ISSUES AND CONCERNS IN

HIGHER EDUCATION IN
NIGERIA

Edited by

P.K. Ojedele
E.E. Oluchukwu
M.O. Arikewuyo
First Published: 2012

Published By: National Institute for Educational Planning

and Administration (NIEPA), ONDO.

© NIEPA

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, and recording
or otherwise, without the express written permission of the
author who is the copy right owner.

ISBN: 978-978-51273-3-1
 FOREWORD

Part of the mandate of the National Institute for Educational Planning

and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo, is to disseminate research findings
and information relating to educational planning and administration.

To that extent, the Institute has over the years published books,
journals and conference proceedings that have been acknowledged to
be of high standard. Such materials are being used by educational
practitioners in institutions of higher learning, ministries of education
and their parastatals, International Development Partners, the private
sector, to mention a few.

This book, Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria,

focuses mention on contemporary issues affecting higher education in
Nigeria. It has contributions from various institutions, such as
universities, colleges of education and research institutes.

Among other things, the issues discussed in the book, include:

institutional autonomy and academic freedom, admission policy,
guidance and counselling services, management issues, cross border
issues in higher education, information and communication technology
(ICT), research networking, etc.

There is no doubt that academic staff and students of tertiary

institutions will find the book very useful in their research endeavour.
Similarly, staff of higher education departments in Federal and State
ministries of education, as well as those who wish to make a career in
higher education will find this book very useful.

I wish to appreciate the contributions of all those who contributed to the

success of the publication. Specifically, I appreciate the contributions of
the hook committee of NIEPA, under the chairmanship of Dr M.O.
Arikewuyo and other members, namely Dr A. C. Njoku, Dr A. D.
Sofoyeke, Mr. J. B. Fadokun and Mr. Sunday Adegbesan.

On behalf of the Management and staff of the National Institute for

Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo, I recommend
this book to all educational practitioners.

Peter Kolawole Ojedele, Ph.D,

Director General and Chief Executive Officer,
National Institute for Educational Planning and Administration
(NIEPA), Ondo.
June, 2012.
 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

1. Dr Peter Kolawole Ojedele is the Director General and

Chief Executive Officer of the National Institute for
Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA)
Ondo.

2. Dr Ephraim Oluchukwu is the Head of Department of

Training and Research at the National Institute for
Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA)
Ondo.

3. Mr. Bibitayo Ajise is a Librarian I at the National

Institute for Educational Planning and Administration
(NIEPA) Ondo.

4. Dr Abiodun Olatoun Akinsolu is a Senior Training

and Research Fellow at the National Institute for
Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA)
Ondo.

5. Dr M.Olalekan Arikewuyo is an Assistant Chief

Training and Research Fellow at the National
Institute for Educational Planning and
Administration (NIEPA) Ondo.

6. Dr Gboyega Ilusanya is a Training and Research

Fellow at the ''National Institute for Educational
Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo. He is
currently on leave of absence as the State Team
Leader for DFID funded Education Support
Programme in Nigeria (ESSPIN), Lagos Office.

7. Dr G.O. Hashimi is a former Lecturer in the

department of Religious Studies, Olabisi Onabanjo
University, Ago -Iwoye, Ogun State.
8. Dr Yomi Akindele- Oscar is a Senior Lecturer in the
Faculty of Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University,
Ago Iwoye, Ogun State.

9. Mrs. Mojisola Ogunsanwo is a Research Fellow in the

Institute of Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University,
Ago Iwoye, Ogun State.

10. Oyinloye Oyenike Alake is a Lecturer in the

department of Guidance and Counseling, Adeyemi
College of Education, Ondo.

11. Dr Adebowale, Titilola Adedoyin is a Lecturer in the

department of Social Work, Faculty of Education,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan.

12. Dr Garba Aliyu Mahuta is a Lecturer in the

department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of
Education and Extension services, Uthman Dan
Fodio University, Sokoto.

13. Dr David Sofoyeke is a Senior Training and Research

Fellow at the National Institute for Educational
Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.

14. Dr Lara Ogunsola is a Senior Training and Research

Fellow at the National Institute for Educational
Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.

15. Dr Anselm Njoku is a Senior Training and Research

Fellow at the National Institute for Educational
Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.

16. Dr Muyiwa Adeyemi is a Senior Lecturer at the

Faculty of Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University,
Ago Iwoye, Ogun state.
17. Dr O.T. Omotayo is a Training and Research Fellow at
the National Institute for Educational Planning and
Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.

