Journal of Building Engineering 15 (2018) 236–242

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Building Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jobe

Feasibility of waste marble powder in concrete as partial substitution of T

cement and sand amalgam for sustainable growth
⁎
Deepankar Kumar Ashisha,b,
a
Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The process of cement manufacturing contributes to greenhouse gas emission which is responsible for producing
Waste marble powder global warming. The use of industrial by-products like coal ash, waste plastics, rubber tire scrap, waste glass,
Sand foundry sand, marble powder and so forth in place of cement, sand can lead to sustainable development. Out of
Cement different wastes studied yet waste marble powder is a substance that has not been investigated for sand and
Durability
cement amalgam in concrete. Disposal of marble waste from construction industry exhibits a substantial eco-
Carbonation
nomic wastage and environmental burden. The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility of waste marble
powder as partial replacement of sand and cement amalgam. The seven variant concrete mixtures were made by
partially replacing marble powder (up to 15%) in place of sand; cement and amalgam were evaluated for the
mechanical strength, ultrasonic velocity (UPV), carbonation and microstructure analysis. Marble powder ex-
hibited no function in hydration process; moreover, it acts as a filler. Optimal replacement was noticed with 10%
sand and 10% cement amalgam by 20% marble powder.

1. Introduction
Concrete is the material of choice that is widely used in the con-
struction industry [1]. India has a scarcity of lime stone reserves and
the consumption of concrete is increasing speedily, for 1 t production of
cement 1.5 t lime stone is required and CO2 emission is estimated to be
1 t [2]. The construction industry in India consumes about 400 Million
Tonnes (Mt) concrete per year and in less than a decade it is estimated
to reach out to 1000 Mt [3]. The demand of cement is expected to ac-
celerate with the demand of concrete in coming times. The annual
production of cement is 366 (Mt) from 77 major and 365 smaller
manufacturers, till 2017 annual production is anticipated to heighten to
421 Mt. The expected increase is up to 550–600 Mt till 2025 [4]. The
depletion of natural resources and environmental problems will govern
sustainable development of cement and concrete production [5]. The
use of cement in construction industry increases the emission of CO2
which: can be decreased by the use of additives in place of cement [6].
The data collected in 2014 from Turkey showed the production of
concrete was 69.7 Mt emitting 65.52 million tons of CO2.
The marble waste generated during the process of sawing and
shaping of marble creates environmental problems due to the presence
of high calcium oxide content. India is the second largest producer of
marble in the world and the other leading producers of marble are
China, Turkey, Brazil, Iran and Italy [7]. The production of marble
waste is estimated around 3 Mt annually. Generation of 20–25% waste
sludge depends upon type of quarrying and processing methods im-
plemented [8–10]. The sludge produced can be used as a by-product if
chemical properties of sludge meets the requirement [11]. The waste
generation from quarrying of marble may be as high as 60% [12]. The
group of researchers developed a consortium to rehabilitate and restore
chain of the Orosei marble district in Sardinia, Italy of more than 17 ha
which was used for the process of quarrying and landfills [13]. It is
extremely fine grained powder which, if dumped as landfill can result in
porosity and increase in alkalinity of the soil in addition to the reduc-
tion of the land fertility. The contribution of marble in construction
industry brought the development and on the other hand created an
environmental hassle because of the generation of marble waste during
quarrying and processing of slate [9,14]. The marble industry con-
tributed in so many environmental issues due to marble waste pro-
duction in the process of mining and sawing. Generation of waste
production was about 50% and it lasted from quarrying process to
finished product. Dried slurry particles are micro fine, about 90%
particles are not greater than 200 µm [14] and the other study, average
particle size is below 5 µm [15]. The weight of sludge generation was

