HEALTH REVIEWER
treatment. A hospital offers different types of medical care like
CONSUMER HEALTH
- aims to develop a person’s ability to evaluate and utilize health
information, products and services wisely and effectively.
- It refers to the decisions you make about the purchase of
product and use of health information and services that will
have direct effect on your health.
The focus of Consumer Health is to enable patients, families,
caregivers, and the general public to find current, reliable, and
accessible health information.
HEALTH INFORMATION
- any concept step or advice that various sources give to aid the
health status of an individual!!!
HEALTH PRODUCTS
- food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biologicals, vaccines, in-vitro
diagnostic reagents, & household/urban hazardous
substances.
HEALTH SERVICES
- These programs aim to appraise the health conditions of
individuals through screening and examinations, cure and
treat disorders, prevent and control the spread of diseases,
provide safety, emergency care, and first aid, and ensure a
follow-up program for individuals who have undergone
treatments.
HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS
- Reliable sources of health information, products, and services
are health care providers such as licensed professionals who
took up specialized and intensive studies in the field.
- They are the ones who have the qualified educational
background and can give scientific explanation to validate
information.
HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
- licensed people that are able to practice medicine and other
allied health programs. These people are called physicians,
who record the medical history of individuals, provides
diagnoses, performs medical examinations, and prescribes
medicine.
Ex: Physician, Healthcare practitioners & allied health professionals.
Diff kinds of physicians:
- Cardiologist – heart
- Dermatologist – skin
- Gastroenterologist – digestive system
- Geriatrician – old people
- Gynecologist – female repro
- Neurologist – brain
- Orthopedist – musculoskeletal syste
- Ophthalmologist – eyes
- Pediatrician – children
- Pulmonologist – respiratory system
- Urologist – male genitalia & urinary system
Physician – records med history, provides diagnoses, performs medical
examinations, and prescribe medications.
Healthcare Practitioner – Independent healthcare provider who is
licensed to practice on a specific area of the body. (dentists,
optometrists, podiatrists—feet lol)
Allied health professional – trained healthcare provider who practices
under the SUPERVISION of a physician/healthcare practitioner. (nurse,
pharmacists, dieticians, etc
HEALTHCARE FACILITIES (W-H-E-H)
a. Hospital (P-V-G-T)
- Institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care &
inpatient and outpatient care.
Diff. types of medical care: Inpatient & outpatient
Diff kinds of hospitals:
- Pirivate - operated by individuals to gain PROFIT
- Voluntary – owned by a community/organization
- Government – being run by the state
- Teaching – includes a school for medical students
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOSPITALS:
1) General – Complete facilities.
2) Specialty – handle a particular disease or condition. (phil. Heart
center, lung center of the phil., national kidney transplant institute)
Walk-in surgery center
- It is a facility that offers surgery without the patient being
admitted in the hospital.
Health center
- The services in a health center cater to a specific population
with various health needs.
Extended healthcare facility
- A facility that provides treatment, nursing care, and
residential services to patients, often the elderly.
HEALTH INSURANCE
“Health insurance is a financial agreement between an insurance
company and an individual or group for the payment of healthcare costs”
(Payne, et al., 2005).
This also may pertain to a “protection that provides benefits for sickness
and injury”
(Meeks, et al., 2011).
--various types of coverage: (med-major-hos-sur-dis)
a. Medical insurance – pays for the fees of the health professionals
b. Major medical insurance – payment for long-term diseases
c. Hospitalization insurance – pays for the stay of the patient in
hospital
d. Surgical insurance – pays for surgery
e. Disability insurance – provides financing for members who suffer
from illnesses/ accidents
Health maintenance organization (HMO) – healthcare provider that
offers med services through prepaid
TWO TYPES OF EXPENSES INVOLVED IN HEALTH INSURANCE:
Covered expense: coverage of med services that can be paid by the
company
Exclusion: services that are not paid by the issuer
OTHER FORMS OF HEALTHCARE
Complementary & alternative healthcare modalities (CAM)
• Complementary and alternative medicine, as defined by the
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
(NCCAM), is a group of diversemedical and health care
systems, practices, and products that are not presently
considered to be part of conventional medicine.
Complementary medicine - availed WITH traditional medicine
Alternative medicine – offered in place of traditional medicine
FOUR MAJOR DOMAINS OF COMPLEMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE (B-E-M-M)
1) Biology-based practices
 • Use substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, and - It’s for people with certain health conditions. During treatment,
vitamins you will work with a registered dietitian to make a nutrition plan
2) Energy medicine just for you.
- During medical nutrition therapy, your dietitian will look closely
• Biofield Therapies – Are intended to affect energy fields that at your eating habits. He or she will help you set new nutrition
purportedly surround and penetrate the body. The existence of goals. You will meet with your dietitian several times. He or
such has not been scientifically proven she will track your progress at each visit.
• Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies – involve the
unconventional use of electromagnetic fields Herbal medicine – There are 10 herbs approved and tested to have
medicinal value & approved by the DOH.
3) Manipulative &body-based practices
• Based on manipulation and/or movement of one or more parts 1. AKAPULKO - For ringworm & other fungal infections
of the body 2. AMPALAYA – diabetic patients
4) Mind-body medicine 3. BAWANG – Blood pressure control
• Uses a variety of techniques designed to enhance the mind’s 4. BAYABAS – antiseptic, mouthwash, gum infection
capacity to affect bodily function 5. LAGUNDI – cough & asthma
6. NIYOG-NIYOGAN – intestinal worms
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8423 / TRADITIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE 7. SAMBONG – urinary stones
MEDICINE ACT OF 1997 – 8. TSAANG GUBAT – mouthwash
9. PANSIT-PANSITAN – arthritis & gout
- An act creating the philippine institute of traditional and 10. YERBA BUENA – For relief from body aches & pains
alternative health care (PITAHC) to accelerate the
development of traditional and alternative health care in the
philippines, providing for a traditional and alternative health
care development fund and for other purposes

Fidel V Ramos, 1997

- also called naturopathic medicine

- promotes wellness by identifying the unique aspects of each
patient and then employing non-toxic natural therapies to
restore his or her physiological, psychological, and structural
balance.