18. Mr. James Banji Fadokun is a Training and Research

Fellow at the National Institute for Educational
Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.

19. Mr. Sunday Adegbesan is a Training and Research

Fellow at the National Institute for Educational
Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.

20. Miss Lydia Temitope Ajiboye is a system analyst at

the National Institute for Educational Planning and
Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.

21. Dr Oyeronke .O. Ogunlade is a Lecturer in the

department of Science Education, Faculty of
Education, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
Title Page ………………………………………………… i
Forword ………………………………………………… iii
List of Contributors ………………………………… iv

CHAPTER ONE
Resolving the contentious issues of
autonomy and academic freedom in
Nigerian university system ………………………… 1
Dr Garba Aliyu Mahuta

CHAPTER TWO
Role of Information Communication
Technology in research among university
Lecturers in Nigeria ………………………………… 16
Dr Oyeronke O. Ogunlade

CHAPTER THREE
Widening access to higher education
in Nigeria: A functional open and distance
learning as a panacea ………………………………… 27
Dr Anne Lara Ogunsola

CHAPTER FOUR
Justification for the inclusion of emotional
intelligence in Nigerian universities
curriculum ………………………………………………… 47
Dr. Yomi Akindele-Oscar and Mrs. M.A. Ogunsanwo

CHAPTER FIVE
Pattern of admission into Nigerian
universities: The main issues ………………………… 65
Olalekan Arikewuyo, Ph.D and Dr Gboyega Rusanya
 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

CHAPTER SIX
Quality issues and challenges in cross
border higher education: Planning
Implications ………………………………………… 83
Dr O. A. Akinsolu

CHAPTER SEVEN
The importance of Guidance and
Counseling in higher education
during economic recession …………………………. 111
Dr Oyeronke Alake Oyinloye and Dr. Titilola Adedoyin
Adebowale

CHAPTER EIGHT
Conflict resolution in the management
of higher education in Nigeria ………………………… 126
Bibitayo Ajise

CHAPTER NINE
Arabic studies in higher institutions in
Nigeria ……………………………………………… 148
Dr. A.O. Hashimi

CHAPTER TEN
An investigation into impact of population
growth on access together education
in Nigeria …………………………………………… … 175
Dr A. D. Sofoke

CHAPTER ELEVEN
Examination malpractice and cultism as
challenges of higher education in Nigeria:
Environmental scanning for improved
planning and management …………………………… 201
Dr. E. E. Oluchukwu and Dr. A. C. Njoku
CHAPTER TWELVE
The challenges of higher education
in Nigeria ……………………………………………… 223
Dr. O.T. Omotayo and Dr. Muyiwa Adeyemi

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Educational research network and
strengthening of research capacity
in higher education in Africa-
A case study of ERNWACA ………………………… 247
James Banji Fadokun

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Management of Campus crisis in
Nigeria higher education ………………………… 273
Sunday Adegbesan

CHAPTER FIFTEEN
The relevance of Educational Technology
in leaching and learning in higher
education ……………………………………………… 284
Lydia Temitope Ajiboye
 Chapter Seven
THE IMPORTANCE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
IN HIGHER EDUCATION DURING ECONOMIC
RECESSION
By
OYINLOYE, Oyenike Alake, Ph.D1
&
ADEBOWALE, Titilola Adedoyin, Ph.D**

ABSTRACT
The future of any nation depends on what it makes of its
educational system. If the education sector is given its
rightful place, it will take care of other sectors by providing
this needed manpower. However with the problem of
downward fall of financial economy, higher education is
facing a number of constraint, and there is the need for
schools to be self sustaining in a period of economic
recession. This paper among other things the economic
situation of Nigeria, drawing on the importance of guidance
in higher education during the period of economic recession.
It further stresses the goals of guidance and counselling,
and relates it to how it could be directed at assisting the
country to utilise its potentials to the fullest by generating
measure that could be embarked upon to assist schools to
withstand the storm of harsh economic situation and equip
the products of higher education for sustainable livelihood
after graduation.

Key words: Guidance and Counselling, Higher education,

Economic recession.

1
Dr. Oyenike Alake Oyinloye is a Lecturer in the department of Guidance and
Counselliung, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo. E-mail: micnicjide@yahoo.com
** Dr. Titilola Adedoyin Adebowale is a Lecturer in the department of Social Work,
Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. E-mail: titade07@yahoo.com
112 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

Introduction
The core objectives of tertiary education are to expand
quantity and to improve quality education while the
access to tertiary education is widened for the purpose of
meeting the needs of the populace and competing
adequately with the wider world. To this end, guidance
and counselling becomes a veritable tool to achieving
qualitative education in any country. In Nigeria, the
demand for education is high because education is not
only an investment in human capital, but also a pre-
requisite as well as a correlate for economic development
(Adeyemo, 2000). Achieving national and economic
development therefore requires that products of higher
education should be thoroughly furnished to be able to
fix appropriately to required areas of needs.