⁎
Correspondence address: Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Atal Shiksha Kunj, Kalujhanda, Barotiwala,
Baddi, Distt., Solan, HP 174103, India.
E-mail address: deepankar1303@gmail.com.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.11.024
Received 25 September 2017; Received in revised form 7 November 2017; Accepted 29 November 2017
Available online 02 December 2017
2352-7102/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
D.K. Ashish
between 20% and 30% of stone worked, it depended upon the process
involved [16]. Exposed waste materials left in atmosphere can be ha-
zardous for environment. Recycling of waste product is the principal
consideration of many countries to decline the risk probability asso-
ciated to the surroundings [17]. During cutting process 5 mm marble is
crushed into powder out of 20 mm marble or granite produced [18,19].
The powder forms water marble slurry along with water. By the esti-
mates of waste percentage, the estimated annual waste production in
the Shaq Al-Thu`ban marble cluster is about 500,000 t [20]
Earlier, researchers have studied marble waste as a different ad-
ditive for cement and concrete mix for the production of alternative
construction materials [21]. In manufacturing, cement waste marble
powder was used with variable ratios [9,22]. The mortar samples pre-
pared with 10% diatomite and 5% marble powder as partial substitu-
tion of cement in concrete specimens for enhancing properties of con-
crete [23]. In another study Gesoglu et al. [10] used the marble dust as
substitution in self-compacting concrete up to 20% replacement levels
in cementitious material and it improved workability [24]. However,
compressive strength of marble powder concrete mix was reduced.
Though fresh properties gets affected due to high alternative ratios of
self-compacting concrete [10,24]. Vardhan et al. [25] analysed marble
powder for its mechanical properties as partial substitution of cement at
variant levels up to 50% also investigated microstructure analysis.
Marble powder with 10% replacement of cement showed un-
compromising technical results by improving workability and com-
pressive strength of the specimen mixture. Arel [26] investigated that
replacement of cement with marble dust by 5–10% decreases the global
annual CO2 emissions by 12%. Sardinha et al. [27] studied marble
sludge for durability properties, as cement content and marble sludge
increased durability of concrete was affected. The use of super-
plastisizer results in concrete with less 20% cement content as those of
concrete without admixtures. Utilization of waste marble powder in
cement can be done in the manufacturing process as an additive which
will decrease its production cost. Most of the researchers suggest po-
sitive results and advantages of this application [9]. Marble powder has
been used as an additive in concrete manufacturing. It can also be used
for the production of self-compacting concrete [28–30]. Marble powder
is a sluggish material either used as a replacement of cement
[25–27,31–33], or as a replacement of fine aggregate [31,34,35].
Aliabdo et al. [8] studied replacement of sand or cement by marble
powder up to 15% ratios in concrete production. Low water-cement
ratio enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of concrete.
Corinaldesi et al. [36] investigated cement or sand, measured accretion
in compressive strength on the substitution of 10% marble powder in
place of sand without any effect in workability. Hebhoub et al. [31] and
Gameiro et al. [34] evaluated additive marble aggregate as replacement
of sand or gravel, and recommended its usage up to 75% as substitution
to natural aggregate. Demirel [37] reported that replacement of sand
with 100% marble powder has increased UPV values. Demirel [37]
highlighted that cement hydration is related with reduction of porosity
which depends on filler effect of marble powder. With the partial re-
placement of 10% sand by waste marble powder with superplastisizers
as additives provided maximum compressive strength as compared to