(Examples of Alternative Medicine)

ACUPUNCTURE
- Acupuncture is a component of the health care system of
China that can be traced back at least 2,500 years.
- The most thoroughly studied mechanism of stimulation of
acupuncture points employs penetration of the skin by thin,
solid, metallic needles, which are manipulated manually or by
electrical stimulation.
- Acupuncture is believed to treat musculoskeletal
dysfunctions.
VENTOSA CUPPING MASSAGE THERAPY
- Cupping is a therapy used in traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM) to remove stagnation and stimulate the flow of qi (chi).
Qi is the free flow of vital energy circulating through the body
and the world around us, if the qi is disrupted or disturbed, it
can create stagnation (blockages) or imbalances in the body.
- involves warming and placing cups, usually made of glass, on
the skin. By warming the air within the cup, a vacuum is
created, and when it is applied to the skin, the tissue is drawn
up into the cup. This increases the blood flow, loosens the
fascia or connective tissue, and is thought to stimulate
healing.

REFLEXOLOGY
- Foot Reflexology massage can be a deeply relaxing and
therapeutic modality for those suffering from plantar fasciitis,
ankle injuries or even everyday work and play.
- This will not only help relieve toe pain, ankle pain, plantar
fasciitis and common forms of arthritis, but can also decrease
stress and anxiety in the entire body

ACUPRESSURE
- Using the power and sensitivity of the hand, Acupressure
Therapy is effective in the relief of stress-related ailments, and
is ideal for self-treatment and preventive health care for
boosting the immune system. Acupressure releases tension,
increases circulation, reduces pain, and develops spirituality
and vibrant health.
- It has same technique as the acupuncture but it uses hands
not needles.