The place of guidance and counselling cannot be

overemphasized in education as the students in
educational settings are faced with a number of
challenges which have to be focused and alleviated to
assist them make necessary adjustments and progress
that are beneficial to their educational pursuit. Guidance
and Counselling is aimed at assisting the students at
various educational levels up to the apex of educational
pursuit in the tertiary education through the provision of
the various services provided by guidance in education.
The students need information that will enable them to
explore the various available opportunities thereby
making ends meet. The provision of information service
will make the students in higher institutions to make
informed choices necessary for making ends meet and
meeting with the demands placed on them by the
environment.

Counselling services also have to be provided because

only a healthy mind can pursue academic or engage in
The Importance of Guidance & Counselling in Higher Education during Economic Recession 113

other profitable ventures that will yield dividends. The

students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria are expected to
gain understanding of themselves and be able to make
decisions that will assist them to make informed choices in
areas of educational, vocational and psychosocial needs
necessary for effective integration to the larger world. To
actually meet all the needs in the life of the individuals in
the school setting, there is the need to finance education
adequately to meet most of the needs required for proper
implementation of the school programmes and making
adequate provisions for the needs in the life of the affected
students in the educational sector.

It is worthy of note however that most countries all over the

world are going through a period of economic recession and
this trend is having its toll on the life of all establishments
since finance is very important in the running of any
educational institution. In a period of declining economy, it
is difficult for schools and other establishments to finance
and execute projects. According to Humachali (2009), most
problems faced by schools and establishments could be
that of unavailability of adequate fund. When fund is
inadequately provided to run the affairs of higher education
and research, the programmes of study would be adversely
affected.

One of the major problems now facing the Nigerian

Universities is the problem of under-funding. This is not
surprising considering the fact that in the recent lime,
government revenues have reduced sharply, while the
national economy itself is in total chaos (Odebiyi & Aina,
2003).
114 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

The goal of counselling is to facilitate growth and

development of all within any named society/community so
that each member would make notable and significant
impact and achieve relevance in the programme at such
setting. A student in a tertiary institution has reached the
level of training and preparedness after which will be
required to make his own contributions to the national
growth.

Guidance has a significant role to play in any economy and

more importantly in a period of economic recession. There
is the need to provide guidance services to assist
individuals to face the challenges posed by ailing economy
and to this end, the management of higher education need
to be kept abreast of the importance of guidance in
education.

Goals of Counselling

Counselling has some goals that have to be embraced to

assist educational administrators to promote and make
adequate plans for and give due recognition counselling.
The goals have to be emphasized as their realization will
make the students see the need to make the best use of the
available opportunities. The following are the goals of
counselling:

• Mental health
The mental health of the citizens needs to be in
guarded so as to enable an individual have a positive
disposition to self and the environment where one resides.
In a period of economic recession, tendency is there for
some people to suffer depression, anxiety, etc, as a result
of poor economy and inability to meet needs. The provision
of guidance and counselling will enhance the positive
disposition of individuals to life and assist them to
The Importance of Guidance & Counselling in Higher Education during Economic Recession 115

develop coping strategies to meet with the

psychological pains of harsh economy. Shertzer and
Stone (1980) aver that a mentally healthy person is
able to achieve integration, adjustment and positive
identification with others by learning to accept
responsibilities, be independent and gain behavioural
integration. In a dwindling economic situation,
counselling will assist the individuals to adjust to
situations by facing the challenges of life with positive
inclination. Among the challenges is the problem of
poor economy which has to be faced through
counselling efforts. Tertiary institution should focus
on how counselling can be used to achieve this lofty
goal. Students in higher education face a number of
problems which if not checked can hinder their
educational attainment, hence the need for exploring
the values of guidance and counseling.

• Decision making
Other goals which counselling should address are the
goals that bother on decision making. Every
individual at one time or the other would need to
make decisions that will assist one to make ends
meet. Any situation in life which anyone faces will
require the effectiveness of one in making viable and
appropriate decision. Ability to make right decision
enables one to develop positive life skills that allows
for easy judgment of situation and making the right
decision.