28 days curing period of control mix [36]. The study proposes a low
carbon technology by replacing cement and sand amalgam with marble
powder for its maximum utilization.
2. Research significance
The aim of this research is to explore utilization of waste marble
powder. It results from the process of cutting and sawing of marble
stone, in order to obtain a finely grained powder. During the production
process of cement, CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere, the partial re-
placement of cement by marble powder will contribute in reduction of
CO2. The use of waste marble powder as partial substitution of fine
aggregate can save natural aggregates. The research focuses towards
237
Journal of Building Engineering 15 (2018) 236–242
employing this finely grained powder as sand and cement amalgam
replacement. Characteristics of concrete made with marble powder
were investigated. Samples of concrete were tested using marble
powder in replacement of cement, sand up to 15% and amalgam of
cement & sand up to 30% by weight.
3. Experimental investigation
Cube specimens of size (150 mm length, 150 mm width & 150 mm
depth) and (100 mm length, 100 mm width & 100 mm depth) were
tested for determining compressive strength and durability, respec-
tively. A cylindrical specimen of size (150 mm diameter & 300 mm
length) was tested for determining the split tensile strength. On the
other hand, beams of size (100 mm depth & 500 mm length) were
tested to determine the flexural strength. All samples were casted with
and without marble powder. The variables include cement types (or-
dinary Portland cement, cement replaced by marble powder), coarse
aggregate, sand, marble powder and water cement ratio (w/c).
3.1. Materials
Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112-2013
(equivalent to the ASTM C150 Type I) [38] was incorporated. Marble
powder was collected from processing plant situated near Chandigarh,
India. The physical properties and chemical composition of cement, fly
ash, marble powder and sand are indicated in Tables 1, 2. Fig. 1 shows
X-Ray diffraction spectrum, which suggests the presence of dolomite
(MgCO3·CaCO3) as depicted by the broad peak at 31° 2θ, with small
amounts of Quartz as shown by peak at 41° 2θ present in marble
powder. In all concrete mix normal river sand confirming to Zone-II as
per IS: 383-1970 [39] were used. As shown in Table 3, specific gravity
of fine sand was 2.61 and coarse aggregates with fineness modulus 2.65
was used in this experiment, coarse aggregate with 20 mm down size
was used. The lumps of clay and other foreign materials were separated
out carefully. Sand was washed and dried before testing. The coarse
aggregates were washed to remove dirt, powder and then dried to
surface dry conditions. All experiments were performed with regular
tap water.
3.2. Sample preparations
This investigation was carried for cement concrete, as partial re-
placement of cement, sand and combined form with marble powder at
different ratios. Control concrete (without marble powder) was identi-
fied as M00. The present study includes the blended concrete with
marble powder at ratios 0%, 10% and 15% by weight. For concrete
mixture, cement and sand were replaced by marble powder.
Substitution of sand by marble powder in ratio 0%, 10% and 15% by
weight; substitution of cement by marble powder in ratio 0%, 10% and
15% by weight; substitution of cement and sand in combined form with
marble powder in ratio 0%, 10% and 15% by weight. In control mix-
tures, cement content is 432 kg/m3; marble powder modified concrete,
cement content depends upon substitution ratios of marble powder. The
illustrations of test specimen for concrete mixes are shown in Table 4.
The terminology used for all concrete mixes is given in Table 5.
Table 1
Physical properties of cement and marble powder.
Property Cement Marble powder
2
Blaine (m /kg) 310 332
Specific gravity 3.14 2.21
Loss on ignition (%) 2.00 36.87
D.K. Ashish Journal of Building Engineering 15 (2018) 236–242