NUTRITION THERAPY

QUACKERY
- a form of a health fraud, is any advertisement, promotion or
sale of products and services that have not been
scientifically proven safe and effective.
QUACK
- operates quackery. He or she is an individual that has little
or no professional qualifications to practice medicine. A
quack also pretentiously uses meaningless medical jargon
and relies in scare tactics, paranoid accusations, and quick
fixes.
How to Identify Quacks
- Prescribes medication without validating signs and
symptoms, etc.
- Fails to identify the root cause of any ailment/disease
diagnosed
- Denies the important role of healthcare factors such as
diet, lifestyle, nutrition, activities, etc.
- Prescribes varying medications at shorts periods of time
(medical roller coaster)
- Doesn’t practice healthy lifestyle
- Quick diagnosis
- Poor Communication Skills
3 Major Characteristics of Health Quackery
Fraudulent - Quacks tend to aim to deceive you to do their bidding.
Be careful if you are uncomfortable in doing their work
Ignorant Pretender Skills - Most quacks overlook basic qualities
such as proper identification as legit doctors and practitioners
Diagnosis performed by quacks tend to lack scientific basis and
sound
unprofessional-like
Medical Quackery
- pertains to the malpractice in the medical profession where
the pseudo-doctors claim to be experts and competent in
treating diseases
- the intention is always to make profit at the expense of
deceiving the public
- they capitalize on the hope, ignorance, and fear of people
who want to change some parts of their body and heal
illnesses using the advancement in the medical field.
Nutrition Quackery
- any forms of fake or unclassified claims of nutritional value
or impact.
One of the most popular and profitable hoaxes that goes in the form
of dietary supplements, herbal remedies, weight loss products,
energy boosters and medicines which do not have any approval from
Bureau of Foods and Drugs.
Products should bear the scientific link between the substance and
the health impacts to the consumers. It should declare what it can
concretely do to the human body.
More often than not, products become detrimental to one’s health,
ironic from what its label tells. It goes beyond from its actual
Device Quackery - pertains to the claims or information about the
products that are “too good to be true”.
- They deceive the customers by exaggerating the quality,
efficiency and trying to justify its cost, or they lower its price
along with its quality
- is after the money or profit
- makes use of miraculous gadgets (such as dials, gauges,
electrodes, magnets, and blinkers) that are believed to cure
certain health conditions.
Consumer Welfare and Protection
Consumer Act of the Philippines RA 7394
- It is the policy of the State to protect the interest of the
consumer, promote his general welfare and to establish
standards of conduct for business and industry.
8 Basic Rights of Consumers
THE RIGHT TO BASIC NEEDS - which guarantee survival,
adequate food, clothing, shelter, health care, education and
sanitation. The availability of basic and prime commodities to
consumers at affordable prices and of good quality.
THE RIGHT TO SAFETY - The right to be protected against the
marketing of goods or the provision of services that are hazardous to
health and life.
THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION - The right to be protected against
fraudulent/dishonest or misleading advertising/labelling/promotion
and the right to be given the facts and information needed to make
an informed choice. Complete information about the product to be
purchased, including its use, ingredients/chemical contents,
precautions, if any, limitations and expiry date.
THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE - The right to choose products at
competitive prices with an assurance of satisfactory quality.
A wide array of goods and services which are offered in the market
with diverse brands, sizes, shapes and colors with differences in the
price, quality and use.
THE RIGHT TO REPRESENTATION - The right to express
consumer interests in the making and execution of government
policies.
Legislators would propose laws that would ensure that consumers
have the chance to live a better life by getting the best value for their
hard-earned peso.
THE RIGHT TO REDRESS - The right to be compensated for
misrepresentation, shoddy goods or unsatisfactory services.
Manufacturers/storeowners would replace defective goods pursuant
to the provision "No Return, No Exchange" provided in the DTI's
Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act 7349,
otherwise known as the Consumer Act of the Philippines.
THE RIGHT TO CONSUMER EDUCATION - The right to acquire the
knowledge and skills necessary to be an informed consumer.
The three sectors of society: business, government and consumer
would embark on an information campaign through tri-media on
consumer related issues.
A series of seminars, conferences, fora, training, and public hearings
for the welfare of the consumers.
Consumer education being integrated in the school curriculum from
elementary to secondary levels as mandated by R.A. 7394 also
known as the Consumer Act of the Philippines.
THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT - The right to live and
work in an environment which is neither threatening nor dangerous,
and which permits a life of dignity and well-being
ARTS REVIEWER
ART MOVEMENTS (19th – 20th Century)
• Impressionism
• Expressionism
• Abstractionism
• Abstract Expressionism
• Contemporary Art Forms (21st Century) When studied closely, it is seen that four different, unmixed
pigments—yellow, green, red, and white— create the image of each
IMPRESSIONISM drop and its shadow. Viewed from a little distance, these colors
Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the second half blend to represent individual drops glistening with light. The distinct
of the 19th century among a group of Paris-based artists. The colors merge in the eye of the viewer to appear monochromatic
duration of the impressionist movement itself was quite short, less (single-colored) or, in this case of water droplets, colorless. In short,
than 20 years from 1872 to the mid-1880s. But it had a an impression is formed.
tremendous impact and influence on the painting styles that followed,
such as neo-impressionism, post-impressionism, fauvism, and CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPRESSIONIST ART
cubism—and even the artistic styles and movements of today. ❖ Color and Light
The name impressionism was coined from the title of a work by The painting conventions and techniques of earlier art periods
French painter Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant (in were very much concerned with line, form, and composition. In
English, Impression, Sunrise). contrast, the impressionists painted with freely brushed colors that
conveyed more of a visual effect than a detailed rendering of
the subject. They used short “broken” strokes that were
intentionally made visible to the viewer. They also often placed
pure unmixed colors side by side, rather than blended smoothly
or shaded. The result was a feeling of energy and intensity, as
the colors appeared to shift and move—again, just as they do in
reality.
❖ “Everyday” Subjects
Impressionists also began to break away from the creation of
formally posed portraits and grandiose depictions of mythical,
Impression, Sunrise
literary, historical, or religious subjects. They ventured into capturing
Claude Monet, 1872
Oil on canvas scenes of life around them, household objects, landscapes and
seascapes, houses, cafes, and buildings. They presented
The term precisely captured what this group of artists sought to ordinary people seemingly caught off-guard doing everyday
represent in their works: the viewer’s momentary “impression” of tasks, at work or at leisure, or doing nothing at all. And they
an image. It was not intended to be clear or precise, but more like a were not made to look beautiful or lifelike, as body parts could
fleeting fragment of reality caught on canvas, sometimes in mid- be distorted and facial features merely suggested by a few strokes
motion, at other times awkwardly positioned—just as it would be in of the brush.
real life. ❖ Painting Outdoors
The location in which the impressionists painted was also
EUGÈNE DELACROIX different. Previously, still lifes, portraits, and landscapes were usually
❖ greatly admired and emulated by the early
painted inside a studio.
impressionists—specifically for his use of expressive
brushstrokes, his emphasis on movement rather than
on clarity of form, and most of all his study of the
optical effects of color.
❖ In particular, Delacroix’s painting, The Barque of Dante,
contained a then revolutionary technique that would
profoundly influence the coming impressionist movement.
And it involved something as simple as droplets of water.
❖ The painting is loosely based on a fictional scene from
Dante’s Inferno, showing Dante and the poet Virgil
crossing hell’s River Styx, while tormented souls struggle to
climb aboard their boat. It is the drops of water running down
the bodies of these doomed souls that are painted in a
manner almost never used in
Delacroix’s time.

The Barque of Dante

Eugène Delacroix, 1822
Oil on canvas
However, the impressionists found that they could best capture the
ever-changing effects of light on color by painting outdoors in
natural light. This gave their works a freshness and immediacy
that was quite a change from the stiffer, heavier, more planned
paintings of earlier masters.
❖ Open Composition
Impressionist painting also moved away from the formal,
structured approach to placing and positioning their subjects.
They experimented with unusual visual angles, sizes of objects that
appeared out of proportion, off center placement, and empty spaces
on the canvas.

EDOUARD MANET (1832-1883)

❖ was one of the first 19th century artists to depict modern-
life subjects. He was a key figure in the transition from
realism to impressionism, with a number of his works
Café Concert
considered as marking the birth of modern art.
Edouard Manet, 1878
Oil on canvas

CLAUDE MONET (1840-1926)

❖ was one of the founders of the impressionist movement
along with his friends Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and
Frédéric Bazille. He was the most prominent of the group;
and is considered the most influential figure in the
movement. Monet is best known for his landscape
paintings, particularly those depicting his beloved flower
gardens and water lily ponds at his home in Giverny.