 Problem resolution
Another goal similar to this is problem resolution
which states that all problems encountered must be
solved and alleviated to allow one move on well in
life. A problem not solved leads to another and if
116 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

compounded can generate other problems that can

be more complicated than the initial one.
Behavioural changes may be required in trying
situations such as economic recession period.
Attitude must be changed to move with the prevailing
situation and available opportunities in specific
times. The taste, desire, disposition and pursuit of
students in higher institution must be geared
towards the need of the time just as the national life
too could also benefit from the change in behaviour.

• Personal effectiveness
Achieving personal effectiveness, in the words of
Oyinloye (2005) is required in a competitive
environment where we dwell and where the principle
of winner takes it all prevails. Every individual need
to strive towards personal effectiveness. Mastery of
skills could only be acquired in an environment of
keen competitiveness. Only he who is proficient will
be able to meet the demands of the time especially
during economic recession.

Gysbers (2001) observes that as occupational and

specialization continue to wane in the face of economic
recession and population explosion, job invisibility thus
compound the transition from school to work and from
work to further education and back to work again with
more complex and difficulties ensuing. The purpose of
guidance becomes more noticeable here and problem
resolution which is a goal of counselling then become
pertinent, and this leads to positive counselling steps in
resolving economic problem.
The Importance of Guidance & Counselling in Higher Education during Economic Recession 117

Desired Counselling Impact in Higher Education in

Nigeria
Guidance in education is designed to help the students to
understand themselves and their world. To this end, the
students are helped to fully derive maximum benefit from
the curriculum in relation to full realization of their
maximum potential and become capable of achieving self
direction that will steer the students in the right direction.
In a dwindling economy, the curricular content has to be
geared towards the specific area of need of the society. Doll
(1974) is of the view that the curriculum should have
relevance to stirring individual's potential growth.

Another pragmatic approach to assessing the importance of

guidance in tertiary education in a period of economic
recession is to provide an exploratory avenue through
which the students develop their interest and abilities, in
an attempt to provide the youth the knowledge needed for
educational and vocational planning. Shane (1977) is of the
opinion that when students are provided with
environmental information on such meanings that an
occupation has for life and the satisfaction derived from
engaging in certain occupations, it will prepare them better
for high level of productivity that will be necessary for
making success in their chosen field.

Moreover, towards the sustaining of higher education

despite the economic hardship requires that the ember of
creativity must be fanned so that students will see beyond
seeking the pursuit of paid employment but rather generate
the propensity of the students' desire to be creative.
Creativity option assists the educational sector to
be self sustaining just as the students would be
generating ideas which could be traded for finance
118 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

thereby assisting in the revamping of the ailing economy.

To this end, Akinboye (2003) suggests that creativity will
assist the student not to be locked up in old habits,
structures, patterns, concepts and perceptions rather
students should embrace generative thinking, perception
dynamics, constructive and design thinking plus innovation
as basis of any meaningful programme designed to enhance
economic growth. In nutshell, the discovery of self,
potential and creativity impact is a product of guidance in
education.

Guidance and Counselling in Developed Countries

The evolution of guidance and counselling in United States
schools follow the pattern in which the specific motivating
factor is in relation to its growth in US school;

The purpose of guidance and counselling is an all

embracing one. Miller (1961) describes it as 'a coat of many
colours. It is so called because guidance is perceived like a
hydra headed being with application to many aspects of
man’s life.

First, guidance is viewed as a response to economic

educational and social problems. The economic concerns of
counselling focuses on the need to better prepare workers
for the workplace while educational concerns arose from
the need to increase efforts in the school to help students
find purpose for their education as well as their
employment.

With changing times, the second purpose of counselling as

viewed by Wirth (1983), is to aid the economy to function as
efficiently as possible to prepare individual for work;
vocational guidance has a way to sort individuals according
to their various capabilities preparing them to obtain a job.
The Importance of Guidance & Counselling in Higher Education during Economic Recession 119

The later concern of guidance in education is to give

attention to personal and educational aspects of individual
which will enable or allow for total development. Further,
despite the progress made by guidance at these levels,
Gysbers and Henderson (2000) still envision a
comprehensive guidance programme which will stress
beyond the concern of students within the school setting
alone. If the developed countries still experience some
deficiencies in organization of guidance in relation to
national needs, then much is expected from the developing
world. Though the failure experienced by the developed
world does not suggest that success cannot be made in
developing nations especially with right motive and
disposition coupled with vigorous pursuance of the desired
set goals.

Higher education is a right place where the teeming

younger population could be trained and equipped for
national development. To this end, it must be well tended
to be able to justify its purpose.