Table 2 Table 5
Chemical composition of cement, fly ash, sand and marble powder. Terminology for concrete mixes.

Oxides Chemical analysis (wt%) Nomenclature Designation

Cement Fly ash Marble powder Sand M00 Control cement concrete mix
M10-S 10% marble powder as sand replacement
CaO 65.30 1.58 61.83 3.21 M10-C 10% marble powder as cement replacement
SiO2 21.94 56.32 8.38 80.78 M15-S 15% marble powder as sand replacement
MgO 0.90 0.70 14.36 0.77 M15-C 15% marble powder as cement replacement
Al2O3 5.85 30.87 0.67 10.52 M20-SC 20% marble powder as 10% sand and 10% cement replacement
Fe2O3 2.50 4.94 0.65 1.75 (combination)
SO3 1.60 – 0.33 – M30-SC 30% marble powder as 15% sand and 15% cement replacement
Na2O 0.95 – 0.60 1.37 (combination)
K2O 0.37 – 0.07 1.23

concrete mix. At curing ages of 7, 28 and 90 days compressive strength

measurements were performed. The samples were water cured with
relative humidity of 100% and at the temperature of 27 ± 2 °C. Average
of three specimens was considered as representative compressive
strength.

3.3.3. Accelerated carbonation

As per RILEM TC 56-MH [42], the cubes of size (100 mm×100 mm
×100 mm) size were cut into 4 prisms of size (50 mm × 50 mm
×100 mm) each. Prisms were kept in oven for drying at 105 °C until
Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction spectrum of waste marble powder. constant mass was reached. Two coats of epoxy paint were applied on
all faces except two opposite parallel faces of prisms (50 mm ×
50 mm). Concentration of CO2 is 4% (Exposure to Carbonation = 14,
Table 3
28 and 56 days). Specimens for carbonation tests were cured for 28
Physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate.
days. Specimens were split along the length. Then, split surfaces were
Physical properties Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates sprayed with pH indicator (1% phenolphthalein). Carbonation depth ‘D’
of freshly broken concrete surface was measured at four places and
Specific gravity 2.61 2.66
taken as average. The depth of carbonation was measured after 30 min
Free moisture content 2% –
Water absorption 1.80% 0.13% of application of the indicator solution.
Fineness modulus 2.86 2.65
4. Result and discussion

3.3. Test parameters 4.1. Workability of concrete

X-ray diffraction (XRD) for marble powder was investigated with
physical and mechanical properties. The Specification for concrete;
tested specimens and age of testing are summarized in Table 6.
3.3.1. Workability
Slump values of concrete sample have been tested for different
sample of concrete mix. It was evaluated by partially replacing marble
powder in place of sand and cement in proportions of 0%, 10% and
15% and in amalgam. It was evident that the workability of a concrete
mix was decreased with increase in the marble powder content. As per
IS: 7320-1974 [40] slump test was used to examine workability of the
all mixtures.
3.3.2. Compressive strength
The cubes of size (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm) were cast as per
IS: 516-1959 [41] to investigate the mechanical strength of marble
powder in concrete mix. The river sand was used for samples of the
Workability of control concrete mixture and blended concrete
mixtures incorporating marble powder with cement, sand and amalgam
of cement & sand was measured at 10% and 15% proportions. As per IS:
7320-1974 [40], the workability was evaluated for the cement/binder
concrete through slump cone test. Table 4 shows replacement level, mix
designation slump value of mixes. Replacement of marble powder with
cement and sand has no effect on workability. It was observed that
slump decreases with the replacement of cement by marble powder.
Though, marble powder has higher specific area as compared to Port-
land cement. The replacement resulted in lower workability due to
increased friction. But it was observed that slump increases with the
replacement of sand by marble powder. It is due to fine filler effect of
marble powder.
4.2. Compressive strength
Fig. 2 represents compressive strength of concrete mix at several

Table 4
Properties of concrete mix.

Nomenclature Cement (kg/m3) Marble powder (%) Marble powder (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) Fly ash (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Coarse aggregate Slump (mm)

M00 388.80 0 0 173 43.20 648 1124 130

M10-S 388.80 10 64.84 173 43.20 583.62 1124 135
M10-C 345.80 10 43.20 173 43.20 648.46 1124 125
M15-S 388.80 15 97.20 173 43.20 551.20 1124 137
M15-C 323.80 15 64.80 173 43.20 648.46 1124 125
M20-SC 388.80 20 108.0 173 43.20 583.62 1124 130
M30-SC 323.80 30 162.0 173 43.20 551.20 1124 130

238
D.K. Ashish Journal of Building Engineering 15 (2018) 236–242

Table 6
Specification for concrete; tested specimens and age of testing.

Properties Standard Dimension of specimen Category Age of testing Exposure period

Slump IS: 7320-1974 – Concrete – –

Compressive strength IS: 516-1959 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm Concrete 7, 28, 56 and 90 days –
Split tensile strength IS: 516-1959 150 mm × 300 mm Concrete 7, 28, 56 and 90 days –
Ultrasonic pulse velocity ASTM C 97-09 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm Concrete 28 days –
Carbonation RILEM TC 56-MHM (CPC-18) 50 mm × 50 mm × 100 mm Concrete 28 days 14, 28 and 56 days

65 65

0% 0%
60 60
Compressive Strength (MPa)

Compressive Strength (MPa)

55 55
10% 20%
50 50

45 45 30%
15%
40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25

20 20
7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days 7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days
Curing age Marble powder content (%)

Fig. 2. Effect of marble powder as sand replacement on compressive strength of concrete. Fig. 4. Effect of marble powder as sand and cement amalgam replacement on compres-
sive strength of concrete.