Argenteuil
Edouard Manet, 1874
Oil on canvas

La Promenade
Claude Monet, 1875
Oil on canvas

Rue Mosnier Decked with Flags

Edouard Manet, 1878
Oil on canvas

The Red Boats, Argenteuil

Claude Monet, 1875
Oil on canvas
The Bar at the Folies-Bergere
Edouard Manet, 1882
Oil on canvas
 Luncheon of the Boating Party
Auguste Renoir, 1881
Oil on canvas
Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lilies
Claude Monet, 1899
Oil on canvas POST-IMPRESSIONISM
The European artists who were at the forefront of this movement
continued using the basic qualities of the impressionists before
them—the vivid colors, heavy brush strokes, and true-to-life
subjects. However, they expanded and experimented with these in
bold new ways, like using a geometric approach, fragmenting
objects and distorting people’s faces and body parts, and
applying colors that were not necessarily realistic or natural.

Two of the foremost post-impressionists were Paul Cézanne and

Irises in Monet’s Garden Vincent van Gogh.
Claude Monet, 1900
Oil on canvas
PAUL CÉZANNE (1839–1906)
AUGUSTE RENOIR (1841-1919) was a French artist and post-impressionist painter. His work
❖ along with Claude Monet, was one of the central figures
exemplified the transition from late 19th-century impressionism to a
new and radically different world of art in the 20th century—paving
of the impressionist movement. His early works were the way for the next revolutionary art movement known as
snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light. expressionism
By the mid-1880s, however, Renoir broke away from the
impressionist movement to apply a more disciplined,
formal technique to portraits of actual people and figure
paintings.

Dancer
Auguste Renoir, 1874
Oil on c

A Girl with a Watering Can

Auguste Renoir, 1876
Oil on canvas

Mlle Irene Cahen d’Anvers

Auguste Renoir, 1880
Oil on canvas
VINCENT VAN GOGH (1853-1890)
was a post-impressionist painter from The Netherlands. His works
were remarkable for their strong, heavy brush strokes, intense
emotions, and colors that appeared to almost pulsate with energy.
Van Gogh’s striking style was to have a far-reaching influence on
20th century art, with his works becoming among the most
recognized in the world.
S physical world
t
EXPRESSIONISM
In the early 1900s, there arose in the Western art world a
movement that came to be known as expressionism.
Expressionist artists created works with more emotional force,
rather than with realistic or natural images. To achieve this,
they distorted outlines, applied strong colors, and
exaggerated forms. They worked more with their imagination
and feelings, rather than with what their eyes saw in the

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FAUVISM I and the Village
Marc Chagall, 1911
❖ was a style that used bold, vibrant colors and visual
Oil on canvas

distortions. Its name was derived from les fauves

(“wild beasts”), referring to the group of French
expressionist painters who painted in this style. Perhaps
the most known among them was Henri Matisse.
SURREALISM
❖ was a style that depicted an illogical, subconscious
dream world beyond the logical, conscious, physical one.
Its name came from the term “super realism,” with its
artworks clearly expressing a departure from reality—as
though the artists were dreaming, seeing illusions, or
experiencing an altered mental state.

Blue Window
Henri Matisse, 1911
Oil on canvas Persistence of Memory
Salvador Dali, 1931
Oil on canvas

Many surrealist works depicted morbid or gloomy subjects, as

in those by Salvador Dali. Others were quite playful and even
humorous, such as those by Paul Klee and Joan Miro.

Woman with Hat

Henri Matisse, 1905
Oil on canvas

DADAISM

❖ was a style characterized by dream fantasies, memory

Diana
Paul Klee, 1932
images, and visual tricks and surprises—as in the Oil on wood
paintings of Marc Chagall and Giorgio de Chirico.
Although the works appeared playful, the movement arose
from the pain they felt after the suffering brought by World
War I. These artists rebelled against the traditional styles
in art. They chose the child’s term for hobbyhorse,
dada, to refer to their new “non-style.”

Personages with Star

Joan Miro, 1933
Oil on canvas

Melancholy and Mystery of a Street

Giorgio de Chirico, 1914
Oil on canvas
SOCIAL REALISM appearances became unimportant. Artists reduced a scene
into geometrical shapes, patterns, lines, angles, textures
❖ The movement known as social realism expressed the and swirls of color. The resulting works ranged from
artist’s role in social reform. Here, artists used their REPRESENTATIONAL ABSTRACTIONISM, depicting still
works to protest against the injustices, inequalities, recognizable subjects, to PURE ABSTRACTIONISM, where no
immorality, and ugliness of the human condition. In recognizable subject could be discerned.
different periods of history, social realists have addressed
different issues: war, poverty, corruption, industrial and
environmental hazards, and more—in the hope of raising
people’s awareness and pushing society to seek
reforms. Ben Shahn’s Miners’ Wives, for example, spoke
out against the hazardous conditions faced by coal miners,
after a tragic accident killed 111 workers in Illinois in 1947,
leaving their wives and children in mourning.

Oval Still Life (Le Violon)

Georges Braque, 1914
Oil on canvas

ART STYLES:
o Cubism o
Futurism
o Mechanical style o
Nonobjectivism

CUBISM

❖ The cubist style derived its name from the cube, Cubist
Miners’ Wives
Ben Shahn, 1948 artworks were a play of planes and angles on a flat
Egg tempera on board surface. Foremost among the cubists was Spanish
painter/sculptor Pablo Picasso. The cubists analyzed their
subjects’ basic geometrical forms, and broke them up
into a series of planes. Then they re-assembled these
planes, tilting and interlocking them in different ways.