Sustaining Higher Education during economic crisis

Education has to be properly taken into consideration and
adequately provided for by any country that seeks to enjoy
an all-round development. To this end all efforts must be
geared towards achieving the best despite the problem of
economic recession. A number of problems have been
identified to be threatening the future of higher education
in the developing countries. However, steps can be taken to
ameliorate the situation for better and a supposed
economically imbalanced country would still be able to
make adequate provision for their populace.

Akintayo (2004) highlighted some problems facing public

financing of university. Some of these problems are
120 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

poverty, unemployment and uneven distribution of wealth.

If these can be well cared for, all stakeholders of education
must be involved including the private sector and non-
governmental agencies. The future of higher education in a
developing country like Nigeria remains uncertain if the
trend of economic recession should continue because the
main source of financing higher education is the
government. The trend now is to deemphasize government
being the major source of fund. The government could
enter into partnership with other agencies to meet with the
financial needs of higher institutions. Counselling could
play a prominent role in the reorientation of the populace to
seek assistance outside the government in the provision of
financing education. The following are some of the sources
of funding that could be considered:

• Banks
Bank can be used to mobilize savings from parents
and teachers by advising parents to take out
educational insurance policies and initiate savings
schemes for their children (Dawodu, 2009)
Okebukola (2003) is also of the view that students’
loan scheme could be undertaken by credit
institutions such as banks, other organizations, as
well as the government. Unlike the western countries
where loans are easy to get from credit institutions,
granting of loans by banks to individuals for
educational purposes is yet to be encouraged in most
developing countries such as Nigeria. A loans scheme
has the dual effect of improving the financial position
of students as well as reducing the financial burden
of the government and other financial authorities.
Students under such an arrange ment are
relieved of their greatest worry and as such are
The Importance of Guidance & Counselling in Higher Education during Economic Recession 121

better prepared to face learning process, and by locating

sufficient funds which would enable the scheme to take off
and later on sustain itself.

• Internally Generated Revenue

Each higher education has been advised to internally
generate resources (IGR) to assist in running the day
to day financial needs of the school. Fagbemi (1986)
stressed the importance of generating additional
resources by schools as a lasting and better method
of ensuring self financing. To this end, there are a
number of activities that higher institutions can
embark upon such as consultancy in various areas,
extra mural programmes, and agricultural practices
such as poultry farming, piggery, fish farming and
animal rearing. Students could also be made to
advertise and promote their trades/ skills .Some
schools do embark on other ventures like
consultancy service and by rendering professional
and expertise assistance as community service thus
raising or generating funds. If well managed and
coordinated, skills development could also be
engineered and purposefully directed as avenues of
internally generated fund.

• School fees
Most private schools charge fees. The fees charged by
schools should be reasonable and made to justify the
output required. During the period of economic
meltdown, government schools are likely to introduce
or charge students to pay certain fees. The fees that
are not too outrageous but that will be
considered reasonable by all should be charged.
The populace must also be well informed and educated
122 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

on the need to support government in the finance of

higher education.

• Gifts from well meaning individuals

Support could also be requested from well-meaning
individuals to assist the school in a period of
economic dearth. Schools may solicit for donation
and gifts from philanthropic organizations and
individuals such as non-governmental organizations
that are willing to support programmes. Alumni
associations should also be strengthened and made
to give financial support while due monitoring should
be given to fund so generated

Other sources of funding

Pleas and encouragement can also be made to products of a

school to influence the management of the organizations
where they work to assist their former schools with
generous donations. The Alumni association may also
assist in raising funds for their old school (this is only
possible where they have attained legacies that they can
easily refer to).

Other avenues for financing University education are:

endowments, fees/levies, Gifts, international aids;
investments and other internally generated revenues such
as work study, International aids which includes IDRC,
CIDA, SIDA, USAID, Common Wealth Scholarships, UFPA,
UNIFEM, British Council and UNICEF among others.

Conclusion
The importance of guidance and counseling in higher
education cannot be over emphasized especially during a
period of economic recession. It is necessary that school
The Importance of Guidance & Counselling in Higher Education during Economic Recession 123

administrators should begin to take precautionary steps to

ensure that economic recession does not affect the running
of the school. It is therefore recommended that both human
and physical resources must be well managed to avoid
wastage and try to cut down undue expenses while the
mechanism for raising funds should also be considered
with efforts geared towards self development and self
sustenance.
124 Issues and Concerns in Higher Education in Nigeria

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