replacement levels of sand with marble powder. It was noticeable that,

with increase of marble powder content up to 15%, there was a sig-
nificant increase in compressive strength. Marble powder is a micro fine
filler; due to this filler effect, concrete strength is enhanced. The use of
marble powder is more effective as a substitute for sand. It was ob-
served that there was an increase in the compressive strength in re-
placement of sand with 10% of marble powder at curing age 7, 28, 56
and 90 days was 10.74%, 11.93%, 15.07% and 15.43% and respectively
at 15% was 17.57%, 20.97%, 20.34% and 20.33%. The concurrent
observations were made by Aliabdo et al. [8], Binici et al. [43].
It can be noticed that in substitution of marble powder with cement
at all substitution levels, the compressive strength of concrete slightly
decreases as indicated in Fig. 3. It is due to drop in tricalcium silicate
(C3S) and dicalcium silicate (C2S) cementing materials, which play a
main role for strengthening concrete. The increase in compressive
strength at the curing age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days was 7.17%, 8.44%,
8.82% and 10.15% for specimens with 10% marble powder as cement
replacement compared to those without marble powder concrete. The
drop in compressive strength as compared to the control mix was ob-
served at 15.0% marble powder addition was 6.77%, 0.21%, 4.8% and
5.84% at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. Aliabdo et al. [8], Shirule et al. [44]
65
found that compressive strength increased slightly up to 15% cement
replacement of marble powder by weight as compared to the mix
without marble powder concrete. This is due to pore-filling effect which
strengthens properties of the transition zone (TZ) surrounding ag-
gregate in waste marble powder. This happens due to lower w/p ratio
due to failure in TZ [8].
The compressive strength of concrete containing 0%, 20% and 30%
marble powder as partial substitution of sand and cement amalgam at
7, 28, 56 and 90 days curing ages was obtained. Fig. 4 depicts the ef-
fects of marble powder as partial replacement of cement and sand
amalgam. It can be observed that, at all replacement levels of sand and
cement amalgam, partial replacement ratio of 20% by marble powder
has increased the compressive strength of concrete at the curing age of
7, 28, 56 and 90 days was 15.88%, 14.91%, 15.11% and 15.23% and
respectively at 30% was 4.83%, 4.65%, 5.15% and 4.37%.
4.3. Split tensile strength
The splitting tensile strength of the concrete containing 0%, 10%
and 15% marble powder as partial substitution of sand was observed at
7, 28, 56 and 90 days curing period. Fig. 5 depicts the consequence of
sand replacement with marble powder. It can be observed that highest

60 0% 7
0%
Compressive Strength (MPa)

55 6
10%
Split tensile Strength (MPa)

50
5 10%
45 15%
4
40 15%
35 3

30 2
25
1
20
7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days
0
Marble powder content (%) 7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days
Curing age
Fig. 3. Effect of marble powder as cement replacement on compressive strength of con-
crete. Fig. 5. Effect of marble powder as sand replacement on split tensile strength of concrete.

239
D.K. Ashish Journal of Building Engineering 15 (2018) 236–242

5.5
Table 8
0% Accelerated carbonation test results of marble powder blended concrete.
5
Split tensile Strength (MPa)

Mix ID Average carbonation depth (mm)

4.5 10%
14 days 28 days 56 days
4
15%
M00 8.15 10.39 24.35
3.5 M10-S 2.25 4.29 11.35
M20-SC 5.35 8.49 16.20
3

2.5 30

M00 M10-S M20-SC

2 25
7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days
Curing age 20

Fig. 6. Effect of marble powder as cement replacement on split tensile strength of con- 15
crete.
10

7
5
6.5 0%
6 0
Split tensile Strength (MPa)

14 days 28 days 56 days

5.5 10% Exposure Time (days)

