Corona Virus

The coronavirus is a family of viruses that can

cause a range of illnesses in humans including
common cold and more severe forms like SARS
and MERS which are lifethreatening.

Mr. Sagar Savale

Technical / Operations Services Scientist

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INTRODUCTION
 The coronavirus is a family of viruses that can cause a range of illnesses in humans
including common cold and more severe forms like SARS (Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) which are
life threatening.
 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a new
coronavirus that has not been seen in humans before and has occurred only in
residents of or travellers to certain Middle East countries.
 It is not known for certain where the virus came from, however, it likely came
from an animal source.
 Earlier reports that snakes might have been the natural reservoir for the virus
have been widely disputed. Some argued that the reservoir must be bats and
the intermediate host is a bird or mammal, not snakes (as snakes, unlike
humans, are poikilotherms or "cold-blooded"), while others used data on
recombination and SARS/MERS codon usage bias to refute the snake scenario.
The recombination event mentioned probably happened in bats.
 In addition to humans, MERS-CoV has been found in camels in Qatar and a bat
in Saudi Arabia.
 This has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory
tract infections and can also cause Gastroenteristis.

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WUHAN CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK
The 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak, formally the outbreak of novel coronavirus
(2019-nCoV). is an ongoing virus epidemic primarily affecting mainland China, along with
isolated cases in 27 other countries and territories. In early December 2019 a new
coronavirus, designated 2019-nCoV, was identified in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei
province, after 41 people developed pneumonia without a clear cause (2019-nCoV acute
respiratory disease). The virus is capable of spreading from person to person. The
incubation period (time from exposure to onset of symptoms) ranges from 2 to 14 days,
but it may be contagious during this period and after recovery.

CORONAVIRUS IN INDIA
India now has three confirmed cases of the Novel Coronavirus, which has claimed over 400
lives in China so far. The third case is from Kerala's Kasargod district. The patient is said
to be stable. The second case from the state is being monitored in an isolation ward in
Alappuzha Medical College. The patient who first tested positive for coronavirus is
currently hospitalised in Thrissur Medical College and her condition is stable. Kerala has
declared a state of calamity after the three positive cases.

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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Those infected may be asymptomatic or have mild to severe symptoms or Cold- or flu-like
symptoms, like fever, cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhoea. The time from
exposure to onset of symptoms is estimated at 2 to 10 days by the World Health
Organization and 2 to 14 days by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). Upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, a runny nose or sore throat are
less frequent. Cases of severe infection can result in pneumonia, kidney failure, and death.

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DIAGNOSIS
The WHO has published several testing protocols for 2019-nCoV. Testing uses real time
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The test can be done on
respiratory or blood samples. Results are generally available within a few hours to days.
Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic
sequence so that laboratories across the world could independently develop PCR tests to
detect infection by the virus.

CAUSE
Coronaviruses are spread through air droplets expelled when an infected individual
coughs or sneezes within a range of about 6 feet (1.8 m), which can contaminate surfaces
like door handles or railings.

CORONAVIRUSES CAN SPREAD IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

 Coughing and sneezing without covering the mouth can disperse droplets into
the air, spreading the virus.
 Touching or shaking hands with a person that has the virus can pass the virus
from one person to another.
 Making contact with a surface or object that has the virus and then touching
your nose, eyes, or mouth.
 On rare occasions, a coronavirus may spread through contact with feces.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST THE NEW CORONAVIRUS
1. Wash your hands frequently
Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub if
your hands are not visibly dirty.
Why? Washing your hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub
eliminates the virus if it is on your hands.

2. Practice respiratory hygiene

When coughing and sneezing, cover mouth and nose with flexed elbow or tissue – discard
tissue immediately into a closed bin and clean your hands with alcohol-based hand rub or
soap and water.
Why? Covering your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing prevent the spread of
germs and viruses. If you sneeze or cough into your hands, you may contaminate objects
or people that you touch.

3. Maintain social distancing

Maintain at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance between yourself and other people, particularly
those who are coughing, sneezing and have a fever.
Why? When someone who is infected with a respiratory disease, like 2019-nCoV, coughs
or sneezes they project small droplets containing the virus. If you are too close, you can
breathe in the virus.

4. If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical care early

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PROTECT YOURSELF AND OTHERS FROM GETTING SICK

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PRACTICE FOOD SAFETY

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STAY HEALTHY WHILE TRAVELLING

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DRUGS USED FOR TREATMENT
The drug treatment includes a mixture of Anti-HIV drugs
LOPINAVIR and RITONAVIR, in COMBINATION with Flu drug
OSELTAMIVIR in large doses.

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Mr. Sagar Savale

Technical / Operations Services Scientist
avengersagar16@gmail.com

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