Guernica
Pablo Picasso, 1937
Oil on canvas (Size: 11’ 5 1/2” x 25’ 5 3/4”)

Pablo Picasso’s Guernica has been recognized as the most

monumental and comprehensive statement of social realism
against the brutality of war. Filling one wall of the Spanish Pavilion
at the 1937 World’s Fair in Paris, it was Picasso’s outcry against the
German air raid of the town of Guernica in his native Spain. Created
in the mid-1900s, Guernica combined artistic elements developed in
Three Musicians
the earlier decades with those still to come. It made use of the Pablo Picasso, 1921
exaggeration, distortion, and shock Oil on canvas
technique of expressionism.

ABSTRACTIONISM
Another group of artistic styles emerged at the same time as the
expressionist movement. It had the same spirit of freedom of
expression and openness that characterized life in the 20th century,
but it differed from expressionism in certain ways. This group of
styles was known as abstractionism. While expressionism was
emotional, abstractionism was logical and rational. It involved
analyzing, detaching, selecting, and simplifying. In 20th century
abstractionism, natural Girl Before a Mirror
Pablo Picasso, 1932
Oil on canvas
 ❖ Cubism took the contemporary view that things are actually
seen hastily in fragments and from different points of view at
the same time. Human figures as well were often represented
with facial features and body parts shown both frontally and
from a side angle at once. It gave cubism its characteristic
feeling of dynamism and energy.

FUTURISM

❖ The movement known as futurism began in Italy in the

early 1900s. As the name implies, the futurists created art
for a fast-paced, machine-propelled age. They admired
the motion, force, speed, and strength of mechanical
forms. Thus, their works depicted the dynamic sensation of New York City
all these—as can be seen in the works of Italian painter Piet Mondrian, 1942
Gino Severini. Oil on canvas

❖ Lines, shapes, and colors were used in a cool,

impersonal approach that aimed for balance, unity, and
stability. Colors were mainly black, white, and the
primaries (red, yellow, and blue). Foremost among the
nonobjectivists was Dutch painter Piet Mondrian.

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM, POP ART, OP ART In the 1920s

Armored Train
Gino Severini, 1915
Oil on canvas
MECHANICAL STYLE
❖ As a result of the futurist movement, what became known
as the mechanical style emerged. In this style, basic forms
such as planes, cones, spheres, and cylinders all fit
together precisely and neatly in their appointed places.
This can be seen in the works of Fernand Léger.
Mechanical parts such as crankshafts, cylinder blocks,
and pistons are brightened only by the use of primary
colors. Otherwise, they are lifeless.
and 1930s, aspiring young American painters, sculptors, and writers
sailed to Europe to expand their horizons. But during the dark days
of World War II, are verse migration brought European scientists,
architects, and artists to American shores. New York, in particular,
became a haven for the newly-arrived artists and their American
counterparts. The result was the establishment of what came to be
known as “The New
York School”—as opposed to “The School of Paris” that had
been very influential in Europe. The daring young artists in this
movement succeeded in creating their own synthesis of Europe’s
cubist and surrealist styles. Their style came to be known as
abstract expressionism.
FORMS OF ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM:
o Action Painting
o Color Field Painting
ACTION PAINTING
❖ One form of abstract expressionism was seen in the works
of Jackson Pollock. These were created through what
came to be known as
“action painting.”
❖ Working on huge canvases spread on the floor,
splattering, squirting, and dribbling paint with seemingly
no pre-planned pattern or design in mind.

The City
Fernand Léger, 1919
Oil on canvas

NONOBJECTIVISM
❖ The logical geometrical conclusion of abstractionism came
in the style known as nonobjectivism. From the very term Autumn Rhythm
“non-object,” works in this style did not make use of Jackson Pollock, 1950
figures or even representations of figures. They did not Oil on canvas
refer to recognizable objects or forms in the outside world.
COLOR FIELD PAINTING
❖ In contrast to the vigorous gestures of the action painters,
another group of artists who came to be known as “color
field painters” used different color saturations (purity,
vividness, intensity) to create their desired effects. Some
of their works were huge fields of vibrant color—as in
the paintings of Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman.
❖ Others took the more intimate “pictograph” approach,
filling the canvas with repeating picture fragments or
symbols—as in the works of Adolph Gottlieb and Lee
Krasner.
By the early 1960s, the momentum of The New York School slowed
down. In its place, a new crop of artists came on the scene using
lighter treatment and flashes of humor, even irreverence, in their
artworks.
MOVEMENTS THEY BROUGHT:
o Neodadaism and pop art o
Conceptual art
o Op art
o The new realism
NEODADAISM, POP ART
❖ Like the dadaist movement that arose after World War I, the
neodadaism of the 1960s wanted to make reforms in
traditional values. But unlike the angry, serious tone of the
original dadaists, the neodadaists seemed to enjoy nonsense
for its own sake and simply wanted to laugh at the world.
These made use of easily recognizable objects and images
from the emerging consumer society—as in the prints of
Andy Warhol. Their inspirations were the celebrities,
advertisements, billboards, and comic strips that were
becoming commonplace at that time. Hence the term pop
(from “popular”) art emerged.

Magenta, Black, Green on Orange

Mark Rothko, 1949
Oil on canvas

Twelve Cars
Andy Warhol, 1962
Vir Heroicus Sublimis Art print
Barnett Newman, 1950-1951
Oil on canvas

Marilyn Monroe
Andy Warhol, 1967
Silkscreen print

Forgotten Dream
Adolph Gottlieb, 1946 Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997) was an American pop artist. During
Oil on canvas the 1960s, along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and James
Rosenquist among others, he became a leading figure in this new art
movement.