5 Fig. 9. Effect of marble powder on accelerated carbonation in concrete.

15%
4.5
4 material. The utilization of marble powder as a sand substitution im-
3.5 proves the split tensile strength of concrete in comparison of control
3 mix.
2.5 Fig. 5 represent the result of concrete, partially replacement of sand
2
at 10% by marble powder, the splitting tensile strength of concrete
7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days increase at the curing age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days was 27.78%,
Curing age 25.72%, 17.48% and 15.03% and respectively at 15% is 21.0%,
Fig. 7. Effect of marble powder as sand and cement amalgam replacement on split tensile 19.89%, 15.15% and 12.85%. Fig. 6 represent the result of concrete,
strength of concrete. partially replacement of cement at 10% by marble powder, the splitting
tensile strength of concrete increase at the curing age 7, 28, 56 and 90
days was 15.07%, 13.87%, 13.05% and 12.67% and respectively at
Table 7
Pulse velocity values of marble powder blended concrete at 28 days. 15% was 7.30%, 7.33%, 7.23% and 6.98%. The improvement of results
was due to good strength and low porosity of both the interfacial
Marble powder 0 10 15 20 30 transition zone (ITZ) and cement paste matrix. Similar results were
content (%)
observed by Aliabdo et al. [8].
For sand replacement 4.132 4.144 4.133 – – The utilization of marble powder improves the splitting tensile
(km/s) (km/s) (km/s) strength on replacement of cement and sand compared to control mix
For cement 4.132 4.145 4.140 – – whereas increase in marble powder up to 15% increases tensile
replacement (km/s) (km/s) (km/s) strength, as indicated in Fig. 7. The 20% marble powder content is
For sand and cement 4.132 – – 4.120 4.109
replacement (km/s) (km/s) (km/s)
observed to be the optimum as sand and cement replacement amalgam
for achieving the maximum concrete tensile strength but at 30% of
marble powder replacement, will lead to a slight increase in tensile
5
strength.
4.5
4
3.5
4.4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
3
UPV (Km/sec)

2.5 Table 7 and Fig. 8 depict ultrasonic pulse velocity (ASTM C 597-02)
2 [45] test observations of partial replacement of sand, cement and
1.5 amalgam form with marble powder at curing age of 28 days. In the
1 table, insignificant effect can be noticed on the result of the ultrasonic
0.5 pulse velocity with replacement of marble powder as sand, cement, and
0 amalgam. The insignificant variance in results is due to the ultrasonic
M00 M10-S M10-C M15-S M15-C M20-SC M30-SC
Concrete Mix pulse velocity proportionality with the fourth root of concrete com-
pressive strength [25,32].
Fig. 8. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test results of concrete mix at 28 days.

4.5. Accelerated carbonation test

split tensile strength can be achieved with 10% of marble powder as
sand substitution and slightly low results were measured with 15%
It is reflected from Table 8 and Figs. 9–10 that carbonation of
marble powder as compared to 10% marble powder at all curing ages.
concrete decreased with the usage of waste marble powder in re-
Typically, low porosity is responsible for this improvement in split
placement of sand and cement. Carbonation decreases on replacement
tensile strength with utilization of marble powder as a micro filler
of sand and cement amalgam with marble powder but it was slow as

