: Orally- 5-10 mg tid maximum dose 60-120
mg/ day.
Indication – Hypertension, angina pectoris.
Contraindications and precautions:
Simultaneously use of magnesium sulfate could
be hazardous due to synergistic effect.
Side effects- Flushing, hypotension, headache,
tachycardia, inhibition of labour, fatigue,
drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
Nursing Considerations
Assess
Blood levels of the drug, therapeutic levels 0.025 to
0.1ug/ml.
Administer
Before meals and night.
Evaluate
Therapeutic response, cardiac status, BP, pulse,
respiration and ECG.
Teach Client/ Family
To limit caffeine consumption.
Stress patient compliance to all aspects of drug use.
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
Assess
Serum electrolyte, BUN and creatinine.
Hepatic function.
BP and ECG.
Weight and intake output.
Administer
Using and infusion pump only.
Wrap bottle with aluminum foil to protect
from light.
Evaluate
Therapeutic response: Decreased BP, absence
of bleeding.
Edema – feet and legs.
Hydration status.
NITROGLYCERINE
Mechanism of action: Relaxes mainly the
venous but also arterial smooth muscle.
Dose- Given as IV infusion 5 ug/ min to be
increased at every 3-5 min up to 100ug /min.
Side effect: Tachycardia, headache,
methaemoglobinaemia.
Contraindication and precautions: Used in
hypertensive crisis for short time only.
Contraindicated in hypertensive
encephalopathy as it increases blood flow
and intracranial pressure
Nursing Consideration
Assessment
Monitor patient closely for change in levels of
consciousness and for dysrhythmias.
Assess for headaches. Approximately 50% of all
patients experience mild to severe headaches
following nitroglycerin.
Take base line BP and heart rate.
Assess for and report blurred vision and dry mouth.
Patient and Family Education
Take care of the adverse effect of headache.
Report blurred vision if present.
Change position slowly and avoid prolonged
standing.
PROPRANOLOL
Action
Beta adrenergic blocker: Decreases preload,
afterload, which is responsible for decreasing
left ventricular end diastolic pressure and
systemic vascular resistance.
Indication – Hypertension, prophylaxis of
angina pain.
Contraindication – Bronchial asthma, renal
insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, cardiac
failure.
Side effect/ Adverse Reactions
Maternal
Sever hypotension, sodium retention,
bradycardia, bronchospasm, cardiac failure.
Fetal
Bradycardia and impaired fetal responses to
hypoxia, IUGR with prolonged therapy.
Doses and routes of administration
Orally 80 to 240 mg divided doases.
Nursing Consideration
Assess
BP, pulse and respirations during therapy.
Weight daily and report excess weight gain.
Intake output ratio.
Administer
Administer with 240 ml of water on empty stomach.
Evaluate
Tolerance if taken for long period.
Headache, light- headedness, decreased BP.
Teach Client/ Family
There may be stinging sensation when the drug
comes in contact with mucus membranes.
To make position changes slowly to prevent fainting.
DIAZOXIDE
Preparation – Hyperstat.
Action – Vasodilator.
Indication – Hypertensive crisis when urgent
decrease of diastolic pressure is required.
Contraindications – Diabetes, heart disease,
diuretics should be used simultaneously.
Side effect
Maternal
Fluid and sodium retention.
Inhibition of uterine contraction.
Hyperglycemia.
Severe hypotension.
Palpitations.
Fetal
Hypoxia.
Dosage and routes of administration
IV- 30 to 50 mg, may be repeated every 10 to 15
minutes or continuous infusion.
Nursing Consideration
Assess
BP q5min for 2 hours, then q1hr for 2 hours and
then q4h.
Pulse, jugular venous distention q4h.
Serum electrolytes, CBC, serum glucose.
Weight daily and intake output.
Administer
To patient in recumbent position, keep in that
position for one hour after administration.
Perform/ provide
Protection from light.
Evaluate
Therapeutic responses: Primarily decreased diastolic
pressure.
Edema in feet and legs.
Hydration status.
Dyspnea and orthopnea.
Postural hypotension: Take BP sitting and standing.
AUTHOR –
Jiang N, Liu Q, Liu L, Yang WW, ZengY.
BACKGROUND:
This study aims to investigate whether
calcium channel blockers plus low dosage
aspirin therapy can reduce the incidence of
complications during pregnancy with chronic
hypertension and improve the prognosis of
neonates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
From March 2011 to June 2013, 33 patients were
selected to join this trial according to the chronic
hypertension criteria set by the Preface Bulletin
of American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists.
Patients were administrated calcium channel
blockers plus low-dosage aspirin and vitamin C.
The statistic data of baseline and prognosis from
the patients were retrospectively reviewed and
compared.
RESULTS:
Blood pressure of patients was controlled by
these medicines.
39.4% patients complicated mild
preeclampsia; however, none of them
developed severe preeclampsia or eclampsia,
or complicate placental abruption. 30.3%
patients delivered at preterm labour; 84.8%
patients underwent cesarean section.
The neonatal average weight was 3,008 ±
629.6 g, in which seven neonatal weights
were less than 2,500 g. All of the neonatal
Apgar scores were 9 to 10 at one to five
minutes. Small for gestational age (SGA)
occurred in five (15%).
CONCLUSIONS:
Calcium channel blockers can improve the
outcome of pregnancy women with chronic
hypertension to avoid the occurrence of
severe pregnancy complication or neonatal
morbidity.
ANTICONVULSANTS DRUGS
DURING PREGNANCY
INTRODUCTION
Action –
Decrease acetylcholine in motor
nerve terminals, which is responsible
for anticonvulsant properties, thereby
reduces neuromuscular irritability.
It also decreases intracranial edema
and helps in diuresis.
Its peripheral vasodilatation effect
improves the uterine blood supply.
Use –
It is a valuable drug lowering seizure
threshold in women with pregnancy –
induced hypertension.
The drug is used in preterm labor to
decrease uterine activity.
Dosage and Route
AUTHOR –
Nensi A, De Silva DA, von Dadelszen P,
Sawchuck D, Synnes AR, Crane J, Magee LA
ABSTRACT