Whaam!
Roy Lichtenstein, 1963
Acrylic and oil on canvas
Abstract No. 2
Lee Krasner, 1948
Oil on canvas
 CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS

❖ The 20th century also saw the rise of new art forms aside
from the traditional ones of painting and sculpture. Among
these were installation art and performance art.
Installation art makes use of space and materials in
truly innovative ways, while performance art makes use
of the human body, facial expressions, gestures, and
sounds. Both speak powerfully about contemporary
issues, challenging their viewers to respond.

INSTALLATION ART
In the Car
Roy Lichtenstein, 1963 ❖ is a contemporary art form that uses sculptural materials
CONCEPTUAL ART and other media to modify the way the viewer experiences
a particular space. Usually life-sized or sometimes even
❖ As the term implies, conceptual art was that which arose in
larger, installation art is not necessarily confined to gallery
spaces. It can be constructed or positioned in everyday
the mind of the artist, took concrete form for a time, and public or private spaces, both indoor and outdoor.
then disappeared. Conceptualists questioned the idea of
art as objects to be bought and sold. Instead, they brought
their artistic ideas to life temporarily, using such
unusual materials as grease, blocks of ice, food, even just
plain dirt. A key difference between a conceptual artwork
and a traditional painting or sculpture is that the
conceptualist’s work often requires little or no physical
craftsmanship. Much of the artist’s time and effort goes
into the concept or idea behind the work, with the actual
execution, then being relatively quick and simple. An
example is this conceptual art piece by Kosuth. Cordillera Labyrinth
Roberto Villanueva, 1989
Bamboo and runo grass
Outdoor installation at the Cultural Center of the Philippines

One and Three Chairs Pasyon at Rebolusyon

Joseph Kosuth, 1965 Santiago Bose, 1989
An actual chair (center), with a photograph of the same chair and an enlarged Mixed media installation
copy of a dictionary definition of a chair

OP ART
❖ Another movement that emerged in the 1960s was optical
art or “op art.” This was yet another experiment in visual
experience—a form of
“action painting,” with the action taking place in the
viewer’s eye. In op art, lines, spaces, and colors were
precisely planned and positioned to give the illusion of
movement. Viewers experienced sensations varying from
discomfort to disorientation to giddiness. Go to Room 117
Sid Gomez Hildawa, 1990
Mixed media installation

Current Four Masks

Edgar Talusan Fernandez, 1991
Bridget Riley, 1964
Outdoor installation
Synthetic polymer paint on composition board
Materials used in today’s installation art range from everyday items and
natural materials to new media such as video, sound, performance, and
computers. The installation artist’s manipulation of space and materials
has also been called “environmental art,” “project art,” and “temporary
art.”

PERFORMANCE ART

Performance art is a form of modern art in which the actions of an

individual or a group at a particular place and in a particular time
constitute the work. It can happen anywhere, at any time, or for any
length of time. It can be any situation that involves four basic elements:

o Time o Space
o The performer’s body
o A relationship between performer and audience

Performance art does include such activities as theater, dance, music,

mime, juggling, and gymnastics.

The performance venue may range from an art gallery or museum to a

theater, café, bar, or street corner. The performance itself rarely follows
a traditional story line or plot. It may last for just a few minutes or extend
for several hours. It may be based on a written script or spontaneously
improvised as the performance unfolds.

PE REVIEWER
Lifestyle is the way in which some individual lives. This includes the - Unexplained Weight Loss
typical patterns of an individual’s behavior like every day routine at - Slow Healing
home, in school, or at work; eating, sleeping, and exercise habits, and - Weight Gain
many others. - Increased Thirst
- Excess Sleep
ASPECTS OF LIFESTYLE: - Excessive Fatigue
- Blurred Vision
• Physical activities you engage in
• The food you eat
Your weight is a result of metabolic responses of your body to your
• The daily habits you observe
food intake, energy expenditure, and physiologic processes. A
• The choices you make as a consumer simple elimination of food or addition of physical activity does not
encompass the entirety of weight management.
Risk factors are variables in your lifestyle that may lead to certain
diseases. Many aspects of lifestyle can be risk factors. Some of these
Energy expenditure is the amount of energy you spend
factors can be changed and some cannot.
through physical activity, while energy consumption is the
amount of energy you take in through food.
Aspects of lifestyle as risk factors:
CAN BE CHANGED CAN'T BE CHANGED
Weight Gain = energy consumed is greater than energy expended
Nutrition, Body weight, Genetics or heredity,
Physical activity, Health Age, Physical make-up = more food intake but less physical exertion Weight Loss =
habits energy consumed is less than energy expended
= more physical exertion but less food intake
Other risk factors: Weight Maintenance = energy consumed equals energy
• Hypertension / high blood pressure expended
• Overweight and obesity = physical exertion is the same with food intake
• Excess body fat
Some of the common tips in weight management are including
• High levels of stress
fruits and vegetables in your meals, reducing intake of sweets,
• Lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyle
preparing your meals in a healthier way, and decreasing portion
• Smoking
sizes.
• Unhealthy dietary practices
• Alcohol consumption Body Mass Index (BMI) is a rough measure of body composition that is
useful for classifying the health risks of body weight. It is also based on
An unhealthy lifestyle brings with it certain diseases that can shorten the concept that a person’s weight should be proportional to height. BMI
your lifespan. These diseases, known as non-communicable is calculated by dividing your body weight (expressed in kilograms)
diseases (NCDs), are not transmitted from person to person, yet kill by the square of your height (expressed in meters).
more than 36 million people each year. Also called chronic
diseases, they are of long duration, and are generally of slow Classification BMI
progression. Underweight <18.5
Normal 18.5–24.9
FOUR MAIN TYPES OF NCD Overweight 25.0–29.9
• Cardiovascular diseases (enlargement of the heart and Obesity (I) 30.0–34.9
hypertension)
Obesity (II) 35.0–39.9
• Chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed
pulmonary disease and asthma) Extreme Obesity (III) ≥40.0