240
D.K. Ashish
(a1) M00 at 14 days exposure period (a2) M00 at 56 days exposure period
(b1) M20-CS at 14 days exposure period (b2) M20-CS at 56 days exposure period
(c1) M10-S at 14 days exposure period (c2) M10-S at 56 days exposure period
compared to sand replacement. For the 10% sand replacement, results
were lower at 14 and 28 days exposure period and also lower for the 56
days exposure. For 10% cement and sand amalgam replacement too,
results were lower at 14, 28 and 56 days exposure period but depth of
carbonation in concrete for cement and sand amalgam replacement was
higher as comparison of sand replacement. The trends of decrease were
similar at all exposure period of carbonation.
5. Conclusions
The optimal results of the study were investigated with 10% sand
and 10% cement amalgam replaced by 20% marble powder. The me-
chanical and durability properties can be achieved using 20% marble
powder. Moreover, reduction of cement decreases overheads as cement
is an expensive component and replacement of cement as well as sand
can lead to development of economical as well as sustainable concrete.
Waste disposal is also financial hassle relieved with the use of marble
powder which lead to better economic performance. Workability of
concrete was reduced due to large surface area of waste marble powder.
In microstructure investigation, control concrete and blended concrete
specimens do not show any significant result which confirms that
marble powder has no evident role in hydration process. The durability
241
Journal of Building Engineering 15 (2018) 236–242
Fig. 10. Accelerated carbonation test images of concrete.
parameters of marble powder showed improvement which makes it
suitable as an additive in concrete. The study suggests that any further
possible combinations can result deleterious for mechanical and dur-
ability properties.
References
[1] N. Gautam, V. Krishna, A. Srivastava, Sustainability in the concrete construction,
Int. J. Environ. Res. Dev. 4 (2014) 81–90.
[2] R.D. Woodson, Concrete Materials, in Concrete Portable Handbook, Elsevier Inc.,
Oxford, 2012, pp. 5–18.
[3] P.P. Pathak, Inclusion of Portland and pozzolana (fly ash waste) cement in speci-
fications, Ind. Highw. 37 (2009) 23–29.
[4] IBEF, India Brand Equity Foundation. 〈www.ibef.org/industry/cement-india.aspx〉,
(Accessed 17 November 2016).
[5] T.R. Naik, Sustainability of concrete construction, Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr.
13 (2008) 98–103.
[6] K.H. Yang, Y.B. Jung, M.S. Cho, S.H. Tae, Effect of supplementary cementitious
materials on reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete, J. Clean. Prod. 103 (2015)
774–783.
[7] C. Montani, XXVII Report marble and stones in the world 2016, Ed. Aldus, Carrara,
Italy, 2016.
[8] A.A. Aliabdo, A.E.M. Abd Elmoaty, E.M. Auda, Re-use of waste marble dust in the
production of cement and concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 50 (2014) 28–41.
[9] H.Y. Aruntas, M. Gürü, M. Dayı, I. Tekin, Utilization of waste marble dust as an
additive in cement production, Mater. Des. 31 (2010) 4039–4042.
[10] M. Gesoglu, E. Guneyisi, M.E. Kocabag, V. Bayram, K. Mermerdas, Fresh and
D.K. Ashish
hardened characteristics of self compacting concrete made with combined use of
marble powder, limestone filler, and fly ash, Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (2012)
160–170.
[11] N. Careddu, G. Marras, Marble processing for future uses of CaCO3-microfine dust: a
study on wearing out of tools and consumable materials in stone working factories,
Miner. Process. Extract. Metall. Rev. 36 (2015) 183–191.
[12] Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises-Development Institute, Status
Report on Commercial Utilization of Marble Slurry in Rajasthan, Govt. of India,
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Godown Inpowderrial Estate,
Jaipur, 2016.
[13] N. Careddu, G. Siotto, R. Siotto, G. Tilocca, From landfill to water, land and life: the
creation of the centre for stone materials aimed at secondary processing, Resour.
Policy 38 (2013) 258–265.
[14] R. Sarkar, S.K. Das, P.K. Mandal, H.S. Maiti, Phase and microstructure evolution
during hydrothermal solidification of clay-quartz mixture with marble dust source
of reactive lime, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26 (2006) 297–304.
[15] N. Careddu, G. Marras, G. Siotto, Recovery of sawdust resulting from marble pro-
cessing plants for future uses in high value added products, J. Clean. Prod. 84
(2014) 533–539.
[16] G. Marras, N. Careddu, C. Internicola, G. Siotto, Recovery and reuse of marble
powder by-product, in: Proceedings of the Conference: Global Stone Congress,
Alicante, Spain, 2010.
[17] B. Hanifi, H. Kaplan, Y. Salih, Influence of marble and limestone dusts as additives
on some mechanical properties of concrete, Sci. Res. Essays 2 (2007) 372–379.
[18] S.M. El-Haggar, Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management: Cradle-to-
cradle for Sustainable Development, Elsevier Academic Press, MA, USA, 2007, pp.
307–369 (Chapter 10).
[19] S. Pareek, Gainful Utilization of Marble Waste – An Effort Towards Protection of
Ecology & Environment, Centre for Development of Stones, Jaipur, India, 2007.
[20] R. Hamza, S. El-Haggar, S. Khedr, Utilization of marble and granite waste in con-
crete bricks, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Environment and
Bio Science, IPCBEE, vol. 21, IACSIT Press, Singapore, 2011, pp. 115–119.
[21] E.K. Shiraz, Reusing of stone waste in various industrial activities, in: Proceedings
of the 2nd Int. Conf. Environ. Sci. and Dvlp. IPCBEE, vol. 4, IACSIT Press,
Singapore, 2011, pp. 217–219.
[22] G. Marras, G. Siotto, J.L. Parra, N. Careddu, Potential applications of waste material
deriving from marble processing plants, in: M. Ersoy, M.Y. Çelik, L. Yeşilkaya (eds.),
Proc. 7th International Marble and Natural Stones Congress of Turkey (Mersem
VII), Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, 2010, pp. 55–61.
[23] A. Ergün, Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial
replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete, Constr. Build.
Mater. 25 (2011) 806–812.
[24] A.S.E. Belaidi, L. Azzouz, E. Kadri, S. Kenai, Effect of natural pozzolana and marble
powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 31
(2012) 251–257.
[25] K. Vardhan, S. Goyal, R. Siddique, M. Singh, Mechanical properties and micro-
structural analysis of cement mortar incorporating marble powder as partial
242
Journal of Building Engineering 15 (2018) 236–242
replacement of cement, Constr. Build. Mater. 96 (2015) 615–621.
[26] H.Ş. Arel, Recyclability of waste marble in concrete production, J. Clean. Prod. 131
(2016) 179–188.
[27] M. Sardinha, J.D. Brito, R. Rodrigues, Durability properties of structural concrete
very fine aggregate of marble sludge, Constr. Build. Mater. 119 (2016) 45–52.
[28] I.B. Topçu, T. Bilir, T. Uygunoglu, Effect of waste marble powder content as filler on
properties of self-compacting concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (2009) 1947–1953.
[29] M. Tennich, A. Kallel, M.B. Ouezdou, Incorporation of fillers from marble and tile
waste in the composition of self-compacting concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 91
(2015) 65–70.
[30] D.M. Sadek, M.M. El-Attar, H.A. Ali, Reusing of marble and granite powder in self-
compacting concrete for sustainable development, J. Clean. Prod. 121 (2016)
19–32.
[31] H. Hebhoub, H. Aoun, M. Belachia, H. Houari, E. Ghorbel, Use of waste marble
aggregates in concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2011) 1167–1171.
[32] S.D. Kore, A.K. Vyas, Impact of marble waste as coarse aggregate on properties of
lean cement concrete, Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 4 (2016) 85–92.
[33] A.O. Mashaly, B.A. El-Kaliouby, B.N. Shalaby, A.M. El, M.A. Gohary, Rashwan,
Effect of marble sludge incorporation on the properties of cement composites and
concrete paving blocks, J. Clean. Prod. 112 (2016) 731–741.
[34] F. Gameiro, J.D. Brito, C.D. Silva, Durability performance of structural concrete
containing fine aggregates from waste generated by marble quarrying industry,
Eng. Struct. 59 (2014) 654–662 (34).
[35] R. Rodrigues, J.D. Brito, M. Sardinha, Mechanical properties of structural concrete
containing very fine aggregates from marble cutting sludge, Constr. Build. Mater.
77 (2015) 349–356.
[36] V. Corinaldesi, G. Moriconi, T.R. Naik, Characterization of marble powder for its
use in mortar and concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (2010) 113–117.
[37] B. Demirel, The effect of the using waste marble dust as fine sand on the mechanical
properties of the concrete, Int. J. Phys. Sci. 5 (2010) 1372–1380.
[38] Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS 8112-1989: specifications for 43-grade Portland
cement, New Delhi, India, 1989.
[39] Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS 383-1970: specifications for coarse and fine ag-
gregates from natural sources for concrete, New Delhi, India, 1970.
[40] Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS 7320-1974: specification for concrete slump test
apparatus, New Delhi, India, 1974.
[41] Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS 516-1959: Indian standard code of practice—-
methods of test for strength of concrete, New Delhi, India, 1959.
[42] RILEM, Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth recommendations
CPC-18, Mater. Struct. 21 (1988) 453–455.
[43] H. Binici, H. Kaplan, S. Yilmaz, Influence of marble and limestone dusts as additives
on some mechanical properties of concrete, Sci. Res. Essay 2 (2007) 372–379.
[44] P.A. Shirule, A. Rahman, R.D. Gupta, Partial replacement of cement with marble
dust powder, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Stud. 1 (2012) 175–177.
[45] American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM C 597-02: Standard Test Method
for Pulse, (2002).