• Cancer

MUSIC REVIEWER
• Diabetes Impressionism- The name of the movement of nineteenth-century
EARLY WARNING SIGNS: French Painting, led by the painters Monet, Manet, Renoir, and others,
- Frequent Urination which is also used for a style of music created principally by Debussy.
 Influenced both by the impressionist painters and by such symbolist
poets of his time as Verlaine, Louÿs, and Mallarmé, Debussy
emphasized the expression of mood and atmosphere through pure tone
color instead of traditional melody or harmony.
Impressionism in Music
▪ Ancient Scales (Church modes of the middle ages)
▪ Exotic Scale (chromatic, whole tones)
▪ Unresolved dissonances
▪ Parallel chord, ninth chords
▪ Orchestral color
▪ Free rhythm
▪ Short lyric forms (preludes, nocturnes, arabesques)
• Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
▪ French Composer
▪ Impressionist
▪ Rebelled against compositional traditions at Paris
Conservatory
▪ Won the Prix de Rome with cantata “The Prodigal Son”
▪ “Claire de Lune” “Ariettes Oubliees” “La Mer”
• Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)
▪ French Composer
▪ National Artist
▪ Impressionist Image
▪ “Exotic” and ancient musical styles
▪ Influenced by American Jazz
▪ Master of the French art song
▪ “Rhapsodie Spagnole” “La Valse” “Tzigane”
Expressionism in Music
▪ German Response to Impressionism
▪ Exaggerated, distorted, harsh and discordant
▪ Subconscious, hallucinations, dreams
Musical Characteristics
▪ Expressive harmony
▪ Extreme ranges and dissonances
▪ Disjunct melodies
▪ Using of twelve-tone system
▪ Atonality (absence or abandonment of tonality)
▪ No obligations to resolve
• Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
▪ Austrian composer, conductor, teacher and artist
▪ Largely self-taught
▪ Atonality and serial composition
Schoenberg’s Music
Three Style Periods
-1st Early Post – Wagnerian Romanticism (Transfigured Night)
-2nd Atonal – Expressionism (Pierrot Lunaire)
-3rd Twelve-Tone System and in time in America (A Survivor
from Warsaw)
• Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
▪ Russian Composer
▪ Left law studies for career in music
▪ Studied with Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov
▪ Leader in the revitalization of rhythm
▪ Great orchestrator
▪ His music reflects nationalism
▪ “The Rite of Spring” ”Thereni: Lamentations of the
Prophet Jermiah” “The Firebird Suite”
• Bela Bartok (1881-1945)
▪ Hungarian composer
▪ Adhered to the logic and beauty of classical form
▪ New musical language based on Eastern European
tradition music
▪ New Scales, polytonal harmonic language
▪ rhythmic innovator , changing meters, syncopations
▪ “Duets for pipes” ”Mikrokosmos” ”Concerto for Orchestra”
Neo-classicism
▪ Movement known as “back to back”
▪ A name given to a 20th century revival of older musical forms
and styles, particularly those of the baroque and classical
period (1600-1800)
• Francis Poulenc (1899-1963)
▪ French Composer
▪ Wrote numerous songs, piano works, chamber pieces,
choral works, which show his remarkable gift for writing
melody
▪ “Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra” “Concerto for
Organ, Timpani and String in G minor” “Rhapsodie
Negre”
Avant-Garde Music
▪ Describing music whose techniques differ markedly from
tradition or conventions of the time.
• George Gershwin (1898-1937)
▪ American composer, songwriter and Tin Pan Alley pianist
▪ Master of fusion of jazz and classical style
▪ Musical theatre productions: “Girl Crazy”
“Porgy and Bess”
▪ Instrumental Works “Rhapsody in Blue” “Concerto in F”
▪ Great success in vocal works, often collaborated with his
brother, Ira
• Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)
▪ American composer and conductor
▪ His music combines the worlds of serious and popular
music
▪ Composed symphonic and choral music, fil music and
musical theatre works
▪ “West Side Story” “La Bonne Cuisine for Voice and
Piano” “Chichester Psalms”
• Philip Glass (1937-?)
▪ American composer
▪ Strongly influenced his study of Indian music
▪ Avant-garde compsoer and minimalist
▪ Minimalism – characterized by a steady pulsing beat,
simple tonal structures, and a great deal of repetition with
barely perceptible variation.
▪ “Music in 5ths” ”The Hours”
Modern Nationalism
▪ Nationalistic theme of music with a combination of modern
techniques and folk materials.
▪ Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov – “Flight of the bumblebee”
▪ Erik Satie – “Vexations”
Electronic Music
Manipulated by electronic device
▪ Tape Recorder – tape music
▪ Synthesizer - A machine that manipulated various modified
sounds
▪ Composers controlled the:
- Volume – tone color amplitude
- Speed – music tempo
- Pitch – frequency
▪ Dubbing – a process of mixing together pre-recorded and
new material
▪ Sequencer – A device that creating and modifying sounds for
series of events.
▪ Noise Generator – created sounds that never produced by
nature or conventional instrument
▪ Computer Music
- MP3 – “music file” MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 or 3 Audio
layer. A means of compressing a sound sequence into a
very small file, to enable digital storage or transmission.
- MIDI – Musical Instrumental Digital Interface
- Digital Recording – Recording Sounds using computer
technology
• Mario Davidovsky 1934 - Argentine-American composer,
“Synchronisms No. 5”
• Edgard Varese 1883-1965 - French composer, “Poeme
Electronique”
• Karlheinz Stockhausen 1928 – German composer “Studie II”
• Musique Concrete or Concrete Music – A Paris based
movement that relied on recordings of natural sounds that were
manipulated through external devices. Also called “Tape Music”
 Triad – (1-3-5) three-note chords, most common chord in Western
music
Inversion – changing the bass within the triad and chord
Melody – Musical Line -Triad – non inverted, 1st & 2nd Inversion
Sound – Vibrations perceived by the human ear - Chord – non inverted, 1st, 2nd & 3rd Inversion
Note – musical symbol of sound
Musical sound or tone – defined by pitch and duration Organization of Harmony
Pitch - highness or lowness of sound, measures in frequency Tonic or Keynote – first note of scale (do) assumes a greater
Duration – length of time of vibrations importance and serves as a home tone (root, base) for other notes
Melody - A coherent succession of single tones (A horizontal aspect of Tonality – principle of organization around the tonic
music): defined by pitches and interval -Major Tonality – perceived as bright
Interval – A distance between two pitches -Minor Tonality – perceived as more subdued
Tune – A more popular single melodic lines Diatonic harmony – melodies or harmonies that are made up only from
Characteristics of Melody a major or minor scale
Range – distance between the lowest sound and highest tones (Wide, Chromatic harmony – melodies or harmonies that are made up from all
Medium and Narrow) possible notes
Shape – direction of the melody (Ascending, Descending, Arch, Wave,
etc.) Consonance and Dissonance
Structure of Melody Harmonic movement tends toward a goal, or resolution
Phrase – unit of meaning within larger structure Consonance - A stable and fulfilling combination of tones
Cadence – the resting place or a conclusive part which phrases are Dissonance – A combination of tones that seem unstable, unresolved
punctuated Drone – A single sustain tone. In non-western often used to accompany
Rhyme – poetic phrases and musical phrases generally align melody
Countermelody – an added melody that can be equal or secondary in [hanggang dito lang daw perio sad]
importance to main or other melody.
SCALE DEGREE NAMES
CYMATICS Scalar
Name Meaning
• The science of visualizing audio frequencies degree
• The word Cymatics derives from the Greek “kyma” meaning 1 Tonic Kyenote, rootbass, tonal center
“billow” or “wave”, to describe the periodic effects that sound 2 Supertonic 1 step above the tonic
and vibration have on matter. 3 Mediant Midway between 1 & 5
4 Subdominant 4th tone from Tonic
Chance Music 5 Dominant 5th tone from Tonic
• “Aleatory music” 6 Subemediant 6th tone from Tonic and relative to 1
• Indeterminacy 7 Leading tone The tone that leads the tonic
• Music produce by chance
• John Cage 1912-1992 - American composer “4’33” ”Music of
Changes” ”Metamorphosis for piano”

Rhythm
musical time
Rhythm – a length or duration of individual notes
Beat – regular pulsation
Accented beats – are stronger, providing rhythmic pulse
Meter – patterns into which rhythmic pulses are organized
Measure – in notation, a unit of a fixed number of beats

Metrical Pattern
Simple recurring patterns typically 2,3 or 4 beats grouped in a measure
Downbeat – first accented beat in a measure
Duple meter – two beats per measure (strong, weak)
Triple meter – three beats per measure (strong, weak, weak)
Quadruple meter or common time – four beats per measure
(strongest, weak, strong, weak)’
Simple meters – each beat is subdivided in two or four
Compound meters – each beat is subdivided into three
Sixtruple meter – six beats to the measure (strongest, weak, weak,
strong, weak, weak)
Syncopation – deliberate disruption of regular patterns. Accented is
shifted to a weak beat or offbeat (in between beats)
Polyrhythm – simultaneously use of different rhythmic patterns
Additive meter- irregular groupings of beats in a larger patterns.
Example: 10=2+3+2+3
Nonmetric – music without a strong sense of beat or meter

Harmony
vertical aspect of music
Describe the movement and relationship of intervals and chords
Chords – three or more tones sounded together
MAJOR SCALES IN #
Scale – collection of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No.
Syllables or numbers are assigned to the tones of the scale (Do-Re-Mi-
of #
Fa-So-La-Ti-Do/ 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8)
C D E F G A B C 0
Octave – interval of Do to Do / 1 to 8
G A B C D E F# G 1
Functions of Harmony D E F# G A B C# D 2
Implied movement and progressions from chord to chord A B C# D E F# G# A 3
 E F# G# A B C# D# E 4
B C# D# E F# G# A# B 5
F# G# A# B C# D# E# F# 6
C# D# E# F# G# A# B# C# 7

MAJOR SCALES IN b
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No.
of b
C D E Fb G A B C 0
F G A Bb C D E F 1
Bb C D Eb F G A Bb 2
Eb F G Ab Bb C D Eb 3
Ab Bb C Db Eb F G Ab 4
Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb C Db 5
Gb Ab Bb Cb Db Eb F Gb 6
Cb Db Eb Fb Gb Ab Bb Cb 7

Figure of Triads and Chords

Major (M) – 1 3 5
minor (m) – 1 b3 5
Augmented (+) – 1 3 #5
Diminished () - 1 b3 b5
M7 - 1 3 5 7
m7 - 1 b3 b5 b7
M6 – 1 3 5 6
7- 1 b3 b5 bb7
Ø7- 1 b3 b5 b7
Dominant 7 or 7 – 1 3 5 b7
Major 9 or 9 or 2 – 1 3 5 9
m+M7 – 1 b3 5 7
Dom.7b9- 1 3 5 b7 b9